妊娠期糖尿病护理干预对孕妇及围产儿结局的影响

目的 分析妊娠期糖尿病护理干预对孕妇及围产儿结局的影响。方法 选择2016年2月至2019年2月在我院就诊的60例妊娠期糖尿病患者。通过数字抽签分组方法分为干预组和对照组,两组各30例,对照组实施常规护理,干预组实施针对性护理干预。观察护理前后两组产妇的血糖水平,自我效能（GSES）和焦虑（HAMA）评分,两组产妇的分娩方式和妊娠结局,以及围产儿结局。结果 护理后,两组患者空腹和餐后2 h血糖水平均下降,且干预组空腹和餐后2 h血糖水平均低于对照组（P <0.05）;两组患者的GSES和HAMA评分均改善,且干预组护理后的GSES评分高于对照组,HAMA评分低于对照组（P <0.05）。干预组自然分娩率高于对照组（P <0.05）;干预组不良妊娠结局发生率低于对照组（P <0.05）;干预组围产儿不良结局发生率低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 妊娠期糖尿病护理干预能够提高孕妇的血糖控制效率,改善患者的心理状态,让孕妇或围产儿获得更良好的结局。     

妊娠期糖尿病的护理干预及对母婴的影响分析

目的探讨妊娠糖尿病的护理干预效果。方法将96例住院分娩的妊娠期糖尿病患者分为观察组和对照组各48例。对照组给予一般的教育指导,观察组孕妇按照护理程序进行健康宣教、心理、生理等各方面的干预。比较两组对妊娠结局的影响。结果观察组妊娠期高血压疾病发生率6例(12.5%)明显低于对照组15例(31.3%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.94,P<0.05);观察组产后出血发生率3(6.3%)明显低于对照组11(22.9%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.35,P<0.05)。观察组巨大儿发生率明显低于对照组(χ2=4.00,P<0.05),观察组血糖控制明显好于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.33,P<0.05)。结论对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇进行有效地护理干预可以减少并发症的发生,保障了母婴的生命健康。     

环节质量控制用于小儿静脉输液治疗的效果观察

目的 探讨环节质量控制用于小儿静脉输液治疗中对预防护理风险发生及护理质量的影响。方法 选取2015年6月至2016年6月无锡市儿童医院收治的接受静脉输液治疗的病儿92例,按照入院先后顺序分为两组,各46例。对照组行常规护理,观察组行环节质量控制护理,对比两组投诉情况、护理缺陷、护理风险发生率及护理总满意度。结果 观察组护理投诉、护理缺陷率(均为2.17%),均低于对照组(19.57%、17.39%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.181、4.434,P=0.007、0.035)。观察组护理风险如制动肢体皮温、青紫瘀斑、肿胀、外渗率(0.00%、2.17%、4.34%、2.17%),均低于对照组(19.57%、23.91%、21.74%、19.57%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.882、9.583、6.133、7.181,P=0.005、0.002、0.013、0.007)。观察组护理总满意度(100.00%)高于对照组(78.26%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=11.220,P=0.001)。结论 环节质量控制应用于小儿静脉输液治疗可降低护理风险发生率,提高护理质量。     

