短期医护社工一体化模式心理干预对永久性肠造口病人心理及生活质量的影响

目的 探讨短期医护社工一体化模式心理干预对永久性肠造口病人心理及生活质量的影响。方法 选择2016年3月至2017年2月四川大学华西医院接受放化疗的永久性肠造口病人105例,按病区分为治疗组及对照组。对照组实施常规护理,治疗组在常规护理的同时增加医护社工一体化模式心理干预。使用心理痛苦筛查工具(DMSM)、医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)、生存质量量表(EORTC QLQ-C30)比较两组干预前后心理痛苦、焦虑、抑郁、生活质量的差异。结果 干预后治疗组病人心理痛苦得分、焦虑得分、抑郁等分、生活质量中失眠得分分别为(3.04±1.84)、(6.62±4.03)、(6.18±4.11)、0.00(33.33)分,低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05),治疗组病人整体生活质量得分、情绪功能得分分别为75.00(16.67)、83.33(25.00)分,高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。结论 医护社工一体化模式心理干预可以降低永久性造口放化疗病人的心理痛苦、焦虑、抑郁水平,缓解病人失眠症状。     

抑郁情绪对肺癌病人化疗后认知功能的影响

目的 探讨抑郁情绪对肺癌病人化疗后认知功能的影响。方法 对四川大学华西医院肿瘤科2017年1—5月期间收治的76例肺癌病人分别在化疗前后采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)和简易精神状况检查表(MMSE)、前瞻性记忆问卷(PM)、回顾性记忆问卷(RM)进行测查。化疗后根据SDS评分,将病人分为抑郁组(34例)、未抑郁组(42例),比较化疗前后抑郁评分及认知神经心理学特征的变化。结果 76例病人顺利完成化疗前后的测试。化疗前病人在SDS、MMSE、PM、RM得分分别是(36.34±7.11)分、(27.52±1.72)分、(18.78±4.24)分、(17.97±4.34)分,化疗后得分分别是(49.21±12.45)分、(26.01±1.78)分、(20.52±3.70)分、(19.50±2.70)分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。化疗后抑郁组病人在MMSE、PM、RM得分分别是(25.02±1.09)分、(21.56±3.01)分、(21.23±3.21)分,未抑郁组病人得分分别是(27.11±1.47)分、(19.32±4.05)分、(17.50±2.30)分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 肺癌病人化疗后存在不同程度的认知障碍,且认知障碍与抑郁状态呈正相关。     

叙事医学对乳腺癌根治手术病人病耻感的影响

目的 探寻叙事医学对乳腺癌根治术后病人病耻感的作用及影响,以期为改善病人生活质量提供理论依据和临床循证途径。 方法 采用分级抽样法从2016年1月至2017年12月在西安交通大学第一、二附属医院及陕西省肿瘤医院乳腺病科选取住院期间行乳腺癌根治手术病人489例,2017年1—12月收治的乳腺癌根治手术病人244例设为观察组,行叙事医学式护理干预;2016年1—12月收治的乳腺癌根治手术病人245例设为对照组,给予常规式护理干预,两组均采用社会影响量表(SIS)于出院后第1、3、6、12个月进行病耻感评定。 结果 两组出院时和出院后1个月的SIS得分均差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);但是,在出院第3、6、12个月时,对照组SIS得分[(62.5±10.4)、(58.2±11.2)、(55.2±11.3)分]高于观察组[(67.9±11.2)、(67.3±11.1)、(67.1±11.4)分],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。 结论 叙事医学通过科学的方法诱导乳腺癌根治术病人宣泄不良情绪,从而改善了病人的身心状况,提高了病人的生活质量。     

