2018—2020年常州市儿童医院中药注射剂不良反应报告分析

目的 探讨常州市儿童医院2018—2020年中药注射剂引起药品不良反应（ADR）发生规律及特点,为临床合理使用中药注射剂提供参考。方法 采用回顾性研究的方法,对常州市儿童医院2018—2020年收集上报国家药品不良反应监测中心的98份中药注射剂ADR报告进行统计分析。结果 98例ADR报告中,男性患儿58例（59.18%）,女性患儿40例（40.82%）,1～6岁年龄段患儿ADR构成比最高,占86.7%。ADR涉及药物均为清热解毒类中药注射剂,包括喜炎平注射液、热毒宁注射液和痰热清注射液,分别占74.49%、23.47%、2.04%;累及器官/系统以皮肤及其附件为主,占95.92%;不良反应发生时间主要集中在用药3 d之内（55.10%）。ADR多为一般不良反应（98.99%）,且经治疗后大多痊愈。结论 临床医师和药师应重视儿童中药注射剂的合理使用,加强ADR的监测和上报工作,保证用药安全。     

369例中药注射剂不良反应/不良事件分析

摘 要 目的：了解中药注射剂不良反应/不良事件（ADR/ADE）发生情况及相关影响因素,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：对2010～2016年我院ADR监测中心收集到的369例中药注射剂ADR/ADE报表进行汇总分析,统计患者性别、年龄、过敏史,可疑药物品种,ADR/ADE临床表现、类型、关联性评价与转归,评价ADR/ADE病例中中药注射剂用药适宜性。结果：369例中药注射剂ADR/ADE中,≥61岁老年人发生212例（占57.45％),有药物过敏史31例,涉及中药注射剂品种33种,发生ADR/ADE的中药注射剂以华蟾素注射液最多。中药注射剂ADR/ADE累及系统 器官的主要表现以皮肤及附件损害（23.9%）、用药部位损害(21.7% )、神经系统损害(12.0% )为主。369例中药注射剂ADR/ADE报告中,超适应证用药38例,超剂量用药11例。结论：中药注射剂ADR/ADE主要由药物因素、患者自身因素以及临床使用不当等原因造成,应规范中药注射剂临床合理使用,保障患者安全使用中药注射剂。     

儿科患者使用喜炎平注射液致不良反应危险因素分析

目的分析儿科患者使用喜炎平注射液致不良反应(ADR)的高危因素。方法分析2013年1月至2015年12月使用喜炎平注射液的1 180例儿科患者的临床资料,分析其ADR发生率,调查相关危险因素,并对其分别进行单因素和多因素Logistic分析。结果 1 180例患者发生ADR 35例,ADR发生率2.97%,临床表现以皮肤及附件损害的过敏性反应为主。Logistic分析结果显示,年龄、过敏史、给药剂量、溶媒种类、给药途径和合并用药是主要危险因素(P<0.05)。结论年龄(<3岁)、有过敏史、超剂量给药、溶媒为0.9%氯化钠注射液、静脉滴注给药和同时合并3种以上药物是喜炎平注射液致ADR的主要危险因素。儿童使用喜炎平注射液时,医生应进行危险因素预判,对可能发生ADR的高危患者进行适当监护,以安全、有效地应用喜炎平注射液。     

中药注射剂超说明书用药与不良反应的关系探讨

摘 要 目的：分析使用中药注射剂的住院患者发生药品不良反应（ADR）的相关危险因素,并进一步探讨超说明书用药与ADR的关系,为中药注射剂超说明书用药的科学管理提供依据。方法：采用横断面调查方法,随机抽取2014年1~12月中南大学湘雅医院和湖南中医药大学第二附属医院两家医院使用中药注射剂的住院患者病历,统计并循证分析超说明书用药情况,汇总分析ADR的类型及影响因素,分析不同程度的超说明书用药与ADR的关系。结果：以ADR因果关系判断为“很可能有关”和“可能有关”的报告确认为中药注射剂所致ADR,中药注射剂的ADR发生率为1.6%（54/3 380）,病区、超说明书使用与联用中药注射剂是ADR的影响因素。其中不合理用药显著性地增加ADRs的发生率（P<0.01）。结论：超说明书使用和（或）联合使用中药注射剂会增加ADR的发生概率;中药注射剂在临床使用过程中超出说明书的范畴越大,ADR的发生概率越大。     

