离子敏感性生物材料的研究进展

目的：全面梳理离子敏感性生物材料的研究进展,对此类材料的主要应用领域、发展现状和应用前景进行归纳总结,为相关领域的深入研究提供参考。方法：以离子敏感性生物材料的重要科研和应用进展为主线,展现离子敏感性生物材料的发展过程、主要应用领域及其发展前景。结果与结论：离子敏感性生物材料目前主要应用于离子交换树脂、离子敏感电极、离子选择敏感膜、离子敏感性凝胶四个领域,是新一代精准医疗对各种生物响应机理进行探索研究的基础材料之一。对于药物受控释放、医学诊断、组织工程（含生物增材制造）和生物医学装置及相关医疗器械的研制创新均会产生深远影响。     

pH敏感性生物医用材料在药物传递中的研究与进展

目的：概述几类常见的pH敏感性生物医用材料在药物传递中的研究与进展,为其在后续pH敏感性生物材料的研究与开发提供参考。方法：通过文献研究,总结归纳常见的四类pH敏感性生物材料的作用机理和在药物传递中的应用,探讨其在临床转化上存在的挑战与研究方向。结果与结论：pH敏感性生物医用材料可根据人体内不同组织器官环境的酸碱性来使药物到达并作用于病灶部位,达到治疗的效果。但其在产品的研究与开发中还存在很多问题,而面临最大的挑战即是选择、修饰以及整合相应材料,设计并制备出安全有效的pH敏感性生物医用材料。解决因不同生物材料结构特点而产生的技术难题,才能实现真正的产品化和临床化。     

温度敏感性生物材料研究进展

目的：总结近年来温度敏感性生物材料（简称温敏材料）的研究进展,为后续温敏材料的进一步研究提供参考。方法：通过文献研究,总结目前常用的几种温敏材料的组成、原理,并介绍其在药物释放方面的应用。结果：温敏材料具有良好的生物相容性与低细胞毒性,常见的有壳聚糖聚合物、聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺聚合物等,其温敏性决定了在药物释放中的作用,提高了药物靶向性。结论：温敏材料可受环境因素影响发生体积相变,是药物缓控释的优秀材料。设计性能优良的温敏材料并成功应用于临床将是未来的研究方向之一。     

自愈型水凝胶制备原理及应用于组织工程产品中的现状

目的：考察自愈型水凝胶的生产及应用现状,并探讨其在医疗器械领域的应用前景,为开展下一步的研究工作提供参考。方法：通过查阅近年的文献资料,总结自愈型水凝胶包含的不同结构单元的性质,阐述其实现自愈的原理,以及应用于组织工程产品的研究进展,并对其在生物医药领域的应用进行展望。结果与结论：自愈型水凝胶具有良好的自修复性、可降解性及生物相容性,但力学性能不足等问题限制了其在临床中使用。在未来的研究中,通过对结构改性解决现存问题,自愈型水凝胶会在医疗器械领域中具有很好的应用前景。     

3D生物打印支架材料的研究进展

目的：综述3D生物打印支架材料的研究进展和应用。方法：应用计算机检索PubMed数据库关于3D生物打印支架材料的文章,检索词为“3D bioprinting,scaffold”。结果与结论：3D生物打印技术具有快速成型、精确控制等特点,而且可以应用于个性化治疗。天然材料和复合材料可制备成生物墨水用于3D生物打印,通过化学修饰和交联、多种材料复合可提高材料力学和生物性能。利用3D生物打印可以构造精密、复杂的组织结构。在再生医学领域,3D生物打印有广阔的发展前景。     

海洋生物医用材料的临床应用和安全性评价

目的： 对海洋生物医用材料在医疗领域的应用情况和海洋生物材料来源医疗器械的安全性评价趋势进行分析，为推进该材料的临床转化提供参考。方法： 归纳海洋生物医用材料的分类和应用，介绍该材料的安全性评价的程序要点，探讨其安全性评价中面临的挑战。结果与结论： 常用的海洋生物医用材料主要为多糖和蛋白质，在创伤修复和组织工程领域应用广泛。海洋生物医用材料具有生物活性和良好的生物相容性，对此类材料的安全性评价应根据材料特性和预期用途，科学制定评价程序和选择检验方法。     

