比较CT、MRCP对肝胆管结石合并肝胆管癌的诊断效果

目的：比较CT、MRCP对肝胆管结石合并肝胆管癌的诊断效果。方法：62例肝胆管结石合并肝胆管癌患者分别行CT、MRCP、B超＋CT、B超＋MRCP检查，记录并比较各种方法对肝胆管结石合并不同类型的肝胆管癌的诊断率。结果：CT和MRCP总诊断阳性率分别为69．4％和85．5％，相比较具有显著差异，P〈0．05；MRCP对肝胆管结石合并结节型、团块型和胆管乳头型肝胆管癌诊断率略高于CT，P〉0．05；MRCP对于肝胆管结石合并胆管增厚型肝胆管癌诊断率明显高于CT，P〈0．05；联合检查后，B超＋MRCP检测诊断明显高于B超＋CT，但P〉0．05。结论：CT和MRCP对肝胆管结石合并肝胆管癌均具有较高诊断准确率，并且B超分别与CT、MRCP联用后也可明显提高对对肝胆管结石合并肝胆管癌的准确率。     

Caroli病影像诊断的回顾性分析(附10例)

目的探讨B型超声、CT、MRCP检查在Caroli病的影像表现及诊断价值。方法对10例Caroli病的B超,CT,PTC或ERCP的影像学表现进行回顾性分析。结果B超对肝内轻度毛细胆管扩张显示不清,对中、重度显示明确,CT能够全面显示该病的轻、中、重度情况,并在肝内分布、走行、大小、范围及胆管内继发结石、胆管炎有清晰显示,易于诊断。MRCP造影可立体显示胆管扩张的部位、大小及肝内胆管结石。结论磁共振胆道造影(MRCP)创伤小、并发症少,其造影效果可与PTC与ERCP媲美,而且还可以多方位、多角度全面观察囊肿群的分布,与胆管分支的关系以及胆管有无狭窄,弥补了横断面的不足,为临床术前诊断提供重要的依据。     

MRI对血精性精囊炎的诊断价值

目的分析血精性精囊炎的MRI表现，探讨MRI在血精性精囊炎诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析了25例血精性精囊炎的MRI表现，观察其形态、大小及内部异常信号改变，分别采用SE T1WI(TR/TE558／14ms)，Flash 2D水激励T1WI(TR/TE18．5／5．2ms)，TSE T2WI(TR/TE 4000／99ms)加脂肪抑制序列扫描。结果本组25例血精性精囊炎均表现为两侧精囊体积增大；精囊内“出血”于SE T1WI呈斑片状／斑点状高信号，此高信号影于Flash 2D水激励T1WI序列显示更清晰，低信号精囊管道壁因高信号出血衬托而得以显示；精囊内“出血”于TSE T2WI呈相对较低信号，低信号精囊管道壁被较低信号出血影掩盖而显示不清。结论MRI能对血精性精囊炎做出明确诊断，是血精性精囊炎最可靠的影像学检查方法。     

MRI-FIESTA成像序列在胆道系统结石诊断中的应用

目的：评价FIESTA成像序列对胆道系统结石的诊断价值。方法：30例CT诊断为肝内胆管结石的患者,其中14例伴有肝外胆管结石（肝总管6例,胆总管结石8例）,均行磁共振胰胆管水成像MRCP检查,同时对感兴趣区分别行薄层FRFFSE-T2WI脂肪抑制序列及FIESTA脂肪抑制序列扫描检查,比较其对结石的诊断符合率,之后对所有病例进行手术或ERCP证实。结果：30例胆内胆管结石中,MRCP＋FRFFSE组阳性17例,符合率为57%;MRCP＋FIESTA组阳性27例,符合率为90%,两者肝内结石符合率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;2组14例肝外胆管结石均为阳性,伴假阳性1例,符合率为100%,肝外结石符合率无明显差异性。结论：FIESTA序列对胆道结石,尤其是肝内结石具有极高的诊断价值。     

肝胆管结石合并肝胆管癌18例临床分析

目的 探讨肝内胆管结石合并肝内胆管癌的临床特点、诊断、治疗方法及预后.方法 回顾性分析1998年1月～2008年1月收治的18例肝内胆管结石合并胆管癌的临床资料,并对其诊断、治疗进行总结.结果 18例肝内胆管结石合并胆管癌患者占同期肝内胆管结石患者的24%（18/740）,均经手术确诊.综合B超、CT、MRI/MRCP以及CA19-9检查,术前诊断8例,占445%.根治性切除11例,占611%（11/18）,存活19～53月,平均27月;姑息性切除及探查引流7例,占389%（7/18）,存活3～15月.术中快速冰冻确诊6例,术后左外叶切除胆管切缘病理阳性3例.结论 B超、CT、MRI/MRCP以及CA19-9检查对肝内胆管结石合并肝内胆管癌诊断有较重要的价值,但术前确诊率仍较低,术中快速冰冻可提高确诊率,积极的根治性手术切除能显著提高患者生存率.     

