Morbidity from subarachnoid spinal anaesthesia--a prospective study on the post-operative morbidity from subarachnoid spinal anaesthesia

A clinical survey was conducted on 274 patients who had surgery under subarachnoid spinal anaesthesia. The anaesthetic was performed with either a 23 gauge or 25 gauge needle. All patients were interviewed on the second and sixth post-operative days. Data on morbidity (especially post-dural puncture headache and backache) was collated and analysed with respect to needle gauge. Backache was the most common complaint (20.5%). Using the finer needle did not reduce this aspect of morbidity. Post-dural puncture headache on the other hand was significantly reduced by the use of the finer 25 gauge needle (from 12.3% to 4.9%).     

COMBINED SPINAL AND EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA FOR ABDOMINAL SURGERY: A NEW TECHNIQUE

Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia was used in 50 patients undergoing abdominal surgery. A fixed dose of 1.0 mL of 5 per cent lignocaine was injected intrathecally in all cases followed by 10 mL of 0.5 per cent bupivacaine epidurally, using “needle through needle” technique in the same lumbar intervertebral space. Subsequently epidural catheter was passed for top-up doses and postoperative analgesia. The advantages of this technique observed were immediate onset of intense block of prolonged, controllable duration and no incidence of post-spinal headache. Five cases developed intraoperative hypotension which required correction. No patient developed any complications of spinal and epidural anaesthesia.KEY WORDS: Anaesthesia epidural, Anaesthesia spinal     

Anaesthesia for operative deliveries at the University Hospital of the West Indies: a change of practice

There has been an increasing trend worldwide to use regional anaesthesia for operative deliveries. The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom has demonstrated a steady decline in the anaesthesia-related deaths since the introduction of regional anaesthesia. There are lower morbidity profiles in mothers delivering under regional anaesthesia as well as better infant Apgar scores. In 1997, a decision was taken to have at least 60% of all elective Caesarean sections done at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) performed under spinal anaesthesia. This is a review of the anaesthetic technique for Caesarean sections at the UHWI since 1996. The Deliveries and Anaesthetic Books on the labour ward were reviewed and the type of anaesthesia for elective and emergency Caesarean sections recorded for the period January 1996 to December 2001. At the beginning of the period under study, more than 90% of the Caesarean sections were being done under general anaesthesia. By the middle of 1998, spinal anaesthesia was more commonly employed than general anaesthesia for Caesarean sections and by December 2001, more than eight out of every ten Caesarean sections were being done under spinal anaesthesia. The main reasons for the successful change of practice were that it was consultant-led, there was good communication between relevant departments, the junior staff were properly trained, there was a consistent supply of appropriate drugs and there was a high level of patient satisfaction.     

侧方入路切除脑干海绵状血管瘤

目的 分析侧方入路切除脑干海绵状血管瘤的指征和疗效.方法 1999年7月至2008年6月侧方人路切除脑干侧方海绵状血管瘤10例,4例到达或突出于脑干表面,6例表面有胶质或部分脑组织覆盖.3例位于神经根背侧,4例虽然位于神经根腹侧,但处于三叉和面听神经平面之间,均采用枕下乙状窦后人路;后组颅神经腹侧或该平面尾侧者2例,采用远外侧入路;位于神经根腹侧且三叉神经头端者1例,采用颞下人路.最近3例采用术前计划系统模拟手术径路,与术中导航结合,避开重要的传导束和背侧核团区域,设计脑干表面的切开位置和探查路径.结果 10例均完全切除病灶,4例合并存在的静脉畸形均保留.术后平均随访期为41个月,NIHSS平均1.1分,症状较术前改善8例,加重或无变化各1例,复查头颅MR均未见肿瘤复发.结论 侧方入路适用于病灶到达或突出于脑干侧方表面,或者可以通过手术安全区域到达者,效果良好.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the surgical indications and efficacy of lateral approaches in the removal of brainstem cavernous malformations retrospectively. Methods From July 1999 to June 2008, 10cases of brainstem cavernous malformations were removed via lateral approaches. Four of them had reached the lateral pial surface and 6 were covered by parenchyma or glial tissue. Three lesions were located dorsal to the cranial nerve roots and 4 lesions rostral to the facial nerve root. All 7 lesions were removed via the retrosigmoidal approach. Far lateral approach was used for 2 cases with the lesions ventral or caudal to the posterior cranial nerves. Subtemporal approach was adopted in 1 patient with the lesion ventral and rostral to the trigeminal nerve. The preoperative visual reality technique, in combination with intraoperative neuronavigation, was employed in the recent 3 cases to select a safe entry point on the surface of brainstem and a surgical corridor so as to maintain minimal damage to the surrounding fiber tracts and cranial nerve nuclei. Results Total lesion removal was achieved in all patients. Four cases of associated venous malformation were all preserved. The mean NIHSS score was 1.1 after a mean post-operative follow-up of 41months. Eight patients improved, 1 worsened and 1 remained unchanged versus the preoperative state.Conclusion Lateral approaches are recommended for lesions reaching the lateral glial surface or accessible via the lateral safe entry zone approaches.     