药物流行病学在临床药学研究领域的可视化引文分析

摘 要 目的:针对药物流行病学在临床药学中的研究领域开展可视化引文分析。 方法：借助可视化引文分析工具HistCite,以Web of Science核心合集的科学引文索引数据库扩展版为数据源,综合运用文献计量分析、引文分析和可视化技术,分析药物流行病学在临床药学研究文献中的核心期刊和当前研究的热点,并用可视化方法展示临床药学研究的发展历史。结果：得到了Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety等10种药物流行病学在临床药学领域的核心期刊,确定了药物流行病学研究的热门研究主题,并用引文编年图直观地展示药物流行病学在临床药学研究领域的发展历史和阶段。结论：药物流行病学在临床药学研究领域发展迅速,HistCite能够快速、直观地展现药物流行病学在临床药学研究领域的发展轨迹。     

组织病理学同行评议的GLP要求及关注点探讨

目的：探讨组织病理学同行评议的GLP要求及关注点。方法：简要介绍药物非临床安全性评价领域组织病理学同行评议的指导原则、目的、GLP要求、GLP符合性要求、种类、地点、病理工作组、同行评议病理学家和专题病理学家的职责、动物数量的选择、建议归档文件、同行评议声明以及使用数字扫描全切片图像进行同行评议等内容。结果：组织病理学同行评议可核实并提高病理诊断和病理解释的准确性、一致性及完整性,提高病理报告的质量;同时,可作为毒性病理学家继续教育的重要组成部分。结论：本文探讨组织病理学同行评议的GLP要求及关注点,以期为我国药物非临床安全性评价领域更好地开展符合GLP的组织病理学同行评议提供一些参考。     

85例高血压住院患者对不同品牌降压药物内涵响应调查及影响因素分析

目的 调查分析药物的品牌内涵响应对高血压患病人群的用药选择及依从性的影响,以便于提供更加个体化的药学服务。方法 针对药物品牌内涵响应和用药依从性设计问卷,对85例住院患者进行问卷调查和评分,对评分结果进行统计学分析,比较药物品牌内涵响应对患者用药选择及依从性的影响。结果 年度经济收入水平越高,对合资进口品牌药物的认可度评分越高,经检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);住院患者的年龄、文化程度、收入水平与降压药物品牌响应度都呈现中度相关,年龄和收入水平与长期坚持用药的依从性呈现中度相关。结论 患者用药选择的倾向、依从性与文化水平、收入水平、年龄及性别有一定关系,医务工作者应针对性地采取有效的方法和措施,提高患者的用药依从性。     

聚乙二醇修饰壳聚糖在生物医学领域的研究进展

摘 要 目的： 为聚乙二醇修饰壳聚糖的深入研究提供参考。方法: 通过查阅、检索2004～2014年国内外相关文献及资料,并进行总结归纳。结果:聚乙二醇修饰壳聚糖的方法多样,可应用于制备纳米药物载体、制备基因治疗的载体、温敏性水凝胶、高分子前药以及组织工程修复材料。结论: 聚乙二醇修饰的壳聚糖在生物医药领域研究广泛,但相关研究仅限于体外,体内研究需进一步系统和深入。     

Biodegradable ‘intelligent’ materials in response to chemical stimuli for biomedical applications