磁共振胰胆管造影对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

目的：评价磁共振胆胰管造影（MRCP）对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值。方法：对67例梗阻性黄疸进行MRCP检查，并与临床诊断或手术和病理结果对照分析。MRCP采用不屏气快速自旋回波（TSE）序列重度T2W扫描，结合呼吸触发及脂肪抑制技术，原始图像以最大信号强度投影（MIP）法进行三维重建。结果：全部67例MRCP检查均一次成功，MRCP对梗阻性黄疸的定位诊断准确率为100％，定性诊断准确率为83．6％，其中MRCP诊断肝外胆管结石和恶性胆管梗阻的准确率分别为95％和65．4％，结论：MRCP检查成功率高，对梗阻性黄疸的定位诊断准确，结合原始图像和常规MRI扫描，对肝外胆管结石和恶性胆管梗阻的定性诊断也有较高的准确性。     

3．0T磁共振LAVA序列技术对肺血管成像的研究

目的：探讨3．0T磁共振LAVA序列对肺部血管成像的可行性。材料和方法：GE 3．0T HD MR对怀疑胸部病变行MRI检查的患者59例，行横断位T1WI（FSE，TR／TE 833ms／13．4ms）和T2WI（抑脂SSFSE，TR／TE2000ms／98．7ms）常规扫描，继之采用冠状位LAVA序列（TR／TE2．3／1．1msec，flip angle 120，FOV=35×35cm层厚1．4mm）行肺动脉期、肺静脉期、主动脉期扫描。ADW4．3工作站上以MIP方法进行重建，得到肺血管图像。由2名有经验的胸部放射科医生对肺动脉各分支、肺静脉属支、支气管动脉显示程度以及肺动脉和肺实质的信噪比分析。结果：肺动脉3级分支显示率98％，4级分支显示率为90％，5级分支显示率为51％。肺静脉3级属支显示率98％，4级属支显示率为91％，5级属支显示率为58％。左右支气管动脉纵隔内段的显示率分别为78％和86％。结论：在3．0TMR LAVA技术可清楚显示肺部各级血管走行，并能提供高质量的肺血管形态细节。     

胆管囊肿的影像学诊断（附6例分析）

目的探讨B超、CT、经皮肝穿刺胆管造影（PT℃）及磁共振成像（MRI）在胆管囊肿及其合并症中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析6例胆管囊肿患者的B超、CT、PTC及MRI的影像学资料。结果B超和CT能清晰显示肝内较大的胆管囊肿，对肝内细小胆管囊肿及肝外胆管囊肿的显示不如MRI；PTC能较好地显示胆管树及胆管扩张情况，但操作复杂，有创伤，对某些合并症易漏诊；MRI能无创、多方位、多序列地显示胆管囊肿及其合并症的影像学特点，其中磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）能无创、直观地显示肝内外胆道情况，可与PTC相媲美。结论对于胆管囊肿及其合并症的诊断，MRI较其他检查方法更具有优势。     

T2FFE序列在膝关节疾病诊断中的应用

膝关节疾病是临床常见病，磁共振检查已经成为临床诊断的有效检查手段。本文通过对40例膝关节病例的磁共振(MR)检查结果分析，探讨T2FFE及T2FFE／SPIR序列与常规序列比较在诊断中的优越性。 一、材料和方法 1．材料 回顾性分析经我院MR检查的40例膝关节损伤病例，其中男26例，女14例。年龄18～54岁。 2．方法 使用PHILIPS GYROSCAN NT1.5T超导型磁共振机，应用表面线圈。扫描序列：T1WI：SE序列，TR／TE=550／17ms，FOV=240mm，矩阵=256*256，层厚／间距=4.0／0.4mm：T2WI：TSE序列，TR／TE=3 683／90ms，矩阵=256*256，FOV=240mm，层厚／间距：4.0／0.4mm：T2FFE序列：FOV=240mm，TR／TE=500／18ms．……     

38例肝内胆管结石合并胆管炎的临床治疗分析

目的：研究分析肝内胆管结石合并胆管炎的治疗方法及临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析笔者所在医院38例肝内胆管结石合并胆管炎的临床资料，采用单纯胆总管切开取石术＋T管引流、胆总管切开取石加纤维胆道镜取石、行肝叶／段切除术，观察其疗效。结果：胆总管切开取石术＋T管引流术一次取尽率73．33％，残石率26．67％；胆总管切开取石加纤维胆道镜取石术一次取尽率76．92％，残石率23．08％；肝叶／段切除术均未发生结石残留。结论：根据患者临床指征合理地选择适宜的手术方式是治疗关键，可有效提高其治愈率，降低结石残留及复发率。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.