恶性无功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 探讨恶性无功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的外科治疗方法及影响预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析33例术后病理检查证实为恶性无功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤患者的临床资料.结果 12例行胰十二指肠切除术,8例行胰体尾切除术,5例行局部切除术,8例仅行活检.本组患者5年生存率为31%.25例肿瘤切除患者1、3、5年生存率分别为92%、76%、39%;8例肿瘤未切除患者1、3、5年生存率分别为81%、61%、0.肝转移和血管侵犯是影响预后的因素.结论 手术切除是恶性无功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的首选治疗方法;肝转移、血管侵犯是影响预后的独立危险因素.     

非功能性胰岛细胞瘤31例诊断与治疗

目的 探讨非功能性胰岛细胞瘤的诊断与治疗. 方法 回顾性分析31例非功能性胰岛细胞瘤的临床特点. 结果 31例中良性16例,恶性15例;位于胰头9例,胰体7例,胰尾12例,累及全胰3例;行肿瘤切除8例,胰体尾切除6例,胰体尾切除加脾切除2例,胰体尾切除加Roux-Y吻合术2例,胰头十二指肠切除4例,全胰切除1例,胆囊空肠吻合术3例,局部活检5例.良性肿瘤者术后除1例死于心肌梗塞外其他均健在.恶性者中,未行根治术者均于26个月内死亡;行根治术者中,2例行胰头十二指肠切除及1例行全胰切除者于9~20月因复发死亡,其他均健在. 结论 加强对非功能性胰岛细胞瘤的认识,争取手术切除,可取得良好的疗效.     

胰腺内分泌肿瘤的诊断与外科治疗

目的提高胰腺内分泌肿瘤的诊断和治疗水平。方法回顾性分析1978年1月至2004年12月经手术治疗、病理证实的38例胰腺内分泌肿瘤病人的临床资料。结果胰腺内分泌肿瘤以胰岛素瘤和无功能性胰岛细胞瘤最常见,分别占57．9%和36.8%,恶性胰岛素瘤和多发性胰岛素瘤各占胰岛素瘤的13．6%,无功能性胰岛细胞瘤中恶性占64．3%;21例(95%)胰岛素瘤成功术前定位和手术切除,1例多发性胰岛素瘤摘除术后 4年后复发,再次手术治愈;86％无功能性胰岛细胞瘤患者以无痛性肿块入院,肿瘤平均大小为8．5cm,6例行胰体尾部切除,4例行胰十二指肠切除,2例行肿瘤摘除,1例行囊肿内引流术,1例行活检术;全组术后并发胰瘘7例(18%)。结论 B超、CT是胰腺内分泌肿瘤有效的诊断方法,肿瘤局部剜出与规范切除是治疗胰腺内分泌肿瘤的有效方法,其预后较好。     

56例原发性十二指肠肿瘤术式选择与分析

目的探讨原发性十二指肠肿瘤的手术方式及术式,改进以提高治疗水平。方法 7例原发性十二指肠良性肿瘤中3例行肿瘤局部切除术,2例行标准胰十二指肠切除术,2例行十二指肠节段切除术;49例原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤中29例行标准胰十二指肠切除术,2例行保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术;4例行十二指肠节段切除术,3例行局部肿瘤切除术;11例行旁路手术。结果本组患者无手术死亡病例,49例恶性肿瘤中术后并发症5例,并发症发生率10.2%。术后随访时间2～78个月,中位随访时间36个月。7例原发性十二指肠良性肿瘤患者术后5年生存率100%;49例原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤患者,29例行标准胰十二指肠切除术后患者1、3、5年生存率分别为82.8%(24/29)、58.6%(17/29)、34.5%(10/29);9例行肿瘤局部切除术及十二指肠节段切除术后患者1、3、5年生存率分别为55.6%(5/9)、33.3%(3/9)、11.1%(1/9);11例旁路手术后患者1年生存率为9.1%(1/11),生存时间6～19个月,中位生存时间仅11个月。结论胰十二指肠切除术是原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤首选术式,良性肿瘤可行肿瘤局部切除术或十二指肠节段切除术,对晚期患者可采用旁路手术以改善预后。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤24例诊治分析