Spinal and general anaesthesia for emergency caesarean section: effects on neonatal Apgar score and maternal haematocrit

This is a prospective comparative study to determine the effect of the type of anaesthesia used for emergency Caesarean section on neonatal and maternal outcome. The patients were recruited into the study after being given either general or spinal anaesthesia. Neonatal outcome was assessed using Apgar scores and need for respiratory assistance at birth. Maternal outcome was assessed using the difference between pre- and post-operative packed cell volumes (PCV), need for blood transfusion and estimated blood loss. The groups were matched for pre-existing risk factors. Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were found to be significantly lower for the general anaesthesia group (GA) than the spinal anaesthesia group (SA) and need for respiratory assistance was greater for the GA group. Difference between pre- and post-operative PCV and need for blood transfusion were also significantly greater in the GA group. This study confirms that the current practice of spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section in the Lagos University Teaching Hospital is a good one, but further studies need to be done to assess other outcome variables.     

经皮椎间孔镜下治疗L5S1腰椎间盘突出症的手术入路选择

目的比较在椎间孔镜下后方腰椎板间入路和侧后方椎间孔入路治疗腰椎间盘突出症的特点和适应证。方法 2009年9月～2011年2月L5S1腰椎间盘突出的患者20例,在椎间孔镜辅助下,分别通过后方腰椎板间入路和侧后路行经皮椎间盘切除术。结果通过后方腰椎板间入路手术6例患者、侧后方椎间孔行经皮椎间盘切除术12例实施手术,1例后方椎板间入路不成功即刻改为侧后路,1例侧后路手术后3天症状改善不明显再次行开放手术。结论 L5S1腰椎间盘突出症可以通过后方腰椎板间和侧后方椎间孔两种入路,适应证各有不同,需要仔细地进行术前评估。     

腰椎管狭窄症的解剖学基础与病理机制研究

腰椎管狭窄症是腰神经组织受压引起的一系列症状和体征。脊柱每一运动节段的脊椎管道由头向尾端分为三个水平(横断面)分区和由中线到侧方三个矢状断面分区。腰脊神经走行的路径称为腰脊神经根管,腰脊神经在椎管的不同横断面分区和矢状面分区中可能受压而出现临床表现。腰椎管狭窄分为中央型狭窄和侧方型狭窄。中央型狭窄通常发生于椎间盘水平,通常是椎间盘突出、关节面局部过度退变和黄韧带肥厚的结果。侧方型狭窄主要是侧隐窝狭窄,但也有出口狭窄,是关节突骨质增生和纤维软组织退变所致。     

Improved approach to atrial septum puncture: experience

Background  The transseptal puncture technique has been widely used in therapeutic left atrium catheterization. But this technique may lead to some life-threatening complications. It can not be used widely because it is restricted by economy and deferring the transseptal puncture procedure. The aim of this study was to introduce a simple and safe transseptal puncture procedure.

