38例隐睾精原细胞瘤临床分析

我院１９７５年３月至１９８７年１２月收治隐睾发生的精原细胞瘤３８例，占周期睾丸精原细胞瘤３５．１％，Ⅰ期１８例、ⅡＡ期９例、ⅡＢ期８例、Ⅲ期２例、Ⅳ期１例。其中腹股沟隐睾精原细胞瘤Ⅰ期１０例，占５５．５％，Ⅱ期６例占３３．３％，Ⅲ、Ⅳ期各１例。腹腔隐睾精原细胞瘤Ⅰ期８例占４０％，Ⅱ期１１例占５５％，Ⅲ期１例，放疗为主要治疗手段，当数中晚期合并用Ｎ－甲基溶肉瘤素化疗。５年及１０年生存率分别为８９．５     

睾丸精原细胞瘤预后因素分析

目的：分析睾丸精原细胞瘤综合治疗的几个预后因素。方法：１９８４年～１９９６年间我院放疗科收治２１例睾丸精原细胞瘤,均行患侧睾丸副睾切除加精索高位结扎,术后均采用放疗或化疗。结果：２年生存率Ⅰ期患者为８３．３％（１０／１２）、Ⅱ期患者为１００％（７／７）、Ⅳ期患者为０（０／２）;５年生存率Ⅰ期患者为５８．３％（７／８）、Ⅱ期患者为８５．７％（６／７）,Ⅳ期患者为０（０／１）。结论：Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期睾丸精原细胞瘤应行术后放疗,Ⅱ期应加用２～４周期化疗,综合治疗后可延长生存期。年龄对预后影响不明显,单纯化疗疗效有待进一步证实。     

腹腔隐睾精原细胞瘤的临床特征、分期和治疗探讨

我院１９５８年６月至１９９１年１２月收治６８例腹腔隐睾精原细胞瘤，占睾丸精原细胞瘤的１４％。６０例根据本院提出的分期标准进行分期，Ⅰ期３４例，ⅡＡ期６例，ⅢＢ期１１例，Ⅲ期５例，Ⅳ期４例。８例外院治疗后复发的病人未分期。放射治疗是主要治疗手段，少数合并或单用Ｎ－甲基溶肉瘤素化疗。全组５年、１０年生存率分别为８９．１％和８３．２％。Ⅰ期和ⅡＡ期５年、１０年生存率为１００％，ⅡＢ期分别为９０％和７７．１％，Ⅲ、Ⅳ期为５１．８％和３８．９％。原发灶大小、外侵程度、手术是否切净和预后无关。临床分期是影响预后的重要因素，各分期间生存率有显著差别。Ⅰ期和ⅡＡ期建议作腹主动脉、同侧髂血管淋巴引流区和原发肿瘤床照射，不必全腹照射。Ⅲ、Ⅳ期应以联合化疗为主。     

38例隐睾精原细胞瘤临床分析

我院1975年3月至1987年12月收治隐睾发生的精原细胞瘤38例，占同期睾丸精原细胞瘤35．1％（38／109），Ⅰ期18例、Ⅱ期9例、ⅡB期8例、Ⅲ期2例、Ⅳ期1例。其中腹股为隐睾精原细胞癌Ⅰ期10例，占55．5％．Ⅱ期6例占33．3％，Ⅲ、Ⅳ期各1例。腹腔隐睾精原细胞瘤Ⅰ期8例占40％，Ⅱ期11例占55％，Ⅲ期1例。放疗为主要治疗手段，少数中晚期合并用N-甲基溶肉瘤素化疗。5年及10年生存率分别为89．5％和84．2％，Ⅰ期的5、10年生存率为100％，Ⅱ期分别为88．2％和82．4％，Ⅲ期生存率为50％。     

睾丸精原细胞瘤的疗效及预后因素分析

作者分析了５０例睾丸精原细胞瘤的疗效及预后因素。术后单纯放疗２４例，放疗加化疗１３例，两组的５年、１０年生存率分别为９１．７％及８４．３％，Ｐ＞０．０５，单纯化疗１３例，５年生存率为９０．９％，与放疗、化疗组相比，Ｐ＞０．０５。年龄＜４０岁和≥４０岁的病例的５年、１０年生存率分别为９５．７％和６８．８％，Ｐ＜０．０５。结果表明，Ⅰ期睾丸精原细胞瘤病例手术后宜行单纯放疗，若复发，可行放疗加化疗；年龄较轻的病例生存率较高；β－绒毛膜促性腺激素水平、隐睾及隐睾部位与生存率关系不大。     