不同发病孕周的妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症围产儿结局分析

目的 探讨不同发病孕周的妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症（ICP）患者的围产儿结局。方法 选取2015年11月至2017年11月黄山市人民医院诊治并分娩的ICP患者167例,按ICP不同发病孕周分为4组,1组为妊娠≤27⁺⁶周（15例）,2组为妊娠28周~31⁺⁶周（29例）,3组为妊娠32~33⁺⁶周（26例）,4组为妊娠≥34周（97例）。比较4组患者早产、剖宫产、羊水污染、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息及死胎的发生率。以孕32周为界,比较妊娠<32周组（44例）及妊娠≥32周组（123例）患者早产、剖宫产、羊水污染、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息、死胎的发生率以及其血清总胆汁酸（TBA）及重度ICP发生率的情况。结果 4组患者早产、剖宫产、羊水污染、新生儿窒息及死胎的发生率差异均有统计学意义（χ²=46.587,P<0.001;χ²=7.990,P=0.046;χ²=24.557,P<0.001;χ²=9.045,P=0.019;χ²=11.777,P=0.003）。妊娠<32周组患者早产、剖宫产、羊水污染、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息、死胎的发生率高于妊娠≥32周组,差异有统计学意义（χ²=42.626,P<0.001;χ²=7.838,P=0.005;χ²=24.204,P<0.001;χ²=4.751,P=0.029;χ²=9.612,P=0.002;χ²=7.592,P=0.006）。妊娠<32周组患者的血清TBA水平高于妊娠≥32周组,差异有统计学意义（t=3.435,P=0.001）;妊娠<32周组患者重度ICP发生率高于妊娠≥32周组,差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.042,P=0.044）。结论 妊娠<32周ICP患者血清TBA水平高,围产儿不良结局发生率高,临床应重视并积极诊治孕32周之前发病的ICP患者。     

康复锻炼对乳腺癌术后患肢运动功能恢复的影响

目的 探讨早期阶段性康复锻炼对乳腺癌术后患肢运动功能恢复的影响。 方法 选取2014年6月至2016年6月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院第二乳腺外科接受乳腺癌改良根治术治疗的女性患者60例,按所采取的不同康复锻炼方法分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。对照组仅按照乳腺癌术后常规方法进行功能锻炼,观察组在其基础上实施阶段性康复锻炼,比较两组患者术后患侧上肢运动功能改善情况、运动耐力和并发症发生情况。 结果 术后3个月观察组患者肩关节外展活动度受限2例,占6.67%;外展肌群肌力下降2例,占6.67%。对照组患者肩关节外展活动度受限9例,占30.00%;外展肌群肌力下降8例,占26.67%。观察组术后肩关节外展活动度受限和外展肌群肌力发生率均明显低于对照组(χ²=5.455,P=0.020;χ²=4.320,P=0.038)。观察组术后3个月最大心率时间长于对照组,距离远于对照组,心率恢复时间短于对照组,主观用力感觉评分高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t=3.421,P=0.001;t=16.620,P＜0.001;t=11.178,P＜0.001;t=5.335,P＜0.001)。观察组术后上肢水肿、皮下积液和皮瓣坏死发生率均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(χ²=5.192,P=0.023;χ²=6.405,P=0.011;χ²=4.043,P=0.044)。 结论 加强早期阶段性康复锻炼可促进乳腺癌术后患肢运动功能恢复,提高运动耐力,减少术后并发症。     

妊娠期糖尿病护理干预对孕妇及围生儿结局的影响分析

目的了解妊娠期糖尿病护理干预对孕妇及围生儿结局的影响。方法选择我院2017年4月至2018年9月的80例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇,随机分组,对照组给予普通护理,全面组进行了全面护理干预。比较两组满意人数;对妊娠期糖尿病的认知、妊娠期糖尿病治疗依从性、合理饮食和运动行为;护理前后血糖指标;孕妇及围生儿结局不良比例。结果全面组满意人数、血糖指标、对妊娠期糖尿病的认知、妊娠期糖尿病治疗依从性、合理饮食和运动行为、孕妇及围生儿结局不良比例对比对照组有优势,P <0.05。结论妊娠期糖尿病孕妇实施全面护理干预可获得良好效果。     

早期护理干预对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠结局的影响

目的 探讨早期护理干预对妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）孕妇妊娠结局的影响。方法 选择2012年10月至2015年10月就诊于阜阳市人民医院,符合GDM诊断标准的82例孕妇,分为观察组52例与对照组30例。对照组给予常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上进行早期护理干预,如：健康宣教,以及心理、饮食、运动等方面的干预和围产期监测。结果 通过实施护理干预,观察组孕妇高血压发生率5.8%,对照组30%;观察组巨大儿的发生率3.8%,对照组33.3%;观察组羊水过多发生率7.7%,对照组26.7%;观察组胎膜早破发生率3.8%,对照组30%;观察组的早产发生率3.8%,对照组36.7%,观察组较对照组母婴并发症明显降低,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论 对GDM孕妇进行早期护理干预提高了血糖控制效果,降低了妊娠期并发症的发生率,改善了GDM妊娠结局。     

