锌硒宝对轮状病毒性肠炎患者体液免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨锌硒宝对轮状病毒性肠炎患者体液免疫功能的影响.方法 检测260例轮状病毒肠炎患者免疫球蛋白及补体,治疗组除常规治疗外,加用锌硒宝治疗,并观察两组患儿临床疗效及免疫功能变化.结果 急性期患儿血清IgG、IgM、IgA、C3均明显降低,C4无明显改变,治疗组有效率(81.6%)明显高于对照组(63.5%),且治疗组IgG、IgM、IgA、G3较治疗前明显升高,C4变化不明显.结论 轮状病毒肠炎患者存在免疫功能紊乱,锌硒宝有助于患儿缩短病程,增强恢复期患儿免疫功能.     

儿童反复肺炎与机体免疫功能和炎性相关因子的关系研究

目的：研究儿童反复肺炎与机体免疫功能和炎性相关因子的关系。方法选取儿童反复肺炎46例作为反复肺炎组,选取同期查体健康患儿50例作为对照组,抽取受检患儿清晨空腹肘静脉血,比较2组血清免疫球蛋白（ IgG、IgA和IgM）水平,并对IgG亚类（ IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4）水平进行测定,比较2组外周血T细胞亚群（ CD3＋、CD4＋、CD8＋、CD4＋CD25＋Treg、CD19＋、CD4＋／CD8＋）、炎性因子[血白介素-8（IL-8）、IL-17]和人β防御素（hBD-1、hBD-2）水平,同时测定NK细胞的比例。结果反复肺炎组患儿IgG和IgA水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0构．05）,反复肺炎组IgM水平低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。反复肺炎组IgG1水平高于对照组,而IgG2和IgG4水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。2组IgG3水平比较,差异无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。反复肺炎组CD3＋、CD4＋、CD8＋、CD4＋CD25＋Treg、CD4＋／CD8＋水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）,反复肺炎组CD19＋水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。反复肺炎组IL-8、IL-17水平高于对照组,hBD-1、NK细胞水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）,2组hBD-2水平比较,差异无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。结论反复肺炎患儿存在免疫球蛋白IgG和IgA、T淋巴细胞、B细胞、NK细胞、hBD-1细胞低水平表达,IL-8和IL-17高水平表达,说明反复肺炎患儿存在体液、细胞免疫功能紊乱,同时呼吸系统防御能力降低,这可能是儿童反复肺炎病程迁延的原因之一。     

儿童哮喘与肺炎支原体感染的相关性及阿奇霉素疗效的临床研究

目的：探讨儿童哮喘与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的相关性及阿奇霉素的疗效。方法：选择哮喘发作患儿46例,肺炎患儿34例,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测血清中MP—IgG、MP—IgM特异性抗体;聚合酶链式反应（PCR）检测MP;对比两组支原体抗体阳性率;并将哮喘患儿分为用阿奇霉素治疗组和肺炎对照组,动态观察两组喘息症状减轻及消失时间。结果：哮喘急性发作及肺炎患儿血清MP—IgG、MP—IgM检测：哮喘组用PCR法或IgM法检测MP阳性率高于肺炎组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,两组MP—IgG阳性率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。阿奇霉素治疗哮．喘患儿,其症状减轻和消失时间均比肺炎组明显缩短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：MP急性感染可能是哮喘发作的病原之一,治疗的关键是控制和消除肺炎支原体感染。阿奇霉素有类激素作用,治疗哮喘安全有效。     

肺炎支原体肺炎患儿血清细胞因子与免疫球蛋白的检测及其临床意义

目的 探讨检测肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）患儿血清细胞因子（IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α）、免疫球蛋白（IgA、IgM、IgG）及补体（C3、C4）的临床意义.方法 60例MPP患儿（观察组）和60例健康儿童（正常对照组）为研究对象,采用放射免疫分析法测定IL-6、IL-12、TNF-α,采用速率散射比浊法测定血清免疫球蛋白（Ig）和补体（C）.结果 观察组血清IL-6、IL-8的水平与正常对照组比较上升（P〈0.05）;而TNF-α水平2组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;观察组血清免疫球蛋白IgA、IgM、IgG水平、补体C水平与正常对照组比较上升（P〈0.05）.结论 血清IL-6、IL-8、免疫球蛋白IgA、IgM、IgG,补体C3、4在MPP中起着重要作用,检测这些指标可以较准确地判定MMP患儿病情和预后,值得临床推广应用.     

锌硒宝与维生素A合用治疗小儿反复呼吸道感染65例临床观察

目的 观察锌硒宝与维生素A(VitA)合用对反复呼吸道感染(RRI)患儿的治疗作用.方法 把RRI患儿随机分成锌硒宝与VitA合用的治疗组和非锌硒宝与VitA治疗的对照组,分别测定治疗前后的血清免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM和T细胞亚群水平,并观察临床疗效.结果 治疗组患儿治疗后IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3、CD4水平和CD4/CD8比值均较治疗前高(P＜0.05),而对照组治疗前后无明显变化;治疗组总有效率为92.31%,高于对照组(75.76%)(P＜0.01).结论 RRI患儿予锌制剂和VitA合用治疗,可增强免疫功能,提高临床疗效,值得临床推广和应用.     