咽异感症与精神焦虑、抑郁的相关性研究及乌灵胶囊应用于咽异感症的疗效分析:一项随机、对照、开放研究

目的研讨咽异感症与精神焦虑、抑郁的相关性及乌灵胶囊应用于咽异感症的疗效。方法选取咽异感症病人 140例,每一例病人就诊时间范畴均处于 2017年 5月至 2018年 4月区间,就诊的医院均为蚌埠医学院第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊,使用 Excel生成随机数字表,划分为试验组和对照组,各 70例。针对每一例研究样本,均需要针对单例病人的个性化特征进行相关的资料采集。对照组给予巴特日七味丸,一日 2次,一次 10粒( 0.2克/粒);试验组在对照组的基础上加用乌灵胶囊,一日 3次,一次 3粒( 0.33克/粒)。疗程为 2周。指导病人填写一般资料情况表、状态特质焦虑问卷(包含状态焦虑评分和特质焦虑评分)、医院焦虑抑郁量表［包含焦虑分量表( HAD-A)和抑郁分量表( HAD-D)］。治疗一月后请病人再次填写状态特质焦虑问卷、 HAD-D分量表,并结合病人主诉、咽喉局部体征等综合评价两组病人治疗疗效。结果排除剔除和脱落病例,最终完成本研究的病人为 132例,每组各 66例。咽异感症病人群体内中度焦虑以及中度抑郁者占比分别达到 52.27%、47.73%;相比于全国常模来说,此种病人所表现出的状态焦虑及特质焦虑评分水平明显升高( P＜0.001)。治疗一月后,两组病人的状态焦虑评分均较前降低( P＜0.05);试验组 HAD-D评分较治疗前降低( P＜0.05),对照组 HAD-D评分差异无统计学意义( P＞0.05);试验组同对照组在状态焦虑评分方面的数据分别为( 39.47±5.68)分、(48.09±5.39)分,差异有统计学意义( P＜0.001)在 HAD-D评分方面,两组病人数据分别为( 6.78±2.93)分、(8.88±3.12)分,差异有统计学意义( P＜0.001);两组病人的特质评分差异无统计学意义( P＞0.05)。试验组总有效率( 89.39%)较对照组( 62.12%)差异有统计学意义( P＜0.001)。结论焦虑是咽异感症的病因。乌灵胶囊能减轻病人焦虑抑郁情绪,有效提高咽异感症病人治疗疗效。     

不同证型功能性消化不良与焦虑抑郁状态的相关性

目的 探讨不同证型功能性消化不良(FD)与焦虑、抑郁状态的相关性。方法 采用随机数字表法,选取2015年1[KG-*3]～12月就诊于武汉市中西医结合医院消化内科,经罗马Ⅲ标准确诊的FD病人60例(FD组),招募同期健康志愿者22例(HS组)。将FD组中医辨证分型,脾虚气滞型28例,脾虚湿阻型17例,脾阳虚型15例,并对受试者进行症状量表评分及医院焦虑抑郁量表(HAD量表)积分评定。结果 (1)FD组焦虑、抑郁状态评分[(9.31±2.23)分、(10.17±2.30)分)]均高于HS组[(8.22±2.07)分、(8.63±1.81)分],差异有统计学意义(P=0.049,0.015)。(2)辨证为脾虚气滞型FD病人焦虑状态评分(10.59±2.01)分高于脾虚湿阻型(9.40±1.72)分(P=0.048)及脾阳虚型(9.27±1.23)分(P=0.033);抑郁状态评分(10.75±2.65)分高于脾虚湿阻型(9.24±1.75)分(P=0.014)。(3)辨证为脾虚气滞型及脾阳虚型FD病人症状积分与焦虑、抑郁状态呈显著性正相关(r_s= 0.61、0.53、0.63、0.57,P＜0.05)。结论 功能性消化不良病人大多伴有焦虑、抑郁状态,脾失健运是其致病关键,临证中辨证基础上应注重健脾理气、养心安神之法的应用。     