Methods  The distal of coronary sinus (CS) electrode was positioned close to the lateral margin of heart, which was about at 3 o’clock at left anterior oblique (LAO) 30° referred to whole cardiac profile. It was then used as the marker for the level of fossa ovalis at posterior-anterior projection to guide the pull of transseptal needle. The midpoint between the distal CS and the posterior margin of heart at right anterior oblique (RAO) 45° view was considered as the location of fossa ovalis. Once the puncture was succeeded, the guidewire was introduced to the left superior pulmonary vein via puncture sheath after the needle was retrieved. The end of outer sheath was introduced into left atrium with the protection of guidewire. It was applied in 539 patients (316 male, 223 female; (53±16) years old) who underwent catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation or left-sided atrioventricular accessory pathway.

Results  This transseptal approach reached 100.0% success and was succeeded in 98.9% with the first attempt. The first attempt puncture was aborted due to greater resistance to needle advancement or smaller needle curve in six patients. However, the second attempts were all succeeded after the needle curve was reshaped. There was no tamponade and embolism occurred. 

Conclusion  The atrial septum puncture approach using the location of distal CS electrode as important marker and the guidewire for protection when sending outer sheath into left atrium is reliable and safe.

     

显微内镜手术治疗退行性局限性侧方腰椎管狭窄症

目的 探讨显微腰椎间盘镜下神经根减压治疗退行性局限性侧方腰椎管狭窄症的临床价值.方法 回顾分析46例退行性侧方腰椎管狭窄症患者行后路椎板间隙显微椎间盘镜下神经根减压术的疗效.结果 46例患者平均随访16个月,疗效评定按改良MacNab标准评定:优31例,良10例,可5例.优良率91.1%.结论 微创后路椎板间隙显微腰椎间盘镜下侧方腰椎管局部减压、神经根松解,可以达到常规手术的减压效果,临床疗效满意.     

选择性脊神经根阻滞治疗盘源性坐骨神经痛

目的观察选择性神经根阻滞治疗盘源性坐骨神经痛的临床效果和安全性。方法选择伴有明显腿部放射痛或腿痛重于腰痛的腰椎间盘突出症患者41例,在斜位透视影像监测下,选用22G腰穿针,经椎弓根的外下方行腰脊神经根穿刺术,当患者出现与平时相似的腿部放射痛,造影剂试验显影充盈的神经根袖时,每1神经根注入1～2．5 ml阻滞液(2％利多卡因2 ml 复方倍他米松1 ml 0．9％生理盐水1 ml)。结果治疗后3日、3个月VSA评分均较治疗前明显降低(P<0．05),直腿抬高试验较治疗前明显提高(P<0．05),治疗后3日和3个月时的治疗优良率分别是80．49％(33例)和73．17％(30例)。治疗后未发现明显的并发症。结论选择性腰骶脊神经根阻滞能迅速缓解腰椎间盘突出症引起的根性坐骨神经痛,具有穿刺准确、靶位注射、药物集中、疗效确切和并发症少等优点。     

小儿侧颅底肿瘤的诊断与治疗

儿童侧颅底肿瘤临床上罕见,诊断和治疗均存在较大的困难。儿童侧颅底肿瘤的类型包括听神经瘤与神经纤维瘤病Ⅱ型、脑膜瘤、先天性胆脂瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、脊索瘤和软骨肉瘤、畸胎瘤、黏液瘤、脂肪瘤及其他肿瘤;手术径路包括经乙状窦后径路、经颅-眼眶-颧弓径路、经岩骨径路、经迷路径路、经耳蜗径路、经颅中窝径路、经颞下窝径路等。作者分别对以上内容进行了综述,以提高临床医师对它们的认识。     