Nuss与Ravitch两种术式对漏斗胸患儿免疫功能影响的对比研究

目的通过检测经Nuss手术及Ravitch手术治疗的先天性漏斗胸患儿手术前后的免疫指标，对比研究两种手术方式对漏斗胸患儿术后早期免疫功能的影响。方法回顾性分析80例漏斗胸手术，其中行Nuss手术40例（Nuss组），Ravitch手术40例（Ravitch组），2组分别于术前及术后第7天检测血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM含量。结果术前比较2组患儿的血清IgG、IgA、IgM含量无明显差异（P〉0．05），术后第7天检测显示Nuss组患儿血清IgG、IgA、IgM含量较Ravitch组患儿明显升高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；Nuss组中，术后7d血清IgG、IgA、IgM与术前相比均有明显升高（P〈0．05），而Ravitch组中仅IgA含量在术后7d与术前比较有明显差异（P〈0．05），IgG和IgM术后7d与术前比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论Nuss手术较Ravitch手术创伤性小，患儿术后机体免疫力恢复较早，更有利于患儿康复；免疫指标的检测可以作为评估漏斗胸患儿术后手术疗效及预后的辅助手段之一。     

维生素A对婴幼儿肺炎的辅助治疗作用以及对免疫功能的影响

目的观察VitA佐治婴幼儿肺炎的临床疗效,以及其对免疫功能的影响。方法80例肺炎患儿随机分为VitA辅助治疗组40例和常规治疗组40例,并选取40名健康婴幼儿作为对照组。检测比较所有患儿的血清VitA水平及血清免疫球蛋白（IgA,IgG,IgM）及C3水平。两组肺炎患儿均给予抗生素及氧疗等治疗,治疗组加用VitA,对两组患儿进行疗效评价,并比较两组患儿治疗后的血清免疫球蛋白（IgA,IgG,IgM）及C3水平。结果VitA辅助治疗组临床疗效优于常规治疗组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,补充VitA可改善患者免疫功能。结论婴幼儿肺炎患者在婴幼儿肺炎治疗同时补充维生素A有利于疾病康复。     

老年社区获得性肺炎细胞免疫与体液免疫状态的临床研究

目的探讨老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者细胞免疫和体液免疫的功能状态。方法老年CAP和老年健康对照组各30例,均于清晨空腹抽取肘静脉血5ml,分别检测CD4＋、CD8＋T细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM和补体C3、C4水平。结果老年CAP患者CD4＋、CD8＋T细胞水平和CD4＋/CD8＋比值与老年健康对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;IgG水平低于老年健康对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;IgA、IgM、C3和C4水平与老年健康对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论老年CAP患者存在以IgG水平降低为主的体液免疫功能紊乱。     

肺炎支原体感染对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者免疫功能的影响

【摘要】目的分析探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者合并肺炎支原体感染情况及其对人体免疫功能的影响,方法对收治的60例慢阻肺患者进行前瞻性分析,根据痰培养及肺炎支原体检测结果,将其分为两组：合并肺炎支原体（MP）感染组及无支原体感染组。并收集两组患者Iga、IgM、IgG水平,比较两组患者免疫蛋白差异。结果MP感染组30倒患者血清IgA水平明显低于无支原体感染组,IgG水平明显高于无支原体感染组,两组患者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而IgM差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者合并肺炎支原体感染的风险较健康人群明显增加,而MP感染可致人体免疫应答紊乱,表现为不同类型免疫球蛋白水平升高或下降.     

匹多莫德对反复上呼吸道感染患儿的疗效及对体液免疫的影响

目的探讨匹多莫德治疗反复上呼吸道感染患儿的疗效及其对体液免疫的影响。方法将62例反复上呼吸道感染患儿随机分对照组和治疗组各31例。两组患儿均采用常规治疗,治疗组加用匹多莫德口服,两组都随访1年。同时检测两组患儿治疗前和治疗3个月后血清免疫球蛋白五项：IgG、IgM、IgA、C3、C4。记录两组患儿诊断后第一次上呼吸道感染病程及1年内复发次数。结果对照组治疗3个月前后血清免疫球蛋白五项无明显变化（JP〉0．05）;治疗组IgG、IgM、IgA、c3治疗3个月后比治疗前增高,差异均有高度显著性（P〈0．01）。治疗组诊断反复上呼吸道感染后第一次上呼吸道感染病程[（5．03±1．4）天]比对照组[（6．19±1．45）天]短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组1年内复发次数[（5．18±1．31）次]较对照组[（7．1±1．58）次]少,且较治疗前1年[（8．064±1．5）次]减少,差异都有高度显著性（P〈0．001）。结论匹多莫德能提高体液免疫中IgG、IgM、IgA、C3水平,可有效缩锕反笤卜呼吸道感染急件感染期病程及减少复发的次数。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.