舍曲林对原发性高血压合并焦虑抑郁病人血清 S100B蛋白、心肌营养素 1及血压的影响

目的观察原发性高血压合并焦虑、抑郁病人应用舍曲林治疗对情绪、血清 S100B蛋白(神经组织蛋白质 S100)与心肌营养素 1(CT?1)及血压的影响。方法选取新乡医学院第二附属医院 2015年 12月至 2017年 6月收治的 106例原发性高血压合并焦虑、抑郁的病人为研究对象,退出 6例,将剩余 100例按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,所有病人均应用替米沙坦口服,观察组加用舍曲林口服,对照组加用相同剂型的安慰剂口服,持续治疗 1月。于治疗前后应用焦虑自评量表(SAS)及抑郁自评量表(SDS)对两组病人焦虑及抑郁症状进行评分,用动态血压仪测定两组病人治疗前后 24 h平均收缩压(24 h SBP)、 24 h平均舒张压(24 h DBP)、白昼平均收缩压(dSBP)、夜间平均收缩压(nSBP)、白昼平均舒张压(dDBP)及夜间平均舒张压(nDBP)并用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清 S100B、CT?1水平。结果观察组治疗后 SAS、SDS评分分别为(39.7±6.7)分、(38.4± 5.3)分,对照,组分别为(64.7±5.8)分、(58.1±4.9)分,观察组治疗后 SAS、SDS评分低于对照组(t＝19.965,19.369,均 P＜0.001);观察组治疗后 24 h SBP、24hDBP、dSBP、nSBP、dDBP、nDBP分别为(118.2±6.7)、(78.3±6.6)、(124.1±7.3)、(112.3±6.1)、(82.5± 6.8)、(74.1±6.4)mmHg,对照组分别为(121.7±7.1)、(82.3±7.2)、(127.2±8.1)、(116.2±5.7)、(85.2±6.6)、(79.4±7.8)mmHg,观察组治疗后 24 h SBP、24 h DBP、dSBP、nSBP、dDBP、nDBP水平低于对照组(t＝2.535,P＜0.05;t＝2.896,P＜0.05;t＝2.010,P＜ 0.05;t＝3.303,P＜0.01;t＝2.012,P＜0.05;t＝3.714,P＜0.001);观察组治疗后血清 S100B、CT?1分别为(60.6±13.4)pg/mL、(47.8±12.5)ng/L,对照组分别为(88.4±15.7)pg/mL、(56.7±11.2)ng/L,观察组治疗后血清 S100B、CT?1水平低于对照组(t＝7.468,3.751,均 P＜0.001)。结论舍曲林能有效改善原发性高血压合并焦虑、抑郁病人的焦虑、抑郁情绪,并辅助降低血压,从而血清 S100B、CT?1水平下降。     

建构主义理论在呼吸科护理教学查房中的实践与效果评价

目的 探讨建构主义理论在呼吸内科护理教学查房中的应用及效果。方法 采取类实验研究方法,按照护生入科时间将188名护生分为观察组与对照组。对照组实施传统教学查房,观察组实施建构主义理论指导下的教学查房,比较两组护理教学查房效果及病人对护理教学查房的满意度。结果 观察组护生护理教学查房效果自评得分(4.60±0.51)分显著高于对照组护生护理教学查房效果自评得分(4.18±0.38)分(P＜0.001)。观察组病人对护患沟通、知识技能掌握及参与度、心理疏导等方面的满意度亦高于对照组(P＜0.01)。结论 建构主义理论运用到护理教学查房中,使护理教学查房更加科学、规范,提高教学查房效果及护生、病人满意度。     

眼带状疱疹患者的心理分析与护理干预

目的 探讨分析眼带状疱疹患者的心理和护理干预对眼带状疱疹患者康复的促进作用.方法 对60例在我院治疗的眼带状疱疹的患者进行焦虑、抑郁等心理状况的测定,采用焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表,并将统计结果进行统计学分析.结果 眼带状疱疹组焦虑自评得分(51.34±11.48)分,抑郁自评得分(52.61±10.51)分,与国内常模比较差异有显著性(p＜0.05).患有眼带状疱疹的病人都具有焦虑、抑郁的心理问题.结论 眼带状疱疹的患者在患病期间,有焦虑、抑郁的心理症状,护士应该做好对患者的心理护理,以帮助患者本人解决焦虑、抑郁的心理问题,尽量适应患者角色,促进患者尽早康复.     

