晚期非小细胞肺癌抗血管生成药物的联合治疗模式

晚期非小细胞肺癌的治疗方案包括化疗、针对驱动基因的靶向治疗以及以免疫检查点抑制剂为代表的免疫治疗,疗效仍待进一步提高,而联合治疗是当前研究热点.抗血管生成药物在晚期非小细胞肺癌中应用广泛,不仅能通过抑制肿瘤新生血管来抑制肿瘤的生长和转移,还能使血管正常化,调节肿瘤微环境,从而与其他抗肿瘤治疗方式协同增效,共同抑制肿瘤生...     

抗血管生成治疗联合免疫检查点抑制剂在实体瘤治疗中的研究进展

免疫检查点抑制剂是近年来肿瘤治疗领域的热点,虽然在多种肿瘤中取得了显著的疗效,但仍存在原发耐药与继发耐药的问题.为了进一步提高免疫检查点抑制剂的疗效、克服耐药问题,目前基于免疫微环境调控机制的多项研究将抗血管生成药物与免疫检查点抑制剂联合进行深入的探索.抗血管生成药物联合免疫治疗在多种实体瘤中表现出显著的疗效和生存获益...     

抗血管生成联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗晚期肾癌的理论基础及研究进展

近年来,抗血管生成联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗恶性肿瘤已经成为研究热点。这些研究的理论基础是免疫系统与血管生成系统相互作用可以增加抗肿瘤活性。例如:美国食品和药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FAD)批准阿维单抗联合阿昔替尼用于晚期肾癌一线治疗。尽管抗血管生成联合免疫检查点抑制剂在晚期肾癌治疗方面取得了不错成果,但同时也加重了与治疗相关的不良反应。虽然大多数患者在免疫检查点抑制剂治疗间歇期出现了与免疫治疗相关的不良反应,但研究发现联合治疗并未加重与免疫治疗相关的不良反应,而是与抗血管生成药的毒性反应有关。因此,本文旨在总结抗血管生成联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗晚期肾癌的理论基础与研究进展进行如下综述。     

血管正常化提高肿瘤治疗疗效

抗血管生成治疗作为肿瘤靶向治疗方式已得到临床广泛应用。抗血管生成治疗诱导的血管正常化效应机制,可以逆转肿瘤内部结构和功能异常的新生血管,改善肿瘤微环境的组织间隙高压、低氧和酸中毒,提高放化疗及免疫治疗的疗效。     

抗血管生成药物对肿瘤免疫调节影响的研究进展

恶性肿瘤的治疗已进入“精准治疗”时代,抗肿瘤血管生成的靶向治疗是近年非常热门的研究方向,而肿瘤免疫逃逸是导致肿瘤治疗效果不理想的重要原因之一。抗血管生成治疗不仅能够抑制血管生成,使肿瘤退缩,并且能够减少肿瘤微环境中免疫抑制性细胞数量,提高肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte ,TIL）、细胞毒性淋巴细胞（cytotoxic lymphocyte,CTL）等的数量,从而克服肿瘤免疫逃逸。本研究对抗血管生成药物通过改善肿瘤微环境,增强机体抗肿瘤免疫功能进行综述。      

晚期非小细胞肺癌EGFR-TKI耐药后抗血管生成联合免疫检查点抑制剂作用机制的研究进展

非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）是肺癌中最常见的病理类型，表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）突变是NSCLC最常见的驱动基因突变。EGFR突变促进免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境（TME），但研究发现经表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKI）治疗后TME发生改变，这种改变可能为优化随后的免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）治疗提供线索。临床前研究提示抗血管生成药物可以通过促进效应细胞浸润、减少免疫抑制等改善TME免疫抑制状态，增强ICIs疗效，ICIs也可促进血管正常化，两者具有协同抗肿瘤作用。EGFR-TKI耐药机制相对复杂，在缺乏特异性耐药机制患者中，单纯化疗或单纯ICIs获益有限，抗血管生成药物联合ICIs相关临床研究提示对于晚期EGFR-TKI耐药NSCLC患者可改善预后。全文就晚期EGFR突变NSCLC的TKI治疗对TME的影响、抗血管生成治疗联合ICIs的生物学原理、EGFR-TKI耐药后抗血管生成治疗联合ICIs相关临床研究等作一综述。     

乳腺癌抗血管生成治疗研究进展

乳腺癌已成为全球确诊人数最高的肿瘤,是恶性肿瘤的第二大致死病因。肿瘤血管生成在肿瘤进展和转移方面发挥重要作用,已成为一个潜在治疗靶点。近年来,抗血管生成治疗在乳腺癌治疗中的临床研究数据不断增多,与免疫检查点抑制剂联合应用的临床试验也正在开展。文章主要探讨抗血管生成治疗在乳腺癌中的研究进展。     

中晚期肝癌免疫治疗现状与前景

近年来,随着肿瘤免疫治疗的飞速发展及对肝癌免疫微环境认识的不断深入,以免疫检查点抑制剂为导向的新型系统治疗越来越受到关注。除此之外还有免疫治疗方法如肿瘤疫苗、溶瘤病毒、细胞因子等传统免疫方法也在肿瘤治疗中发挥着一定作用。而基于当前的多学科协作诊疗模式,肝癌的免疫治疗更多强调联合治疗,目前免疫联合治疗的方向主要有:双免疫检查点抑制剂联合、免疫检查点联合放化疗、免疫检查点联合抗血管生成药物等。对于肝癌的免疫治疗呈现了多方案的局面。因此,本文就肝癌免疫治疗的现状与前景进行综述,以期助于临床更好的应用。     

