注射用辅酶A、三磷酸腺苷二钠及肌苷注射液配伍稳定性考察

摘 要 目的：考察注射用辅酶A、三磷酸腺苷二钠注射液及肌苷注射液在5%葡萄糖注射液中的配伍稳定性。 方法: 在室温条件下,模拟临床用药方法,配制3种药物与5%葡萄糖注射液的配伍溶液,采用HPLC法测定辅酶A、三磷酸腺苷二钠和肌苷的含量及有关物质变化情况,同时考察配伍溶液的外观、pH和不溶性微粒的变化情况。结果: 室温下4 h内,配伍溶液的外观、pH、不溶性微粒、各药物含量及有关物质均无明显变化;24 h后,配伍溶液出现浑浊絮状物,pH、不溶性微粒、含量及有关物质均明显发生变化。结论:在室温条件下,注射用辅酶A、三磷酸腺苷二钠注射液及肌苷注射液在5%葡萄糖注射液中的配伍溶液应于4 h内使用完。     

正交试验法优选灯盏细辛注射液配伍条件及配伍液的稳定性考察

摘 要 目的： 优选灯盏细辛注射液的配伍条件,并考察配伍液的稳定性。方法: 采用正交试验,以不溶性微粒数量和总黄酮含量为指标性成分,考察温度、溶媒种类、溶媒用量3个影响因素,并对试验结果进行综合分析。按正交试验优选的配伍条件,配制3批样品,24 h内通过外观的观察、溶液不溶性微粒数量、pH以及总黄酮含量的变化来考察灯盏细辛注射液的配伍稳定性。结果: 优选出灯盏细辛注射液最佳配伍条件为：温度25℃、取灯盏细辛注射液2支以0.9%氯化钠注射液250 ml作溶媒。24 h内配伍液的外观、不溶性微粒及pH均无明显变化,4 h内总黄酮的含量也无明显变化,而在4 h后总黄酮的含量有一定程度的下降。结论:在临床用药剂量下,灯盏细辛注射液与0.9%氯化钠注射液250 ml 4 h内可稳定配伍。     

消癌平注射液与胰岛素在葡萄糖注射液中的配伍稳定性考察

摘 要 目的：考察消癌平注射液与胰岛素在葡萄糖注射液中的配伍稳定性。方法: 观察室温下24h内消癌平注射液与胰岛素在葡萄糖注射液中配伍后溶液外观、不溶性微粒、pH的变化,以及配伍液中绿原酸和胰岛素的含量变化。结果: 配伍液在室温24h内性质稳定、外观、pH无明显变化,无气体沉淀产生、不溶性微粒12h内无明显变化,但24h不溶性微粒数明显升高。主要成分绿原酸及胰岛素的含量均无明显变化。结论: 在该试验条件下,12h内消癌平注射液与胰岛素在5%葡萄糖注射液中配伍稳定。     

头孢匹胺钠与甲硝唑的配伍稳定性研究

目的 研究注射用头孢匹胺钠与甲硝唑注射液的配伍稳定性。方法 考察配伍前后溶液外观、不溶性微粒和pH值的变化情况;采用HPLC考察注射用头孢匹胺钠与甲硝唑注射液配伍后,在5,25,35℃,避光、室内光照、紫外线照射条件下,8 h内配伍液中头孢匹胺钠与甲硝唑的含量变化,并考察头孢匹胺钠与甲硝唑在配伍液中有关物质的限度。结果 在混合4 h内,头孢匹胺钠与甲硝唑含量没有明显变化,紫外线对配伍液的稳定性有一定的影响。结论 注射用头孢匹胺钠与甲硝唑注射液在4 h内可配伍使用,应尽量避免日光照射。     

盐酸曲马多与硫酸镁注射液在氯化钠注射液中的配伍稳定性研究

目的 考察盐酸曲马多注射液与硫酸镁注射液配伍的稳定性,为临床用药安全提供依据。方法 模拟临床用药方案,观察盐酸曲马多与硫酸镁注射液在0.9%氯化钠注射液配伍后,在168 h内的外观、pH值及不溶性微粒变化,并采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸曲马多质量浓度的变化。结果 配伍液在室温条件下外观、pH值及不溶性微粒均无明显变化,两药配伍后盐酸曲马多相对质量浓度>99%。结论 盐酸曲马多注射液与硫酸镁注射液在0.9%氯化钠注射液配伍后,在室温条件下168 h可保持稳定。     