进展期远端胃癌第12亚组淋巴结转移规律及其临床意义

目的 探讨进展期远端胃癌第12亚组淋巴结转移的规律及其在临床中的意义。方法 回顾性分析信阳市中心医院2013年6月至2015年6月137例行远端胃癌D₂根治术中清扫第12组淋巴结的进展期远端胃癌病人的临床病理资料。结果137例进展期远端胃癌第12组淋巴结总转移率为16.06%(22/137)。沿肝动脉(12a)、沿胆总管(12b)、沿门静脉(12p)亚组转移率分别为12.41%、1.46%和2.19%,其中12a组淋巴结转移率明显高于12b组(χ²=10.32,P=0.001)和12p组(χ²=8.45,P=0.001)。高—中分化者第12组淋巴结转移率为5.13%(2/39),低于低分化者的20.41%(20/98)(χ²=4.97,P=0.021);浆膜受侵者第12组淋巴结转移率为21.79%(17/78),高于浆膜未受侵者的8.47%(5/59)(χ²=4.57,P=0.031);肿瘤直径≤5 cm者第12组淋巴结转移率为7.14%(4/56),低于肿瘤直径＞5 cm者的22.22%(18/81)(χ²=5.59,P=0.018)。结论 进展期远端胃癌D₂根治术行第12组淋巴结的清扫是合理必要的,第12组淋巴结转移在三个亚组的分布有一定的规律,有助于术中指导肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结清扫范围。     

持续质量改进对经T管窦道胆管镜联合激光碎石术不良反应和并发症的影响

目的 探讨实施持续质量改进(CQI)对经T管窦道胆管镜联合激光碎石术不良反应和并发症的影响。方法 以2014年10月至2016年3月解放军联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院CQI模式实施前105例经T管窦道胆管镜联合激光碎石术病人作为对照组,通过比较不良反应、并发症、术中疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和术中镇痛药使用比例情况,综合评价2016年4月至2017年9月解放军联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院CQI实施后127例病人的效果。结果 与CQI实施前相比,CQI实施后病人胃肠道不良反应(21.9%比11.8%,χ²=4.276,P=0.039)、寒战高热(15.2%比6.3%,χ²=4.952,P=0.026)、引流管脱出(9.5%比1.6%,χ²=7.405,P=0.007)、窦道并发症(11.4%比3.1%,χ²=6.136,P=0.013)发生率显著降低,术中VAS疼痛评分(3.3±2.1比2.7±1.5,χ²=2.532,P=0.012)显著减少,术中镇痛药使用比例(22.9%比8.7%,χ²=9.042,P=0.003)显著下降。结论 持续质量改进提高了经T管窦道胆管镜联合激光碎石术围手术期管理质量,病人不良反应和并发症减少,疼痛程度减轻,操作安全性提高。     

二次电切联合吉西他滨即刻灌注治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床效果

目的 研究二次电切联合吉西他滨即刻膀胱灌注治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床效果。方法 选择2011年10月至2014年10月在中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第901医院行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术（TURB-t）治疗的52例非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者,将仅行TURB-t的24例患者为对照组,TURB-t术后且行二次电切的28例患者为观察组,两组患者均使用吉西他滨即刻灌注治疗。分析两组患者肿瘤病灶残留、肿瘤的复发率及进展率情况。结果 对照组患者首次TURB-t术后残留率为8.33%,观察组为14.29%,两组差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.055,P=0.815）。对照组患者12个月内肿瘤复发率为33.33%,观察组为7.14%,两组差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.145,P=0.042）;对照组患者24个月内复发率为50.00%,观察组为17.86%,两组差异有统计学意义（χ²=6.068,P=0.014）。对照组患者24个月内肿瘤进展率为33.33%,观察组为7.14%,两组差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.145,P=0.042）。结论 二次电切能减少肿瘤病灶残留,二次电切联合吉西他滨即刻膀胱灌注治疗能够降低非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的复发率。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.