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目的:为完善我国医疗器械监管,提高医疗器械致癌性方面的研究水平提供一定参考。方法:通过查阅相关文献,介绍医疗器械的定义分类以及致癌性试验的有关模型,并且对现有医用材料致癌性试验进行论述。结果与结论:医疗器械监管中的致癌性试验是在对试验动物进行浸提液或植入物暴露试验后测定其致癌潜能的试验,根据试验结果初步估计产生不良影响的剂量指标,为建立人体暴露的安全标准提供参考依据。当前我国医疗器械相关的规范性文件有所欠缺,提高国产医疗器械的检测技术和相关标准,实现医疗器械风险性评价有助于完善监管体系,加快相关医疗器械产品进入市场。 相似文献
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目的:在同样标准、尺度下进行有源植入医疗器械“MR兼容”性评价,确保有源植入医疗器械的使用安全和有效。方法:本文依据ISO/TS 10974:2018标准,结合中国食品药品检定研究院的工作,针对标准中要求的各个试验的试验依据、试验方法、接收准则进行了研究。结果:标准共涉及6项已知或可预见的风险,分别为温升、振动、力、力矩、非预期的刺激以及器械故障。为了评价这些风险,本文介绍了和6项风险相对应的9个试验项目,以此评价有源植入医疗器械的核磁兼容性。结论:目前国内针对有源植入医疗器械核磁兼容性的评价刚刚起步,一些检测手段和方法处在借鉴和摸索之中,本文系统性介绍了评价项目的考虑角度和方法,为国内从事有源植入物核磁兼容性设计及评价者提供参考。 相似文献
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目的:动物源性医疗器械的主要安全风险是外源因子污染和不可预测的免疫学及毒理学反应。本文概述最新动物源性医疗器械的精准风险评价关键技术,为相关产品研发和注册审评提供参考,为科学监管提供技术支持。方法:总结自主研发的针对动物源性医疗器械安全风险和质量控制的检测与评价关键技术、方法、标准,以及免疫毒理学评价的几点专家共识。结果和结论:动物源性生物材料DNA残留量测定、残留α-Gal抗原检测方法及标准已发布实施;研究建立了淋巴细胞增殖试验、采用Gal抗原缺失小鼠的免疫学评价方法等免疫毒理学评价技术手段。部分检测项目被《动物源性医疗器械注册技术审查指导原则》(2017修订版)收录。这些技术为动物源性医疗器械的精准风险评价和风险控制提供了技术支持。同时,作者展望了正在研究的风险评价新技术,提出了系统的精准风险评价体系仍需不断完善。 相似文献
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目的:归纳总结庆大霉素对配子和胚胎的影响,并对辅助生殖培养用液临床前评价需要考虑的问题进行分析,为辅助生殖培养用液产品中庆大霉素的临床前安全评价提供参考。方法:以辅助生殖培养用液中添加的药物庆大霉素为研究对象,结合庆大霉素在产品中的应用,采用文献调研法总结归纳了庆大霉素对生殖细胞、胚胎以及胚胎干细胞产生的影响,并根据辅助生殖用液产品监管现状,提出临床前安全评价思考。结果与结论:庆大霉素被广泛应用在辅助生殖培养用液中,安全、规范地使用庆大霉素在辅助生殖技术中具有重要意义。目前有关庆大霉素对配子及胚胎毒性的研究较少,已知的结论都是基于鼠胚试验及其他动物试验得出的结果扩展到人类胚胎,有必要关注庆大霉素对人类配子及胚胎发育的影响。其次,对于辅助生殖用液产品中庆大霉素添加量的确定、原料质量控制以及检测方法等方面存在的问题提出有针对性的建议,为加强辅助生殖用液的质量控制和产业监管提供思路,从而促进辅助生殖技术的发展。 相似文献
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目的:探究医疗器械分类技术委员会工作机制,为公众用械安全和推进医疗器械分类管理改革提供参考。方法:从系统工程角度,分析组织结构的层级和跨度、横向和纵向分工,确定医疗器械分类技术委员会架构设置与构建原则;根据医疗器械风险评价依据的要素、专业领域覆盖要求、监管工作稳定性连续性等多个方面要求而确定专家结构与遴选原则,并且分析了其运行机制和管理模式。结果与结论:通过组建专业结构合理、管理规范、稳定运行的专家支撑机构,完善医疗器械分类工作机制,为进一步提高医疗器械分类的科学性提供支持。 相似文献
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Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.
Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.相似文献
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Petrikovics I McGuinn WD Sylvester D Yuzapavik P Jiang J Way JL Papahadjopoulos D Hong K Yin R Cheng TC DeFrank JJ 《Drug delivery》2000,7(2):83-89
This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine. 相似文献
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《Critical reviews in toxicology》2013,43(5-6):327-369
AbstractThe uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors. 相似文献
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Alberto García-Lled Javier Gmez-Pavn Juan Gonzlez del Castillo Teresa Hernndez-Sampelayo Mari Cruz Martín-Delgado Francisco Javier Martín Snchez Manuel Martínez-Sells Jos María Molero García Santiago Moreno Guilln Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo Julin Ruiz-Galiana Rafael Cantn Pilar De Lucas Ramos Alejandra García-Botella Emilio Bouza 《Rev Esp Quimioter》2022,35(2):115
The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation. 相似文献
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《Expert opinion on investigational drugs》2013,22(1):79-86
Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation. 相似文献
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Chang Min Kim Kun Ho Son Sung Hwan Kim Hyun Pyo Kim 《Archives of pharmacal research》1991,14(4):305-310
In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins
from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins. 相似文献