2011-2016年北京中医药大学东方医院135例中药注射剂不良反应分析

目的 了解北京中医药大学东方医院中药注射剂不良反应（ADR）发生情况,掌握ADR发生特点,为临床安全合理用药提供依据。方法 检索该院上报至国家药品不良反应监测系统、发生于2011年6月-2016年5月的中药注射剂ADR,进行回顾分析。结果 18种中药注射剂导致135例ADR,其中男性50例、女性85例;主要为清热解毒类和活血化瘀类中药注射剂;存在与中药注射剂、抗生素、生物制品等药物联用,超剂量使用和配液不当等不合理用药;临床表现以皮肤及其附件损害较多;所有ADR患者均痊愈。结论 审慎合理用药,规范临床使用操作,开展临床再评价工作,是降低中药注射剂ADR发生率、安全合理用药的关键。     

2015-2019年上海中医药大学附属曙光医院中药注射剂不良反应分析

目的 探讨中药注射剂不良反应（ADR）的发生特点与规律,为中药注射剂的临床合理使用,及时预防与处理ADR提供参考。方法 收集上海中医药大学附属曙光医院2015年1月—2019年12月报告国家不良反应监测系统的中药注射剂引起的ADR报告206例,运用回顾性分析方法进行统计分析。结果 206例中药注射剂ADR报告共涉及28个品种,男性88例,女性118例,年龄>60岁患者最多（62.62%）;ADR排名前3的注射剂分别是华蟾素注射液、刺五加注射液和复方苦参注射液,抗肿瘤类中药注射剂ADR发生率最高;用药30 min内即发生的ADR最多（23.79%）,中药及2种以上中药联用致ADR占35.44%,ADR临床表现以累及皮肤及附件损害为常见（35.83%）。结论 中药注射剂ADR的发生可能与患者年龄、药品种类、联合用药等多种因素相关。沟通、反馈药品ADR发生特点和规律,有利于临床医生重视药品ADR,确保患者合理安全用药。     

2013—2017年哈励逊国际和平医院儿科清热解毒类中药注射剂用药分析

目的 了解2013—2017年哈励逊国际和平医院儿科清热解毒类中药注射剂的使用情况,为医院管理和临床合理用药提供参考。方法 收集哈励逊国际和平医院儿科2013—2017年清热解毒类中药注射剂的相关用药信息,对药品种类、销售金额、用药频度（DDDs）、日均费用（DDC）、排序比（B/A）进行统计分析。结果 清热解毒类中药注射剂的品种数和销售金额基本稳定,但其占药品总金额的百分比呈下降趋势,同时痰热清注射液、喜炎平注射液和血必净注射液的销售金额呈增长趋势,注射用双黄连和注射用炎琥宁呈下降趋势,热毒宁注射液呈先升后降的趋势。痰热清注射液、喜炎平注射液、血必净注射液和热毒宁注射液的DDDs值呈增长趋势,注射用双黄连和注射用炎琥宁呈下降趋势。DDC值最大的是喜炎平注射液,最小的是注射用双黄连。大部分药物的B/A值均接近1,说明用药份额与用药选择一致性相对较好。结论 哈励逊国际和平医院儿科清热解毒类中药注射剂的应用基本合理,但还存在不合理情况,应加强其规范使用的管理。     