52例颈椎1、2侧方穿刺

颈椎1.2侧方蛛网膜下腔穿刺是近年来用于诊断和治疗神经系统疾病的一项新技术。本文报告52例C1.2侧方穿刺病人,年龄6～56岁。除2例因穿刺方向有误失败外,其余均获成功,成功率达96％。本文结合文献对穿刺术的解剖学基础、基本操作方法及术中异常情况的处理进行了细致分析和讨论。C1.2侧方穿刺操作简单、易行、安全、适用范围广,不需特殊器械,有普通腰穿刺针即可。     

"Minimal intervention management" for gastroschisis: a preliminary report

The replacement of eviscerated bowel, without anaesthesia, has been performed safely in stable neonates with gastroschisis. This technique, termed "minimal intervention management", was used in three infants treated at the Newborn Special Care Nursery of the University Hospital of the West Indies. Two infants had excellent results but one had bowel perforation during the procedure, necessitating conversion to formal laparotomy under general anaesthesia. In selected patients, advantages of this technique include the ability to be guided by patient response during the procedure in order to avoid excessive intra-abdominal tension, the avoidance of anaesthesia and minimal cost. This technique is proposed for wider use in developing countries.     

高颈段椎管哑铃形神经鞘瘤的手术探讨

目的 探计高颈段椎管哑铃形神经鞘瘤的手术方法。方法 对经改良枕下远外侧入路手术治疗的10例高颈段椎管哑铃形神经鞘瘤病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 肿瘤均一期全切除，无手术死亡。随访0．5—8年，所有患者均恢复良好，无肿瘤复发。结论 经改良枕下远外侧入路手术是治疗高颈段椎管哑铃形神经鞘瘤的一种较理想方法，具有术野开阔、肿瘤显露充分、全切率高等优点。     

新型神经阻滞针行锁骨上神经阻滞的研究

  目的  探讨新型神经阻滞针在锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞麻醉及术后镇痛应用中的优势。   方法  选择2020年1—5月在延安大学第二附属医院榆林市第一医院择期行桡骨骨折手术的患者60例，ASA Ⅰ~Ⅲ级，采用随机数字表法分为2组，使用普通神经阻滞针行锁骨上臂丛阻滞的对照组(C组，30例)、使用新型神经阻滞针行锁骨上臂丛阻滞的观察组(N组，30例)。在超声引导下，观察2组患者麻醉操作时间、置管成功率、局麻药毒性反应发生率、辅助镇痛药使用剂量、术后镇痛泵使用效果、术后恶心呕吐发生率、围术期神经损伤、穿刺部位有否感染、患者满意度。   结果  超声引导下，C组锁骨上臂丛阻滞操作时间为(9.3±1.6)min，长于N组麻醉操作时间[(6.2±1.1)min]，差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。对照组无置管操作，术后镇痛采用静脉镇痛泵PCA。2组患者术后镇痛有效率比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。术后随访，N组患者恶心呕吐发生率低于C组，差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。术毕48 h患者满意度调查，C组评分[(8.2±0.3)分]低于N组[(9.5±0.5)分]，差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。2组患者均未发现局麻药毒性反应、神经损伤及穿刺置管部位感染、呼吸抑制等并发症。   结论  新型神经阻滞针行锁骨上臂丛阻滞在桡骨骨折术患者中是更高效、安全的麻醉操作方式，具有更好的术后镇痛效果和患者满意度，为临床提供了借鉴。      

剖宫产手术行腰硬联合麻醉腰麻针开口方向的比较

目的研究腰硬联合麻醉时腰麻针不同的开口方向,对剖宫产手术开皮前生命体征、用药情况、感觉阻滞起效时间、麻醉阻滞平面及开皮时间的影响。方法 210例行剖宫产手术的病例,按蛛网膜下腔麻醉时针口方向分为2组,针口斜面向头为A组,共112例;针口斜面向尾为B组,共98例。注药后平躺,随即将孕妇左斜30°。结果 A组较B组蛛网膜下腔注射药后1min生命体征变化明显,左侧卧位后无明显改善,多数需用药改善生命体征,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。卧位后至开始切皮时间以及感觉阻滞起效时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 腰硬联合麻醉用于剖宫产手术,腰麻针口斜面向尾,对生命体征影响小,用药概率减少,可作为剖宫产手术一种较佳的麻醉方法。     