目的探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断及治疗策略。方法回顾性分析本院1998至2011年收治的24例胰腺囊性肿瘤患者的诊治资料。结果所有患者均经手术治疗,其中浆液性囊腺瘤11例;粘液性囊腺瘤5例;囊腺癌5例;导管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤2例,其中恶性1例;实性假乳头状瘤1例。5例行胰十二指肠切除术,10例行胰腺体尾部切除术,7例行胰腺肿瘤切除术,2例术中发现腹腔内转移,仅行活检术。无围手术期死亡病例,22例获得随访,随访6个月～11年,死亡5例,存活17例。结论胰腺囊性肿瘤无特征性临床表现,B超、CT、CA19—9有助于诊断,提高对本病的认识,积极的手术切除是改善其预后的主要措施。     

十二指肠间质瘤11例

回顾性分析治疗的 11例十二指肠间质瘤的临床资料。临床表现为右上腹肿物 (5 /11)、右上腹隐痛不适 (4 /11)和乏力、体重下降 (2 /11)。病理类型 :良性 1例 ,潜在恶性 3例 ,恶性 7例。 6例 (5 4.5 % )发生于降部 ,其中恶性占 5 0 .0 % (3 /6)。 1例良性患者行局部切除 ;3例潜在恶性患者 2例行局部切除及肠修补术 ,1例行十二指肠节段切除及横结肠部分切除。 7例恶性患者 3例行胰十二指肠切除术 ,1例行局部切除 ,1例行十二指肠部分切除及胰腺局部切除 ,2例行活检术。 1例良性 ,3例潜在恶性患者随访 3～ 7年 ,均无复发转移。恶性患者 7例中 2例肝转移者分别存活 2个月和 6个月 ,1例术后 4年死于肝转移 ,3例生存 5年以上。恶性者 5年生存率为 5 0 .0 % (3 /6)。     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨胰腺实性假乳头状瘤（SPT）的特点、外科治疗的方法及效果.方法回顾性分析1999年1月至2005年7月间14例胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的临床病理资料.结果本组患者中男性1例,女性13例.14例肿瘤均为单发,9例位于胰头,4例位于胰体,1例位于胰尾.肿瘤直径平均7.2 cm.无特异性临床表现.CT平扫：肿瘤囊性、实质部分均为低密度影,边界清楚,可见钙化;增强后：肿瘤实质轻度强化,囊性结构动、静脉期均无强化.14例患者均行手术治疗,8例行肿瘤局部切除,2例行胰体部分切除加胰肠吻合术,1例行胰体尾加脾切除术,3例行Whipple手术.随访2～58个月,平均随访20.1个月,所有患者均存活,无复发、转移.结论胰腺实性假乳头状瘤是一种低度恶性的肿瘤;手术切除是有效的治疗方法,术式选择与肿瘤位置、大小等因素相关;完整切除者预后良好.     

十二指肠间质瘤29例诊治分析

目的 总结十二指肠间质瘤的诊断和外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析1999年5月至2013年3月我院诊治的29例十二指肠间质瘤病例资料.结果 29例患者主要临床表现为黑便、中上腹不适或腹痛.术前诊断主要依据影像学和内镜检查,但活检准确率低.内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检有助于明确诊断.29例患者均完整切除肿瘤.其中13例行胰十二指肠切除;11例行肿瘤局部切除;5例行十二指肠节段切除.术后7例服用伊马替尼.术后随访2～118个月,平均48.2个月.26例患者存活至今.其中23例无复发或转移征象;4例出现肝脏转移;2例肿瘤复发.核分裂相≥5/50高倍视野(HPF)为术后复发转移的高危因素.结论 十二指肠间质瘤首选手术切除,根据肿瘤大小和位置选择合理的手术方式.早期诊断和完整切除肿瘤对改善预后至关重要.肿瘤破裂或高危患者术后应给予口服伊马替尼辅助治疗.     

胰腺非浸润性导管内乳头状黏液肿瘤21例的临床分析

目的探讨非浸润性胰腺导管内乳头状黏液肿瘤的临床特征、治疗及预后。方法收集1999年1月—2005年12月中山医院手术切除的21例非浸润性胰腺导管内乳头状黏液肿瘤患者病历资料并对其进行随访,分析肿瘤的临床特征及手术治疗效果。结果21例非浸润性导管内乳头状黏液肿瘤中,男性17例,女性4例;12例为腺瘤,4例为交界性肿瘤,5例为原位癌;19例位于胰头,2例位于胰体尾;临床表现均以腹痛为主（11/21）,黄疸少见（3/21）,部分无症状（4/21）; CA19-9水平多正常（17/20）或仅轻度升高（3/20）,CT主要表现为囊性占位,其中5例可见病灶与主胰管相通。19例行胰十二指肠切除,2例行胰体尾切除,无手术死亡;术后20例患者得到随访,平均随访时间24个月,至随访结束,除1例失访,1例死于心肌梗塞外,其他患者均存活且未见肿瘤复发。结论非浸润性导管内乳头状黏液肿瘤手术治疗效果极佳,在其尚未恶变前予以切除能改善患者生存;对术后复发的评估可能需要长期的跟踪随访。     