基于文献的喜炎平注射液不良反应分布特征探索

摘 要 目的：了解喜炎平注射液上市后研究中不良反应（ADR）发生水平及分布特征。方法：以“喜炎平”或“Xiyanping”为检索词,检索Cochrane 图书馆、Medline、EMbase、SinoMed、CNKI、VIP和WanFang Data,由两位研究者独立筛选和提取资料,分析采用Stata 14.0软件。结果：共纳入1 587项研究,其中随机对照试验、队列研究和无对照随访研究分别占90.2%,6.8%和3.0%。共涉及1 778个喜炎平注射液用药组,其中823组报告了ADR发生信息（46.3%）,共涉及患者62 464例,报道ADR 1 244例,整体发生率为1.8%（95%可信区间：1.7%~2.1%）。前三位构成为消化系统损害（40.7%）、皮肤及附件损害（23.6%）和用药部位疼痛（8.4%）,但涉及药品及对应处理的报告比例较低（低于30%）。Meta回归调整协变量后,无对照随访研究、≤1岁年龄组的ADR发生率相对较低,而每日用药≥2次时、疗程≥1周时、合并抗菌药用药或其他中成药用药时,发生率相对较高。结论：鉴于用药频率越高、服药时间越长、合并用药时,ADR发生率相对较高,建议尽量避免过于频繁或长期使用喜炎平注射液,并谨慎联合用药。同时,建议充分利用医疗大数据开展更多关于儿童的足够规模的主动监测。此外,现有文献质量堪忧的问题,也急需研究者、企业、期刊和政府充分重视,各司其职营造高质量证据诞生的必要氛围。     

低分子右旋糖酐氨基酸注射液致过敏性休克的危险因素分析

摘 要 目的：探讨低分子右旋糖酐氨基酸注射液致过敏性休克（AS）的危险因素，为临床安全用药提供参考。方法：收集2010年1月~2018年11月我院上报的278例低分子右旋糖酐氨基酸注射液致不良反应（ADR）个案报告，按照AS诊断标准分为AS组（45例）和非AS组（233例），采用单因素（χ2检验）及多因素（Logistic回归）分析法对患者年龄、性别、过敏史、血清总蛋白水平、手术治疗、肾功能、肝功能、原患疾病、日用剂量、累积用药时间和联合用药等相关因素进行分析。结果：278例低分子右旋糖酐氨基酸注射液的ADR病例中发生AS 45例，构成比为16.19%。单因素分析显示，患者年龄、血清总蛋白水平、手术治疗、血清肌酐清除率、累积用药时间与AS相关。多因素分析显示，累积用药时间较长（＞5 d）、低蛋白血症（＜60 g·L-1）、老龄（≥65岁）、肌酐清除率低（≤30 ml·min-1）和手术治疗是低分子右旋糖酐氨基酸注射液致AS的独立危险因素，其OR值分别为2.68，2.39，2.12，2.02和1.89。45例AS患者经停药，予以肾上腺素、地塞米松、异丙嗪等，同时及时予以吸氧、补液等干预措施，最后44例痊愈出院，1例死亡。结论：临床实践中应重点关注有AS危险因素的患者，以保证低分子右旋糖酐氨基酸注射液的临床安全用药，减少AS发生率。     

南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院104例热毒宁注射液致不良反应报告分析

目的 探讨热毒宁注射液导致儿童不良反应（ADR）的一般规律及特点,促进临床合理用药。方法 对南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院2012年1月-2015年12月使用热毒宁注射液致104例ADR患者的性别、年龄、原患疾病、给药剂量、ADR发生时间、联合用药情况、ADR累及器官/系统及临床表现、转归等进行回顾性分析。结果 男性患儿发生ADR的比例相对较高,占55.77%;以单次给药剂量10 mL发生率最高,占35.24%;ADR出现时间多数在用药初期,用药30 min内发生的占66.34%;临床表现以皮肤及附件损害（38.89%）、全身性损害（30.15%）为主,经停药及对症治疗后均预后良好。结论 儿童是热毒宁注射液ADR的高发群体,临床使用应辨证施治、规范用药,加强用药监测,密切防范不良反应的发生。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.