睾丸精原细胞瘤的放射治疗──附25例分析

对我科１９７５～１９８４年收治的２５例睾丸精原细胞瘤作了回顾性分析。本组病例的５、１０年生存率分别为：Ⅰ期９２．８％、８３．３％，Ⅱ期５７．１％、５０％，Ⅲ期１３．３％和０，放疗剂量为２０～４０Ｇｙ。病人死亡的原因为肺及纵隔等处的转移。     

睾丸精原细胞瘤124例临床分析

目的探讨睾丸精原细胞瘤的治疗和预后之间的关系。方法回顾性分析山东省肿瘤防治研究院１９６３年７月～１９９５年１１月收治的精原细胞瘤患者１２４例,其中,Ⅰ期精原细胞瘤患者仅做精索高位结扎睾丸切除加髂－腹主动脉旁淋巴引流区放射治疗;Ⅱ、Ⅲ期精原细胞瘤术后给予放疗及有计划地加用辅助性化疗。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期精原细胞瘤５年生存率分别为９５．９％、７０．４％、和０。结论Ⅰ期精原细胞瘤患者仅做精索高位结扎睾丸切除加髂－腹主动脉旁淋巴引流区放射治疗可以治愈;而对Ⅱ、Ⅲ期病例单用睾丸切除加淋巴引流区放射治疗是不够的,为改善Ⅱ、Ⅲ期精原细胞瘤患者的预后,在预防性／根治性照射后,有计划的加用辅助性化疗是必要的。     

睾丸精原细胞瘤放疗分析

我们对我院１９７６年６月～１９８８年１２月收治的９６例睾丸精原细胞瘤病例作了回顾性分析。本组病例的３、５、１０年生存率分别为，Ⅰ期９２．４％、９１．０％、８８．８％，Ⅱ期６３．６％、５９０％、５５０％，Ⅲ期３７．５％、１２．５％、０。复发或转移病例经再程治疗，５年生存率为３５．７％。放疗剂量应在２６一３５Ｇｙ，对Ⅱ、Ⅲ期病人可同时加用化疗。高龄组生存率明显高于低龄组。病人死因以肺及纵隔淋巴结转移为主。     

睾丸非精原细胞瘤的治疗（附40例临床分析）

目的：分析睾丸非精原细胞瘤的疗效。材料与方法：１９７５年￣１９９０年收治睾丸非精原细胞瘤４０例。大部分行患侧高位结扎精索逆行睾丸肿块切除术，部分行腹膜后淋巴结清扫术（ＲＰＬＮＤ）。２９例行术后放疗，并联合化疗。结果：全组５年生存率为４５％，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期分别为７３．９％（１７／２３），１０％（１／１０）和０％（０／７）（Ｐ〈０．０１）。行ＲＰＬＮＤ者５年生存率为６４．３％（９／１４）。结论：据文内资     

睾丸精原细胞瘤的放射治疗—附25例分析

对我科１９７５￣１９８４年收治的２５例睾丸精原细胞瘤作了回顾性分析。本组病例的５、１０年生存率分别为：Ｉ期９２．８％、８３．３％，Ⅱ期５７．１％、５０％，Ⅲ期１３．３％和０，放疗剂量为２０￣４０Ｇｙ。病人死亡的原因为肺及纵隔等处的转移。     

Treatment results and acute and late toxicity of radiation therapy for testicular seminoma