45例功能性胰腺内分泌肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨功能性胰腺内分泌肿瘤(PETs)的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1998年1月至2008年12月第三军医大学西南医院收治的45例功能性PETs患者的临床资料.术前根据临床表现进行定性诊断,以腹部彩色多普勒超声、CT等检查进行定位诊断.实施胰体尾+脾切除术8例,肿瘤摘除术32例,胆胰结合部切除术1例,胰十二指肠切除术4例.术后给予相应化疗.结果 45例患者中,良性34例,恶性11例.肿瘤位于胰头8例,胰尾26例,胰体7例,胰腺内多发肿瘤4例;肿瘤直径为0.3～5.0 cm,其中>2.0 cm者19例.术后8例患者出现胰液漏,2例发生切口感染,1例发生腹腔感染.33例胰岛素瘤患者中,5例多发肿瘤患者术后血糖未恢复正常,其中3例再次行手术治疗,2例口服胰岛素分泌抑制剂治疗,血糖均控制在正常范围;7例胃泌素瘤患者术后腹泻等临床症状消失,服用质子泵抑制剂治疗,半年后行电子胃镜检查示溃疡愈合,基础胃酸分泌及12 h胃液量均在正常范围;4例胰高血糖素瘤患者术后3周内坏死性游走性皮疹明显消失或明显减退,血氨基酸水平升高,糖尿病得以痊愈;1例恶性血管活性肠肽瘤患者术后腹泻、电解质紊乱得以纠正.45例患者中39例随访20～120个月,32例良性患者中2例复发,3例因其他疾病死亡;7例恶性患者中2例生存,3例因肝转移或肿瘤复发死亡,2例因其他疾病死亡.结论 外科治疗是功能性PETs有效的治疗方法.姑息性肿瘤切除术亦可明显改善患者的生命质量.     

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??Surgical treatment decision of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors??An analysis of 60 cases WANG Hui-ling, OU Ying-liang, LI Han-hua, et al. Department of General Surgery??Guangdong General Hospital??Guangdong Academy Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080??China
Corresponding author??OU Jin-rui??E-mail??sygdwk@126.com.
Abstract Objective To identify the surgical treatment decision of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors??PNETs??. Methods The clinical data of 60 cases of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors admitted between January 2000 and January 2010 in Guangdong General Hospital were analized retrospectively. The correlations between prognosis and clinical characteristics, surgical method were studied. Results In 60 cases of PNETs, 32 cases (53.3%) were functional??and 28 cases (46.7%) were non-functional. G1??G2 and G3 grade tumors were 70%??15%??15% respectively. There were 8 cases of lymph node metastasis and 8 cases of liver metastasis. A total of 54 cases received R0 resection and 6 cases received palliative operation. The univeriate analysis indicated that tumor size, grade, lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis were the main influence factors for PNETs prognosis. Conclusion Surgery is still the main method to cure PNETs. Tumor size, grade, lymph node metastasis??liver metastasis are important factors for PNETs prognosis. More clinical research need to be done to support the surgical resection of PNETs with diameter less than 2cm. Furthermore??routine lymph node dissection should be done except for insulin tumor.     

胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤外科治疗决策探讨（附60例分析）

目的 探讨胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤（PNETs）的外科治疗决策。 方法 收集广东省人民医院2000年1月至2010年1月间收治的60例PNETs病人的临床病理学资料,对相关资料进行分析,探讨临床特点、手术方式与预后的关系。 结果 60例PNETs中32例（53.3%）为功能性,28例（49%）为无功能性;G1、G2和G3级肿瘤分别占70%、15%、15%;发现淋巴结转移8例,肝转移8例;54例获得R0切除,6例行姑息性手术;单因素分析提示肿瘤大小、分级、淋巴结转移、肝转移是影响PNETs预后的主要因素。 结论 手术是PNETs的主要治疗手段,肿瘤大小、分级、淋巴结转移、肝转移是PNETs重要预后因素;直径＜2 cm的PNETs手术指征需更多的临床研究支持,建议对除胰岛素瘤之外的其他PNETs常规行淋巴结清扫术。     