两种手术入路治疗肱骨远端冠状面剪切骨折的临床效果

目的：比较前外侧入路及外侧入路切开复位内固定治疗肱骨远端冠状面剪切骨折的效果,探讨两种手术方法的利弊及适应证。方法： 回顾性分析北京积水潭医院2006年9月至2014年7月的10例肱骨远端冠状面剪切骨折的切开复位内固定病例,以Dubberley方法进行骨折的分型,采用前外侧入路为A组,外侧入路为B组,记录术后并发症发生情况,Mayo评分评价最终临床结果。结果： A组5例,术前分型ⅠA型1例,ⅡA型1例,ⅢA型1例,ⅢB型2例,均用自前向后埋头螺钉固定骨折块,对滑车桡侧骨折块也以螺钉单独固定,术后Mayo评分平均82分,4例需再次手术, 2例因螺钉刺激行内固定物取出,1例肘关节僵硬,1例内固定失效,1例发生一过性桡神经损伤;B组5例,术前分型ⅠA型和ⅠB型各1例,Ⅱ A型3例,术后Mayo评分平均91分,仅1例发生内固定失效,肘关节不稳定需再次手术。结论： 外侧入路较好,但对滑车部位骨折的处理略显不足,术中要注意外侧副韧带（lateral collateral ligament,LCL）的保护及修复。前外侧入路并发症发生较多,优点是对滑车部位的显露较直接,但因不脱位,肘关节显露范围较小,对于肱骨远端的压缩骨折显露及固定欠佳。     

Real-time Ultrasound-guided Spinal Anesthesia Using a New Paramedian Transverse Approach

Ultrasound-guided spinal anesthesia is an attracting and advanced technique. We developed a new paramedian transverse approach for real-time ultrasound-guided spinal anesthesia. Using this approach, the block can be performed with the dominant hand whether in right or left lateral decubitus or sitting position. Our preliminary experience in 42 orthopedic and obstetric patients showed it could achieve high first pass success rate with acceptable procedure time. The effectiveness and safety of this approach need further investigation by comparing it with blind technique and other ultrasound-guided techniques with well-designed randomized controlled trials.     

The Needling Technique and Clinical Application of Point Zhibian

The patient is asked to lie in a lateral or prone position. A No. 28 filiform needle of 3 cun is inserted perpendicularly into the point Zhibian (BL 54), with the direction of the needle tip varying according to the different conditions of the diseases. The needle can be directed in three directions, the first along the sciatic nerve; the second pointing to the genitals; and the third pointing to the anus. The reinforcing,reducing, or even needling manipulation can be used,and the needling depth can be deep or superficial.The needling can also be applied in combination with the warm-needle, cupping, and point-injection.     

An assessment of intrathecal catheters in the perioperative period: an analysis of 84 cases

Background

Intrathecal opioid administration yields high quality analgesia with an associated low incidence of side effects and complication. The benefits of spinal “opioid only technique” include absence of neuronal blockade, infusion pump malfunction and sympathetic blockade. This technique declined after serious side effects were reported in the 1990s.

Aims

To report on the safety and efficacy of the intrathecal catheter repeat bolus morphine technique for postoperative analgesia in patients having thoracotomy.

Methods

A 22 gauge intrathecal catheter was inserted through the lumbar 3–4 interspace prior to induction of anaesthesia for postoperative analgesia. Repeat bolus preservative-free morphine was administered for 48 h, target VAS was <4.

Results

The mean morphine administered via ITC in 48 h was 2.56 mg (±SD 0.88 mg). Only one patient required rescue morphine. There were no serious complications or sequelae at 6-month follow-up.

Conclusions

Intrathecal morphine for post-op analgesia is efficacious and safe in a post-thoracotomy population.