Background: Biodegradable stimuli-responsive materials, which exhibit large and sharp physical–chemical changes in response to small physical or chemical stimuli, are attracting increasing interests because of their potential applications in biomedical fields, such as transient implants, drug delivery carriers, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Our previous review (see page 493 of issue 4) summarized those biodegradable ‘intelligent’ materials that respond to physical stimuli, such as temperature, ultrasound, and magnetic field. Biodegradable ‘intelligent’ materials that could respond to chemical stimuli, such as pH and specific molecules, have also been studied intensively and significant progress in this field has been achieved. As a single stimulus-responsive property would limit practical application, multi-stimuli-responsive materials are receiving increasing interest and considerable attention. Objective/methods: This review summarizes the development of biodegradable ‘intelligent’ materials in response to chemical stimuli and to dual stimuli; their potential biomedical applications are also introduced. A detailed analysis of publications and patents on such materials in recent years is presented. Results/conclusion: Most of biodegradable stimuli-responsive materials are currently still at a developmental research stage. Further work is required to improve the responsive properties between the materials and the biological environments, so that the clinical applicability of such devices could be successful. We hope that our review will be helpful in the future development of new stimuli-responsive biodegradable polymers or polymeric systems that can be used reliably in real-life applications.     

Biodegradable ‘intelligent’ materials in response to physical stimuli for biomedical applications

Background: Stimuli-responsive materials that undergo dramatic changes in physical–chemical properties in response to mild physical changes in environmental conditions are attracting increasing interest because of their potential application in biomedical fields. Biodegradable materials are highly desired for most biomedical applications in vivo, such as transient implants, drug-delivery carriers, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomedical systems that are both biodegradable and stimuli-responsive have therefore been studied intensively and significant progress in this field has been achieved. Objective/methods: This review summarizes the development of biodegradable ‘intelligent’ materials in response to physical stimuli and their potential biomedical applications. A detailed analysis of publications and patents on such materials in recent years is presented. Results/conclusion: Although biodegradable stimuli-responsive materials are highly attractive for biomedical applications, most such materials are currently at a developmental research stage. Additionally, single stimulus-responsive property limits the practical applications of these materials. To achieve more favorable applications for these materials, further efforts are still necessary, especially for developing multi-stimuli-responsive functions of materials and improving the stimuli-responsive properties of such materials in a biological environment. Bearing in mind the great prospect of these biodegradable stimuli-responsive materials, we hope that this review will help in the future development of stimuli-responsive polymers or systems that could be reliably employed in biomedical applications.     

Controlled local drug delivery strategies from chitosan hydrogels for wound healing

Introduction: The main target of tissue engineering is the preparation and application of adequate materials for the design and production of scaffolds, that possess properties promoting cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. The use of natural polysaccharides, such as chitosan, to prepare hydrogels for wound healing and controlled drug delivery is a research topic of wide and increasing interest.

Areas covered: This review presents the latest results and challenges in the preparation of chitosan and chitosan-based scaffold/hydrogel for wound healing applications. A detailed overview of their behavior in terms of controlled drug delivery, divided by drug categories, and efficacy was provided and critically discussed.

Expert opinion: The need to establish and exploit the advantages of natural biomaterials in combination with active compounds is playing a pivotal role in the regenerative medicine fields. The challenges posed by the many variables affecting tissue repair and regeneration need to be standardized and adhere to recognized guidelines to improve the quality of evidence in the wound healing process. Currently, different methodologies are followed to prepare innovative scaffold formulations and structures. Innovative technologies such as 3D printing or bio-electrospray are promising to create chitosan-based scaffolds with finely controlled structures with customizable shape porosity and thickness. Chitosan scaffolds could be designed in combination with a variety of polysaccharides or active compounds with selected and reproducible spacial distribution, providing active wound dressing with highly tunable controlled drug delivery.     

Drug delivery in soft tissue engineering

Introduction: Tissue defects, sustained through disease or trauma, present enormous challenges in regenerative medicine. Modern tissue engineering (TE) aims at replacing or repairing these defects through a combined approach of biodegradable scaffolds, suitable cell sources and appropriate environmental cues, such as biomolecules presented on scaffold surfaces or sustainably released from within.

Areas covered: This review provides a brief overview of the various drugs and bioactive molecules of interest to TE, as well as a selection of materials that have been proposed for TE scaffolds and matrices in the past. It then proceeds to discuss encapsulation, immobilization and controlled release strategies for bioactive proteins, before discussing recent advances in this area with a special focus on soft TE.