Application of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma staging system to pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

BACKGROUND: The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 6(th) edition staging system for pancreatic adenocarcinoma specifically excludes pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs), and a widely accepted staging classification does not exist. Our objective was to evaluate the feasibility of applying the AJCC pancreatic adenocarcinoma staging system to PNETs. STUDY DESIGN: Patients with PNETs were identified from the National Cancer Data Base (1985 to 2004). Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to evaluate the effect of tumor size, nodal status, and distant metastases on survival. RESULTS: Of 4,793 patients with PNETs, 93.6% were of islet cell origin, and 6.4% were carcinoid tumors; 1,815 (37.9%) underwent resection. Overall 5-year survival rates were 29.2% for all patients, 55.4% for resected patients, and 15.6% for unresected patients. The AJCC staging system provided good prognostic survival discrimination between stage groups for resected patients (p < 0.0001). When comparing outcomes to those of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the estimated median survival was significantly better for resected patients with PNETs (60 versus 13 months, p < 0.0001). Distant metastasis was the only independent predictor of survival (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: When applied to PNETs, the AJCC staging system for pancreatic adenocarcinoma provides survival discrimination by stage for surgical and nonsurgical patients. Survival rates are better for PNETs than for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but the staging system can effectively stratify patients with PNETs.     

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the pancreas: a report of seven cases of a rare neoplasm

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) have rarely been described in solid organs. We report a series of seven PNETs of the pancreas. The clinical, gross, microscopic, and immunohistochemical features of these seven PNETs of the pancreas are described, as are the genetic analyses in five cases. The patients ranged in age from 6 to 25 years (mean 18 years). Four of the patients were male. All of the patients presented with jaundice and/or abdominal pain. All of the tumors were located in the head of the pancreas, and they ranged in size from 3.5 to 9.0 cm. Light microscopy revealed the typical morphologic features of PNETs. By immunohistochemistry the neoplastic cells in all seven cases expressed O13 (CD99, p30/32MIC2). In five of six tested cases, the neoplastic cells also expressed cytokeratin. All of the tumors expressed neural-neuroendocrine markers. Two of the three cases examined ultrastructurally showed prominent epithelial features. There was cytogenetic or molecular genetic evidence of the t(11;22)(q24;q12) in four of five cases examined. Clinical follow-up was available in five cases. Two of the patients were alive with no evidence of disease at 33 and 43 months. One patient was alive with disease at 27 months. One patient died of postoperative complications. Another patient died of disease 4 years after diagnosis. PNET can sometimes arise as a primary neoplasm of the pancreas. Like PNETs arising in more conventional sites, pancreatic PNETs occur in the pediatric and adolescent population, show the characteristic staining with O13, and typically harbor the t(11;22)(q24;q12) chromosomal translocation. PNETs should be included in the differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated small round cell tumors of the pancreas. Moreover, they should not be confused with pancreatic endocrine tumors, which also demonstrate dual epithelial and neuroendocrine differentiation by immunohistochemistry and express O13 in 30% of cases.     

Clinical and genetic analysis of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease

BACKGROUND: Patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) may develop pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs), which can behave in a malignant fashion. We prospectively evaluated size criteria for resection of lesions and the role of genotype/phenotype analysis of germline VHL mutations in predicting clinical course. METHODS: From December 1988 through December 1999 we screened 389 patients with VHL. The diagnosis of PNET was made by pathologic analysis of tissues or by radiographic appearance. Germline mutations were determined by quantitative Southern blotting, fluorescence in situ hybridization and complete gene sequencing. RESULTS: Forty-four patients with PNETs have been identified; 25 have undergone surgical resection, 5 had metastatic disease, and 14 are being monitored. No patient who has undergone resection based on tumor size criteria has developed metastases. Patients with PNETs were more likely to have missense mutations (58%), and 4 of 5 patients (80%) with metastatic disease had mutations in exon 3 compared with 18 of 39 (46%) patients without metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Imaging for detection and surgical resection based on size criteria have resulted in the successful management of VHL patients with PNETs. Analysis of germline mutations may help identify patients at risk for PNET and which patients may benefit from surgical intervention.     

Aggressive pancreatic resection for primary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: is it justifiable?