抗肿瘤血管治疗与肿瘤血管及微环境的正常化

抗肿瘤血管治疗的最初提出是由于发现肿瘤的生长有赖于肿瘤血管提供营养物质。然而临床研究发现单纯抗肿瘤血管治疗的疗效并不确定，但是将其与化疗或放疗序贯地联合应用，可以明显提高临床疗效。随着对肿瘤血管生成机制认识的加深，目前已认识到异常的肿瘤血管及肿瘤微环境是促血管生成因子和血管生成抑制因子平衡发生偏斜的结果。研究者提出抗肿瘤血管治疗可以使得肿瘤间质促血管生成因子和血管生成抑制因子恢复平衡，从而使肿瘤血管及其微环境发生暂时的正常化。在这种正常化的状态下，肿瘤血管抗转移的能力增强，肿瘤细胞的供血、供氧增加，并且对放化疗的敏感性增强。肿瘤血管及其微环境发生正常化的理论，提升了抗肿瘤血管治疗的临床地位，为制定更合理的抗肿瘤治疗方案提供理论依据。     

抗血管生成治疗影响肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展

免疫治疗已经被证实是一一种有效的肿瘤治疗手段.但应答率一百不理想。研穿发现负疫治疗有多种影响因素,其中异常的肿瘤微环境会导致免疫抑制.减弱免疫治疗效果。抗血管生成治疗是一种通过拮抗促血管生成因子来调节肿瘤血管的治疗方式,可以改变肿瘤微环境进而加强自身的免疫刺激作用。临床上已证实抗血管生成治疗联合免疫治疗这一新型联合免疫治疗策略可以有效提高肿瘤治疗水平。本文就抗血 管生成治疗对免疫治疗影响的机制展开综述。     

Immune checkpoint inhibitors in GBM

Journal of Neuro-Oncology -     

EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer

Targeted therapies inhibiting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been introduced in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Many inhibitors of the EGFR have been developed, targeting either the extracellular receptor domain with antibodies or the intracellular tyrosine kinase binding domain with small molecules. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib (Iressa) was the first targeted drug to be registered for the treatment of NSCLC after failure of chemotherapy. Given concurrently together with platinum combination chemotherapy both TKIs gefitinib and erlotinib (Tarceva) failed to increase activity. Sequential targeted therapy after chemotherapy is currently being investigated further. Studies with the monoclonal antibody cetuximab (Erbitux) combined with chemotherapy are ongoing. Side effects of the small molecules are mainly skin rash and diarrhea, whereas the antibodies do not give diarrhea. Selection of patients, based on molecular markers and patient characteristics, has become an important issue for the further development of these drugs, given there is activity in a relatively small group of patients with NSCLC. Newer drugs inhibiting more than one receptor pathway are being investigated in order to find activity in a broader group of patients.     

PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer

Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) are the most active and interesting therapies approved for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. They have changed the clinical management of a disease characterized, in almost half of cases, by extreme genetic complexity and alteration of DNA damage repair pathways, particularly homologous recombination (HR) deficiency. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the available results of recent clinical trials on the three Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency approved PARPis in ovarian cancer: olaparib, niraparib, and rucaparib. Furthermore, we anticipate the future perspective of combination regimens with antiangiogenic, immunocheckpoint inhibitors, and other biological agents as strategies to overcome resistance mechanisms, potentiate the therapeutic efficacy, and expand their clinical use in non-HR deficient tumors.     

表皮生长因子受体抑制剂在乳腺癌治疗中的研究

表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌、头颈部肿瘤的治疗方面取得了较好的疗效.在乳腺癌方面,人们最初认为,EGFR的高表达也可能是乳腺癌病人接受EGFR抑制剂的重要条件,而EGFR抑制剂可能对ER阴性、内分泌治疗不敏感的乳腺癌有效.但临床研究结果并不支持上述观点.本文着重讨论EGFR抑制剂在乳腺癌治疗中的现状及前景.     

Topoisomerase-I inhibitors in gynecologic tumors

The first section of this article reviews recent studies that have clarified both the cellular role of topoisomerase I and the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of the topoisomerase inhibitors, the camptothecins. Different analogs of this new class of antitumor drug have been studied using various dose schedules in the treatment of refractory or recurrent gynecologic cancer. Response rates are between 13% and 25%. The main toxic effects are hematologic and gastrointestinal, the latter remains problematic. Radiotherapy, alkylate, platinum analogues, and topoisomerase II inhibitors are currently being studied in combination with camptothecins.     

Multikinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer

Biological agents are rapidly developing for the treatment of metastatic RAI resistant thyroid cancer. The most promising results were shown by agents that target BRAF and VEGFR rather than RET. BRAF V600E mutation seems to be positively associated with tumour response by using BRAF targeting agents.With these agents impressive clinical responses and prolonged disease stabilisation were observed. This activity compares favourably with that of chemotherapy with less prominent toxicity, although typically associated drug side-effects should be promptly recognised and managed. To date no drug has proved to prolong survival, as such none of these agents has been approved.