眼带状疱疹患者的心理分析与护理干预

目的 探讨分析眼带状疱疹患者的心理和护理干预对眼带状疱疹患者康复的促进作用.方法 对60例在我院治疗的眼带状疱疹的患者进行焦虑、抑郁等心理状况的测定,采用焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表,并将统计结果进行统计学分析.结果 眼带状疱疹组焦虑自评得分(51.34±11.48)分,抑郁自评得分(52.61±10.51)分,与国内常模比较差异有显著性(p＜0.05).患有眼带状疱疹的病人都具有焦虑、抑郁的心理问题.结论 眼带状疱疹的患者在患病期间,有焦虑、抑郁的心理症状,护士应该做好对患者的心理护理,以帮助患者本人解决焦虑、抑郁的心理问题,尽量适应患者角色,促进患者尽早康复.     

眼带状疱疹患者的心理分析与护理干预

目的 探讨分析眼带状疱疹患者的心理和护理干预对眼带状疱疹患者康复的促进作用.方法 对60例在我院治疗的眼带状疱疹的患者进行焦虑、抑郁等心理状况的测定,采用焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表,并将统计结果进行统计学分析.结果 眼带状疱疹组焦虑自评得分(51.34±11.48)分,抑郁自评得分(52.61±10.51)分,与国内常模比较差异有显著性(p＜0.05).患有眼带状疱疹的病人都具有焦虑、抑郁的心理问题.结论 眼带状疱疹的患者在患病期间,有焦虑、抑郁的心理症状,护士应该做好对患者的心理护理,以帮助患者本人解决焦虑、抑郁的心理问题,尽量适应患者角色,促进患者尽早康复.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Susceptibility to erythromycin of anaerobes of the genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Sphaerophorus, Veillonella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin were determined by broth dilution tests for 313 anaerobic strains, most of which were clinical isolates. All the gram-positive anaerobes tested (84 Peptococcaceae, including 21 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and 15 Peptococcus variabilis; 65 Corynebacterium acnes and 29 Clostridium strains, including 13 C. perfringens) were sensitive (MIC values 0.012 through 3.12 microgram erythromycin/ml); so were 111 cultures of gram-negative anaerobes (52 Bacteroides fragilis, 12 B. thetaiotaomicron, 7 B. vulgatus, 13 B. oralis, 4 B. melaninogenicus, 10 Sphaerophorus necrophorus, 2 Veillonella sp., 11 members of other species). Erythromycin at concentrations of 6.25 through 200.0 microgram/ml was active against 24 strains (1 B. fragilis, 4 Fusobacterium fusiforme, 9 Sph. freundi, 10 Sph. varius). The present results are compared to the limited number of reports existing with regard to the susceptibility of anaerobes to erythromycin.     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

New antiretroviral drugs: a review of the efficacy,safety, pharmacokinetics,and resistance profile of tipranavir,darunavir, etravirine,rilpivirine, maraviroc,and raltegravir

Background: The introduction and approval of new antiretroviral agents in the US and Canada bring new opportunities and new challenges. Arguably, for the first time ever, clinicians have the drugs necessary to achieve the goal of suppressing HIV RNA to levels less than 50 copies/mL in even the most treatment-experienced patients and in those with extensive drug-limiting resistance mutations. However, the use of these new agents is complicated by many drug–drug interactions and – to some extent – pre-existing mutations. To derive maximum durability from the use of these newer drugs, a thorough understanding of their indications and limitations is critical. Objective: To thoroughly review the six most recently approved or soon-to-be-approved antiretroviral drugs in the US and Canada: tipranavir, darunavir, etravirine, rilpivirine, maraviroc, and raltegravir. Methods: Discussion of the indications for, and pharmacokinetics, resistance profile, activity, toxicity, and clinical trials results of, the six new agents. Results/conclusions: These six new agents have resulted in marked progress towards the goal of being able to provide HIV-infected individuals with the drugs necessary to achieve decades of durable suppression of HIV without substantial toxicity.     