BACKGROUND: Benign and malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare, and long-term outcome is generally poor without surgical intervention. The aim of the study was to assess whether aggressive pancreatic resection is justifiable for patients with PNET. METHODS: All consecutive patients who had undergone major pancreatic resection from January 1997 through January 2005 were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: There were 33 patients (16 male and 17 female) with a mean age of 53 years. Five patients had multiple endocrine neoplasms syndrome, and 1 patient had von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. There were 20 benign (9 functional) and 13 malignant (6 functional) neoplasms. Mean tumor size was 4.2 cm, and multiple tumors were noted in 10 patients. Eight patients (25%) underwent pancreticoduedenectomy, and 25 patients (76%) underwent distal pancreatectomy (extended distal pancreatectomy in 4 and splenectomy in 20 patients). Regional lymph node involvement was present in 10 patients (30%), and 6 patients (18%) had liver metastasis. Four patients (12%) underwent concurrent resection of other organs because of disease extension. Median intraoperative blood loss was 500 mL. Perioperative morbidity was 36%, and mortality was 3%. Symptomatic palliation was complete in 93% (14.15 patients) and partial in 1 patient because of nonresectable hepatic disease. Median hospital stay was 11.5 days. After median follow-up of 36 months, there were no local recurrences. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates for patients with benign versus malignant neoplasms were 100% vs. 92%, 89% vs. 64%, and 89% vs 36% (P = .01), respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year disease progression rates for patients with malignant neoplasms were 13%, 63%, and 100%, respectively (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive pancreatic resection for PNET can be performed with low perioperative mortality and morbidity. Unlike available nonoperative therapy, this approach offers an excellent means of symptomatic palliation and local disease control. In patients with malignant PNET, metastatic recurrence is not uncommon and will usually require additional multimodality therapy. When possible, an aggressive approach to PNET is justified to optimize palliation and survival.     

Laparoscopic pancreatic resection: results of a multicenter European study of 127 patients

BACKGROUND: The reported experience with laparoscopic pancreatic resections (LPR) remains limited to case reports or small series of patients. METHODS: A retrospective multicenter study was conducted in 25 European surgical centers concerning their experience with LPR. Detailed questionnaires were used, focusing on patients, tumors, operative data, and late outcome. RESULTS: During the study period, 127 patients with presumed pancreatic neoplasms were enrolled in this series. Final diagnoses included benign pancreatic diseases in 111 patients (87%; insulinoma: 22, neuroendocrine neoplasm: 20, mucinous cystadenoma: 26, serous cystadenoma: 21, chronic pancreatitis: 11, others: 11), and 16 patients (13%) had malignant pancreatic diseases (insulinoma: 3, neuroendocrine neoplasm: 5, ductal adenocarcinoma: 4, cystadenocarcinoma: 2, renal metastases: 2). Five patients with presumed benign pancreatic disease had malignancy at final pathology. The median tumor size was 30 mm (range, 5-120 mm); 89% of tumors were located in the left pancreas. Laparoscopically successful procedures included 21 enucleations, 24 distal splenopancreatectomies, 58 distal pancreatectomies with splenic preservation, and 3 pancreatoduodenal resections. The overall conversion rate was 14%. There were no postoperative deaths. The rate of overall postoperative pancreatic-related complications was 31%, including a 17% rate of clinical pancreatic fistula. The surgical reoperation rate was 6.3%. In laparoscopically successful operations, the median postoperative hospital stay was 7 days (range, 3-67 days), decreased compared with patients requiring conversion to open pancreatectomy. During a median follow-up of 15 months (range, 3-47 months), 23% of the patients with pancreatic malignancies had tumor recurrence. Late outcome was satisfactory in all patients with benign diseases. CONCLUSIONS: LPR is feasible and safe in selected patients with presumed benign and distal pancreatic tumors. The management of the pancreatic stump remains a challenge. The role of LPR for pancreatic malignancies remains controversial.     

Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors arising in the pancreas: the first case report in Asia and a review of the 14 total reported cases in the world

Objective

To discuss the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the pancreas based on our case and all the cases in the world.

Methods

The first case of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the pancreas in Asia was preliminarily reported by our group in 2006. The patient underwent three operations for the primary tumor and recurrences over 41 months prior to the patient’s death in November 2007. All 14 reported cases of pancreatic PNETs in the world were analyzed. The corresponding literatures on its diagnosis and treatment of were reviewed.