From 1977 to 1988, 215 patients with a diagnosis of testicular seminoma were referred to the University Hospital, Hamburg, West Germany, for radiation therapy (RT). In 15 patients a careful review of the histologic condition showed signs of embryonal cell carcinoma. Three patients refused completion of therapy. No patient was lost to follow-up. On this basis, a retrospective review of 197 patients was carried out. One hundred thirty-three patients were classified as Stage I (67%), 39 as Stage II (20%), 8 as Stage III (4%), and 17 as Stage IV (9%). One hundred eighty patients had classic seminoma and 17 had anaplastic seminoma. All patients underwent high inguinal orchiectomy before treatment. Seven patients with Stages III and IV received chemotherapy before RT. Patients with Stages I and II were treated with 40-Gy photons to paraaortic and parailiac fields. Ten patients with Stage III and IV seminoma received 30-Gy photons to mediastinal and supraclavicular fields as well. Sixty patients received additional inguinal RT. The overall 5-year survival rate (corrected for intercurrent death, except for treatment toxicity) was 100% for Stage I, 100% for Stage II, 87% for Stage III, and 87% for Stage IV. The mean follow-up time was 6.3 years (range, 0.6 to 11.9 years). An evaluation of all patients showed no difference according to histologic condition or prior chemotherapy. Mediastinal and supraclavicular irradiation showed no improvement in treatment results. Acute toxicity consisted of mild to moderate emesis, increased bowel frequency, erythema, and, in four cases leucopenia and thrombopenia (all World Health Organization [WHO] Grades I to II). However, one patient died of a pulmonary fibrosis 1 month after mediastinal irradiation and 2 months after polychemotherapy, and a gastroduodenal ulcer developed in another patient 1.5 months after paraaortic RT and prior polychemotherapy. Overall, the data suggest that to avoid overtreatment and consecutive treatment morbidity reduced doses of 30 Gy and a restrictive treatment planning adapted to the individual risk are sufficient for RT for testicular seminoma. An alternative to postoperative RT in Stage I (and possibly Stage II) seminoma could be no RT, but close follow-up instead.     

The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease

Twenty-two patients with Hodgkin's disease were treated at Kanazawa University between 1975 and 1982. Patients in stage I or II were treated with radiotherapy. Those in stage III or IV underwent combination chemotherapy (MOPP) with or without radiotherapy. Twenty patients have achieved a complete remission (90.9%). The 10-year survival rate of all patients is 90%: 100% for patients in stage I or II and 73% for patients in stage III or IV. Thus, radiotherapy can be recommended as a primary treatment for patients in stage I or II while MOPP with radiotherapy could be effective for those in stage III or IV.     

The management of testicular seminoma: Edinburgh 1970-1981

One hundred and fifty two patients with seminoma of the testis presenting to a regional centre between 1970 and 1981 have been reviewed. One hundred and forty three of these patients were treated primarily with radiotherapy. The actuarial survival of all 152 patients was 84.4% at 5 years and 83.3% at 10 years. The following factors significantly influenced survival: clinical stage; T-stage of the primary tumour; date of first treatment. Patients treated after 1979 had a better prognosis than patients treated before 1973. A group of patients with an actuarial survival of 100% at 5 years could be identified: they were in clinical stage I after lymphography and had T1 primary tumours. We could find no clear relationship between tumour size, duration of symptoms and clinical stage at presentation. We conclude that radiation therapy still has an important role to play in the management of seminoma of the testis. We recommend prophylactic retroperitoneal irradiation for patients in clinical stage I, primary treatment with radiotherapy for patients in clinical stages IIA and IIB, and primary treatment with chemotherapy for patients in clinical stages IIC, III and IV.     

Post-orchidectomy radiation therapy for patients with stage I seminoma of the testis

The outcome of radiotherapy in patients with stage I testicular seminoma was evaluated. During the period 1960–89 (inclusive) 270 patients with stage I seminoma of the testis received radiotherapy to the para-aortic nodes and ipsilateral hemipelvis following radical orchidectomy. Two hundred and fifty seven patients (95.2%) received a minimum tumour dose of 30Gy in 20 daily fractions using 4–6 MV photons. The 5 year overall and recurrence-free survival rates were 97 and 95%, respectively. Only eight of the 270 patients relapsed and three were cured with ‘salvage’therapies. Of the 11 patients who died, four deaths (36%) were the result of uncontrolled testicular cancer, six (55%) intercurrent illness and one (9%) the result of attempted salvage. Patients staged and treated prior to 1979 had a significantly worse disease-free survival compared to patients treated during and after 1979. As side effects were negligible, it was concluded that radiotherapy for stage I seminoma provides excellent cure rates. The difficulties arranging a ‘surveillance’programme in so large a State as Queensland are discussed.     