Disposition of fluvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-COA reductase, in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey

The physiological disposition of fluvastatin, a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and thus cholesterol synthesis, has been studied in the mouse, rat, dog, and monkey using 14C- or 3H-labeled drug. Oral doses of fluvastatin were absorbed at a moderate to rapid rate. The extent of absorption was dose-independent and was essentially complete in all four species studied. However, the drug was subject to extensive presystemic hepatic extraction followed by direct excretion via the bile, thus minimizing the systemic burden and yielding high liver/peripheral tissue concentration gradients for fluvastatin and its metabolites. Only at high doses far exceeding the intended human daily dose of ca 0.6 mg kg-1 did fluvastatin bioavailability approach unity, apparently due to saturation of the first-pass effect. Dose-normalized blood levels of fluvastatin and total radioactivity were higher in the dog than in the other species, suggesting a smaller distribution volume in the former. Fluvastatin was partially metabolized before excretion, the extent of metabolism being smallest in the dog and greatest in the mouse. The half-life of intact fluvastatin ranged from 1-2h in the monkey to 4-7h in the dog. Regardless of the dose or dose route, the administered radioactivity was recovered predominantly in feces, with the renal route accounting for less than 8 per cent of the dose. No tissue retention of radioactivity was observed, and material balance was essentially achieved within 96h after dosing.     

Strength of drug habits: For heroin,morphine, methadone,alcohol, barbiturates,pentobarbital, benzedrine,cocaine, and marijuana

The drug habits for 78 confirmed opiate addicts were studied on eight scales from the Process Association Test of Addiction (PATA) for many drug names. Through cluster analysis eight stages of addiction were defined: “to be clean”, “to learn about drugs”, “to hustle”, “to chip” (also “to be high”), to be psychologically dependent or “to need a shot”, “to be hooked”, “to kick a habit” and “to be in treatment”. Associations stimulated by the words heroin and morphine were very similar over the eight stages of addiction in opiate addicts. The subjects were especially inclined to associate morphine and heroin with the most severe level of addiction, “to be hooked”. Associations to both methadone and cocaine were elevated at the “hooked” stage, but in other respects associations to these drugs were opposite. Thus, associations to cocaine were focused on the stage of psychological dependence and the lower intermediate stage of addiction, “to chip” and “to be high”, whereas associations to methadone suggested a turning away from addiction as indicated by avoidance associations (“to come down” and “to kick a habit”) as well as associations to “treatment” and “to be clean”. Marijuana, Benzedrine, “goofball” (barbiturates) and alcohol habits were prominent at an intermediate stage of addiction (“to chip” and “to be high”). Avoidance associations were common for Benzedrine and “goofballs” (also pentobarbital) but not for marijuana or alcohol. “Hustling” associations were frequent for marijuana but not for alcohol.     

Simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone in serum is described. The drugs and the internal standard, prilocaine, are extracted from 1 ml of serum. The procedure involves a two-step extraction and injection of the extract into a gas chromatograph equipped with a 10-ft OV-11 glass column and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The temperature gradient program results in a run time of 16 min and retention times for meperidine, prilocaine (internal standard), lidocaine, etidocaine, mepivacaine, methadone, and bupivacaine of 3.8, 5.4, 6.0, 8.7, 11.0, 11.7, and 14.8 min, respectively. Standard curves for all drugs were linear over the 80 to 2,000-ng/ml range and recovery of all components averaged 97 +/- 2% with the lowest detection limit of 10 ng/ml for all drugs except meperidine and methadone, which were 20 ng/ml. The within-day coefficients of variation ranged from 12 to 8% at 500 ng/ml. The day-to-day coefficients of variation of the slope and intercept values ranged from 2 to 0% and 130 to 3%, respectively. Response factors of the nitrogen-specific collector varied with the drug analyzed and resulted in peak area variation at constant offset and attenuation of 30%. This method is intended and adequate for therapeutic monitoring of chronically treated pain patients who are being given various combinations of local anesthetic and/or narcotic agents.     

马蹄金中铁、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰、镍的形态分析

目的：研究马蹄金全草中微量元素的存在形态。方法：采用超声波提取。电感耦合等离子发射光谱法（ICP—AES）对马蹄金不同形态中Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Ma、Ni等元素进行分析。结果：Fe元素在马蹄金中含量最高，而Cu元素含量最低；Ca的提取率最高，Fe的提取率最低；Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni6种元素的可溶态均大于悬浮态；且渣中的微量元素含量较高。结论：马蹄金中的微量元素是以无机态为主，多种形态共存的复杂体系。