Results

A 13 year-old female patient was diagnosed with pancreatic PNETs by the clinical, microscopic, immunohistochemical features, and cytogenetic analysis after the resection of the tumor located in the uncinate process of the pancreas at PUMC Hospital. During the follow-up course, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were given after the first operation. Two additional operations were performed 10 months and 25 months after the first one, respectively, because of tumor recurrence. The patient died 41 months after the initial diagnosis with the recurrence and metastasis that were not suitable for a further surgery. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the pancreas are extremely rare. A review of the world’s literature on this tumor identified fourteen cases with a mean survival time of 12 months (ranging from 6 to 50 months). These patients often have no specific clinical symptoms, but most do present with abdominal pain and/or jaundice. The diagnosis is established by small round tumor cells seen on light microscopy, immunohistochemical features of positive P30/32^MIC2 with at least two positive neuronal markers., and cytogenetic analysis showing characteristic translocation of t[11;22][q24;q12]. Since pancreatic PNETs are highly aggressive, early diagnosis, immediate surgical resection and re-resection if possible, early radiotherapy and chemotherapy and close follow-up are required.

Conclusions

Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors can arise in pancreas. The diagnosis and treatment should be made as early as possible, aggressive surgeries for the primary and recurrences may help to improve the prognosis.Key Words: Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors, pancreatic tumor, small round cell tumors, Ewing’s sarcoma     

Surgical treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours - clinical experience

The aim of the work was the clinical characteristics and analysis of preliminary results for surgical treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs), based on own material. MATERIAL AND METHODS. In the period from 2005 to 2009, in the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Silesian Medical University in Katowice, there were 27 patients (15 males and 12 females) treated surgically for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, constituting 65.86% (27/41) of all gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Prior to the surgery, the following diagnostic examinationswere performed: laboratory tests and imaging examinations (abdominal ultrasound and CT scan). The following tumour localisation was established: head of the pancreas - 14, body of the pancreas - 4, tail of the pancreas - 5, body and tail of the pancreas - 1, retroperitoneal space - 4. There were found 24 (88.89%) primary tumours and 3 (11.11%) recurrences. The following methods of surgical treatment were applied: pancreatoduodenectomy - 11, distal pancreatic resection with splenectomy - 6, middle segment resection with anastomosis between the pancreatic tail and jejunal loop: Roux-Y procedure - 1, pancreatic resection by Beger procedure - 1, pancreatic head and body resection with splenectomy - 1, tumour enucleation or local excision - 4, exploratory laparotomy with specimen collection - 3. RESULTS: The mean hospitalisation period was 25 days (4-78 days). The mean procedure duration was 4.2 hours (1.15-9.15 hours). Early post-operative complications were observed in 10 patients (37.04%). The following early complications were observed: intra-abdominal abscess - 2, wound suppuration - 2, pancreatic fistula - 1, acute pancreatitis - 1, pancreaticojejunal anastomosis leak - 1, peritoneal cavity haemorrhage - 1, acute cholangitis - 1, adhesion obstruction - 1, subobstruction - 1, portal vein thrombosis - 1, sepsis - 1, fluid in pleural cavity - 1, acute heart failure - 1. There were performed 2 (7.41%) repeat surgeries: one due to adhesion obstruction and one due to peritoneal cavity haemorrhage. Death of 1 patient (3.71%) was recorded in the post-operative period due to acute heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours constituted the majority of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours in the analysed patient group. Most commonly, PNETs were localised in the head of the pancreas. In the presented material, the mortality rate does not exceed 4%, similarly as in other renowned centres.     

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的外科治疗策略。方法回顾性分析1997~2004年我院收治的72例原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤病人的临床资料。52例行胰十二指肠切除术,8例行肿瘤局部切除术,5例行胆肠和/或胃肠吻合术解除梗阻,4例行肿瘤活检术以明确诊断,3例确诊后拒绝手术治疗。结果随访62例。46例行胰十二指肠切除术病人术后1年、3年和5年的生存率分别为76.1%,54.3%和28.3%。3例放弃手术治疗者及3例行肿瘤活检术者均于1年内死亡。4例仅行胆肠和/或胃肠吻合术者术后1年生存率为25%。6例行肿瘤局部切除术者均于术后短期内复发,仅2例存活1年。52例行胰十二指肠切除术病例中出现并发症的有8例。应用单层褥式交锁缝合进行胰肠重建的20例及保留幽门的8例术后经过均良好,无1例出现严重并发症。结论胰十二指肠切除术系原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的首选治疗方法,应严格掌握肿瘤局部切除术的适应证。