注射用艾司奥美拉唑钠配伍稳定性考察

目的 考察注射用艾司奥美拉唑钠与0.9%氯化钠注射液在不同条件下的配伍稳定性。方法 将不同浓度注射用艾司奥美拉唑钠与0.9%氯化钠注射液配伍,然后将配置好的溶液放置于室温、遮光、光照（4 500 Lx）、40℃恒温环境下,定时考察注射用艾司奥美拉唑钠的性状、pH值、不溶性微粒数和艾司奥美拉唑的含量。结果 注射用艾司奥美拉唑钠在放置过程中出现不同程度的颜色变化,变化程度：40℃恒温 > 光照 > 室温 > 遮光。在4种条件下成品液pH值均相对稳定,pH值12 h内几乎无变化,24,48 h内略微下降,40℃恒温下降较多。高浓度溶液在40℃恒温条件下于48 h不溶性微粒数超出药典规定,其他所有溶液的不溶性微粒均符合药典要求。48 h内艾司奥美拉唑的含量也有所下降,40℃恒温条件下降较多。结论 注射用艾司奥美拉唑钠在40℃恒温条件下最不稳定,遮光条件下溶液最稳定。因此建议注射用艾司奥美拉唑成品溶液保存在室温条件下,尽量避光,同时避免高温影响,低浓度溶液（0.4 mg·mL^-1）在配置后12 h内使用,高浓度溶液（1.6 mg·mL^-1）8 h内滴完。     

肾康注射液与5种溶媒配伍的稳定性考察

摘 要 目的： 通过考察肾康注射液与5种常用溶媒配伍的稳定性,选择最佳溶媒配伍方案,以便临床合理用药。方法: 将肾康注射液与5种不同溶媒配伍后,定时考察配伍后溶液的pH、不溶性微粒数、有效物质原儿茶醛的含量变化情况。结果: 5种溶媒按药品说明书比例配伍2 h后不溶性微粒数均有所增加,其中0.9%氯化钠注射液中的不溶性微粒数最多, 且2 h后不溶性微粒数明显增加。5种配伍溶液的pH无明显变化。原儿茶醛的含量随时间的延长而下降,6 h内原儿茶醛的含量变化率：0.9%氯化钠注射液＞5%果糖注射液＞10%转化糖注射液＞5%葡萄糖注射液＞10%葡萄糖注射液,其中0.9%氯化钠注射液中的原儿茶醛含量下降近20%。结论: 肾康注射液在不同溶媒中稳定性不同,用0.9%的氯化钠注射液配伍的注射液中原儿茶醛含量下降明显且不溶性微粒数较多。临床应选择稳定性更好的葡萄糖以及转化糖注射液作为溶媒,配伍后的溶液应尽可能在2 h内用完。     

右美托咪定与阿片类药物配伍稳定性的初步考察

摘 要 目的： 研究右美托咪定分别与3种阿片类药物（舒芬太尼、芬太尼和布托啡诺）联合用药时的稳定性,以供临床合理用药参考。方法: 右美托咪定分别与阿片类药物舒芬太尼、芬太尼及布托啡诺配伍,配制在0.9%氯化钠注射液中,室温放置,在0,24,48和96 h分别取样,进行性状、pH、不溶性微粒检查,并进行质谱检测。结果:在96 h内,配伍溶液均澄清透明,pH稳定,不溶性微粒检查符合规定,质谱检测显示无新物质生成。结论: 3种配伍用药方案安全、合理、具有临床可行性。     

香丹注射液与乳酸钠林格注射液的配伍稳定性研究

目的 考察香丹注射液与乳酸钠林格注射液配伍的稳定性，为临床安全用药提供参考。方法 按临床用药配伍使用量，制备香丹注射液与乳酸钠林格注射液的配伍溶液，考察配伍溶液的外观、pH值、不溶性微粒、紫外光谱及丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、咖啡酸、紫草酸、丹酚酸B和丹酚酸A的多指标含量。结果 香丹注射液与乳酸钠林格注射液配伍6 h内，溶液性状、pH值、紫外光谱均无显著变化，不溶性微粒呈下降趋势，丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、咖啡酸和丹酚酸B的含量无显著性变化（<3%），紫草酸含量下降了17.41%，丹酚酸A的含量下降了78.64%。结论 香丹注射液与乳酸钠林格注射液在配伍6 h内部分有效成分含量下降，建议减少配伍或配伍后尽快输注，以提高输液的有效性与安全性。     

注射用红花黄色素与7种输液的配伍稳定性考察

摘 要 目的：考察注射用红花黄色素与果糖注射液,转化糖注射液,转化糖电解质注射液,葡糖糖氯化钠注射液,5%葡萄糖注射液,10%葡萄糖注射液及0.9%氯化钠注射液配伍的稳定性考察。方法: 模拟临床用药浓度,在室温（25±1）℃下放置8 h,以氯化钠配伍液为对照组,分别观察各种配伍液外观,不溶性微粒数量及pH变化,运用高效液相色谱法测定注射用红花黄色素在不同配伍液中的含量变化。结果:注射用红花黄色素与7种输液配伍后在8h内外观,pH和含量均无明显变化,不溶性微粒数符合中国药典2015年版规定。结论:注射用红花黄色素与7种输液配伍在8 h内稳定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.