Expert opinion: Overall, minimal clinical success has been achieved so far in using growth factor, morphogen, or adhesion factor modified scaffolds and matrices; only one growth factor delivery system (Regranex Gel), has been approved by the FDA for clinical use, with only a handful of other growth factors being approved for human use so far. However, many more growth factors are currently in clinical Phase I – II or preclinical trials and many delivery systems utilize materials already approved by the FDA for other purposes. With respect to drug delivery in soft TE, a combination of increased research efforts in hydrogel and support material development as well as growth factor development is needed before clinical success is realized.     

Functional electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for biomedical applications

Functional nanofibrous scaffolds produced by electrospinning have great potential in many biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, wound dressing, enzyme immobilization and drug (gene) delivery. For a specific successful application, the chemical, physical and biological properties of electrospun scaffolds should be adjusted to match the environment by using a combination of multi-component compositions and fabrication techniques where electrospinning has often become a pivotal tool. The property of the nanofibrous scaffold can be further improved with innovative development in electrospinning processes, such as two-component electrospinning and in-situ mixing electrospinning. Post modifications of electrospun membranes also provide effective means to render the electrospun scaffolds with controlled anisotropy and porosity. In this article, we review the materials, techniques and post modification methods to functionalize electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds suitable for biomedical applications.     

Recent advances in the role of supramolecular hydrogels in drug delivery

Introduction: Supramolecular hydrogels, formed by noncovalent crosslinking of polymeric chains in water, constitute an interesting class of materials that can be developed specifically for drug delivery and biomedical applications. The biocompatibility, stimuli responsiveness to various external factors, and powerful functionalization capacity of these polymeric networks make them attractive candidates for novel advanced dosage form design.

Areas covered: This review summarizes the significance of supramolecular hydrogels in various biomedical and drug delivery applications. The recent advancement of these hydrogels as potential advanced drug delivery systems (for gene, protein, anticancer and other drugs) is discussed. The importance of these hydrogels in biomedical applications, particularly in tissue engineering, biosensing, cell-culture research and wound treatment is briefly described.

Expert opinion: The use of supramolecular hydrogels in drug delivery is still in very early stages. However, the potential of such a system is undeniably important and very promising. A number of recent studies have been conducted, which mainly focus on the use of cyclodextrin-based host–guest complex as well as other supramolecular motifs to form supramolecular hydrogels for delivery of various classes of drugs, therapeutic agents, proteins and genes. However, there are still plenty of opportunities for further development in this area for drug delivery and other biomedical applications.     

海洋来源的可生物降解材料

摘要:近年来,可生物降解材料在生物医学领域的研究取得了突破进展。来源于海洋的可生物降解材料有很好的生物相容性和多样的生物活性,可作为药物的缓控释载体,在组织工程学中可以作为组织替代物和多孔支架,应用十分广泛。本文着重介绍了多糖和蛋白质两大类海洋来源可生物降解材料的物理、化学、生物特性和降解性能,总结了它们在生物医学领域的应用。     

Mesoporous carbon nanomaterials in drug delivery and biomedical application

Abstract

Recent development of nano-technology provides highly efficient and versatile treatment methods to achieve better therapeutic efficacy and lower side effects of malignant cancer. The exploration of drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nano-material shows great promise in translating nano-technology to clinical use to benefit patients. As an emerging inorganic nanomaterial, mesoporous carbon nanomaterials (MCNs) possess both the mesoporous structure and the carbonaceous composition, endowing them with superior nature compared with mesoporous silica nanomaterials and other carbon-based materials, such as carbon nanotube, graphene and fullerene. In this review, we highlighted the cutting-edge progress of carbon nanomaterials as drug delivery systems (DDSs), including immediate/sustained drug delivery systems and controlled/targeted drug delivery systems. In addition, several representative biomedical applications of mesoporous carbon such as (1) photo-chemo synergistic therapy; (2) delivery of therapeutic biomolecule and (3) in vivo bioimaging are discussed and integrated. Finally, potential challenges and outlook for future development of mesoporous carbon in biomedical fields have been discussed in detail.