294例睾丸精原细胞瘤的远期疗效分析

目的 总结睾丸精原细胞瘤的远期疗效并探讨其治疗策略.方法 回顾性分析294例睾丸精原细胞瘤患者的临床资料.按1997年国际抗癌联盟(UICC)的TNM分期标准,Ⅰ期260例,Ⅱ期16例,Ⅲ期18例.治疗方法为手术切除原发病灶联合化疗和(或)放疗.数据分析采用SPSS13.0统计软件,生存分析应用Kaplan-Meier法,总生存率的比较采用Log rank方法检验.结果 全组294例患者的5、10、20和30年总生存率分别为92.1%、91.8%、85.5%和71.4%.临床分期对总生存率有显著影响.Ⅰ期患者中,术后辅助治疗者与未行辅助治疗者的10年总生存率分别为97.5%和79.2%,经辅助治疗者的生存明显获益(P=0.001).Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期患者的预后均与治疗方法无关(均P＞0.05).结论 睾丸精原细胞瘤对放化疗敏感,即使出现复发转移的患者仍有长期生存可能.治疗时应充分考虑患者的生活质量,尽量避免大范围手术切除和长期化疗.     

Combination carboplatin and radiotherapy in the management of stage II testicular seminoma: comparison with radiotherapy treatment alone.

PURPOSE: To assess the results of treatment in 33 patients with stage IIA/B seminoma who were treated with carboplatin and radiotherapy (RT) between January 1989 and December 1996. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients received single course single agent carboplatin (400 mg/m2 or area under curve (AUC 7), two patients received two courses carboplatin, and one patient received single course carboplatin and etoposide, all 4-6 weeks prior to infra-diaphragmatic RT. Results were retrospectively compared with those obtained for 80 patients treated from 1970 to 1998 with radiotherapy alone. RESULTS: There was minimal toxicity associated with the use of carboplatin prior to RT. With a median follow-up of 4 years (range 2-70 months) 2/33 patients treated with chemotherapy and RT have relapsed, 5-year relapse free survival (RFS) = 96.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 72.9-99.4%), and one patient has died of progressive disease, 5-year overall survival (OS) = 96.7%. With a median follow-up of 11.2 years (range 6 months to 25.8 years) 15/80 patients treated with RT alone have relapsed, 5-year RFS = 80.7% (95% CI 70.1-87.9%), including 13/61 patients treated with infra-diaphragmatic RT, 5-year RFS = 77.9%, and 2/19 treated with additional supra-diaphragmatic RT, 5-year RFS = 89.5% (P = 0.277). Eleven out of 80 patients have died, 5-year OS = 94.7%. For stage IIA, 1/14 patients treated with chemotherapy and RT have relapsed, 5-year RFS = 92.3%, compared with 5/34 treated with infra-diaphragmatic RT alone 5-year, RFS = 84.9% (P = 0.527). For stage IIB, 1/19 patients relapsed (at 69 months) following chemotherapy and RT (5-year RFS = 100%), whereas 8/27 relapsed following infra-diaphragmatic RT alone, 5-year RFS = 69.4% (P = 0.0595). CONCLUSION: Infradiaphragmatic RT alone cures the majority of patients with stage II seminoma, but the relapse rate remains high particularly for patients with stage IIB disease. As compared with historical controls, carboplatin with RT appears to reduce the relapse rate in stage II seminoma with minimal additional toxicity and the results approach statistical significance for stage IIB patients. Confirmation would require a phase III randomized comparison.     

Treatment of seminoma arising in cryptorchid testes.

We reviewed the clinical characteristics, treatment methods, and outcome of 26 patients presenting with seminoma arising in an undescended testis. The tumor-bearing testis was located in the iliac fossa in 17 patients and in the inguinal canal in nine. The most common presenting symptoms were pain or an enlarging mass. At diagnosis, the tumors tended to be relatively advanced, and 16 of 26 patients (62%) had nodal metastases. In addition to the paraaortic nodes, metastases were frequent to the ipsilateral iliac and inguinal nodes even in the absence of prior inguinal-scrotal surgery. Four patients had documented pelvic peritoneal tumor seeding. All patients received treatment in addition to resection of the primary tumor. Fifteen patients received radiotherapy only, 10 received chemotherapy only, and one received both modalities. At a median follow-up of 9.6 years, only one patient had relapsed. He was initially treated with radiation and after relapse was successfully salvaged with chemotherapy. The 5 and 10-year disease-free rate was 96%, and the 5 and 10-year survival rates were 92% and 79%, respectively. Appropriate treatment of seminoma arising in an undescended testis results in an excellent outcome equivalent to that observed for the more usual scrotal seminomas.     

外阴癌临床治疗309例报告

目的　分析外阴癌不同治疗方法的结果 ,并探讨其复发转移的特征。方法　采用回顾性研究的方法 ,对 30 9例外阴癌的临床治疗结果进行分析。结果　 30 9例患者总的 5年生存率为6 7.9% ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ及Ⅳ期的 5年生存率分别为 86 .9%、82 .5 %、5 9.2 %和 43.6 %。总的治疗失败率为49 .8% (其中 2年内失败者占 6 9.5 % ) ;复发部位依复发时间不同而异 ,83.6 %的腹股沟、盆腔及远处转移发生在治疗后 2年内 ,外阴局部复发占 2年后治疗失败的 81.1%。外阴癌复发转移与年龄无关。Ⅰ期癌各种治疗方法的生存率及治疗失败率差异无显著性。Ⅱ期癌外阴根治性切除 腹股沟清扫术生存率较高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;腹股沟淋巴结阳性者 ,手术治疗的失败率显著低于放疗 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;腹股沟淋巴结阴性者 ,两种治疗方式差异无显著性 ;腹股沟预防照射剂量Dm达 6 0Gy者 ,失败率显著低于剂量Dm <6 0Gy者 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　早期外阴癌应施行外阴根治性切除 ,加施预防性淋巴清扫或腹股沟足量放疗 ;对中晚期患者 ,争取切除原发灶及行腹股沟淋巴清扫 ,并辅以术前、术后放疗。     

Long-term results of para-aortic irradiation for patients with stage I seminoma of the testis

PURPOSE: Adjuvant postoperative para-aortic lymph nodal irradiation is an acceptable alternative to para-aortic and ipsilateral pelvic irradiation postorchiectomy for patients with Stage I seminoma of the testis. In this article, we report the long-term results of our prospective evaluation of para-aortic irradiation only for such patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between March 1991 and September 2000, 71 patients with Stage I seminoma were treated with adjuvant irradiation to the para-aortic region only after radical inguinal orchiectomy. Radiotherapy was delivered using parallel-opposed fields extending from T11 to L5. A total dose of 25 Gy in 15 fractions was prescribed to midpoint. Follow-up was performed every 3 months for the first year, every 4 months for the second and third years, every 6 months for the fourth and fifth years, and annually thereafter. Chest X-ray, tumor markers, and computed tomography scan of the pelvis were performed routinely as part of the follow-up investigation. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 75 months, 68 of 71 patients are alive and free of relapse. Only 1 patient (1.4%) experienced failure in the ipsilateral inguinal nodal region. Two patients (2.8%) died of unrelated causes. The actuarial 10-year relapse free survival is 98.5% and the actuarial 10-year overall survival is 92%. No late toxicity has been encountered. CONCLUSION: Patients with Stage I seminoma of the testis may be safely treated with para-aortic radiotherapy only. Risk of pelvic failure is very low and treatment toxicity minimal.     

60例上皮源性鼻腔癌的临床疗效分析

目的：评价上皮源性鼻腔癌的临床疗效及影响预后的因素。方法：回顾性分析1995－1992年收治的60例上皮源性鼻腔癌。其中单纯放射治疗34例,手术＋放射治疗26例。生存统计采用Kaplan-Meier法,组间比较采用Log-rank检验,多因素分析采用Cox模型。结果：总5年生存率为55．9％,10年生存率为36．9％。早期患者（I、Ⅱ期）的5,10年生存率分别为79．0％和57．9％,晚期患者（Ⅲ、Ⅳ期）的5,10年生存率则分别为44．1％和26．0％,二者差异有显著性（P＝0.005)。手术＋放射治疗与单纯放疗的生存率差异无显著性（P＝0．33）,鳞癌的生存率明显低于腺癌（P＝0．04）,初诊时颈部有淋巴结转移者的5,10年生存率低于无颈部淋巴结转移者（P＝0.09).结论:治疗方式`颈部淋巴结转移对预后无明显影响,而病理类型`临床分期对预后有显著影响.