乳腺癌的综合治疗

乳腺癌的综合治疗方法已在临床上广为实施,而且随着临床实践经验的大量积累,该疗法正在取得不断进展。本题涉及范围甚广,限于篇幅,笔者仅对常用的综合治疗方法,根据不同的临床分期(AJCC与UICC联合制定的TNM分类及分期,1988),结合文献资料,分别进行扼要讨论。     

中国鼻咽癌分期2017版(2008鼻咽癌分期修订专家共识)

准确的肿瘤临床分期是指导治疗、判断预后以及学术交流的基础。自2009年国内推广使用“鼻咽癌2008分期”以来,各肿瘤中心加强了合作和交流,促进了多中心研究和分期研究的发展。2017年7月1日,中国鼻咽癌临床分期工作委员会在福建南平召开了中国鼻咽癌分期修订工作会议,国内各位专家基于循证医学进行充分地讨论和沟通,并达成共识,一致认为采纳了鼻咽癌中国2008分期和UICC/AJCC分期第7版各自优势基础上做了更新的UICC/AJCC分期第8版较为合理,中国2008分期的修订应参照UICC/AJCC第8版分期标准,以制定国际统一的分期标准。因此,推荐新的中国鼻咽癌分期2017版与UICC/AJCC分期第8版保持一致。     

鼻咽癌UICC第7版分期与中国2008分期比较及分期更新建议

目的 比较鼻咽癌UICC第7版分期及中国2008分期, 并对分期的更新提供参考依据。方法 回顾分析2006—2012年病理确诊的初治无远处转移、接受调强适形放疗的鼻咽癌患者767例。以OS、LRFS、DMFS为主要预后指标, 比较两种分期系统T分期、N分期、临床分期对预后的预测价值。Kaplan-Meier法计算各项生存率, 组间差异比较行Logrank检验, Cox法多因素分析。结果 从T分期来看, 中国2008分期在预测OS、LFFS方面优于UICC分期。从N分期来看, 两种分期在预测OS、DMFS方面相当。从临床分期来看, UICC分期在预测OS方面优于中国2008分期。依据统计结果推荐的新分期中T分期、N分期、临床分期对预后均有较好预测价值。结论 鼻咽癌UICC第7版分期与中国2008分期在预测预后方面各有优势。推荐的新分期方案对当前鼻咽癌分期的更新有一定价值。     

乳腺癌锁骨下淋巴结转移在新TNM分期中的意义及其对预后的影响

目的　进一步探讨乳腺癌锁骨下淋巴结转移对预后的影响及在TNM分期中的地位。方法　总结乳腺癌根治术后锁骨下淋巴结转移病例 45例及对照组 70例的临床资料 ,比较二组的 5年生存率。结果　锁骨下淋巴结阳性组无论是ⅡB 期或ⅢA 期 ,还是整组病例均明显低于阴性组 ,经 χ2 检验有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　现行的UICC制定的TNM分期法未对锁骨下淋巴结转移做出特殊分类 ,建议将出现锁骨下淋巴结转移划入N3,属ⅢB 期 ,在行乳腺癌根治术时应常规将锁骨下淋巴结清扫干净 ,并单独送检 ,以便于术后正确的病理分期     

鼻咽癌中国2008分期和UICC 2002及2009分期临床应用的评价

目的:评价鼻咽癌中国2008分期、UICC 2002及2009分期系统对预后的预测价值,为鼻咽癌分期系统的进一步修订提供依据。方法:收集2004-10-01-2005-10-31中山大学肿瘤医院收治的869例病理确诊初治无转移且有鼻咽颈部MR资料的鼻咽癌患者,按照鼻咽癌中国2008分期、UICC 2002及2009分期系统重新进行分期,比较3种分期的情况及预后预测价值。结果:在临床分期方面,UICC 2009(χ2=66.042,P<0.001)及2002(χ2=66.582,P<0.001)能更好地预测预后。在T分期方面,UICC 2009分期对局部复发的预测价值优于UICC 2002及2008分期(χ2=13.794,P=0.003),将鼻窦、颅底骨质侵犯合并为T2后,无复发生存曲线能更好地分开;在N分期方面,3种分期各有优势。结论:UICC 2009分期标准能更好地预测预后,但仍存在不足。     

鼻咽癌中国2008分期和UIOO2002及2009分期临床应用的评价

目的：评价鼻咽癌中国2008分期、UICC2002及2009分期系统对预后的预测价值,为鼻咽癌分期系统的进一步修订提供依据。方法：收集20041001—2005—10-31中山大学肿瘤医院收治的869例病理确诊初治无转移且有鼻咽颈部MR资料的鼻咽癌患者,按照鼻咽癌中国2008分期、UICC2002及2009分期系统重新进行分期,比较3种分期的情况及预后预测价值。结果：在临床分期方面,UICC2009（x^2=66．042,P〈0．001）及2002（x^2=66．582,P〈0．001）能更好地预测预后。在T分期方面,UICC2009分期对局部复发的预测价值优于UICC2002及2008分期（x^2=13．794,P=0．003）,将鼻窦、颅底骨质侵犯合并为T2后,无复发生存曲线能更好地分开;在N分期方面,3种分期各有优势。结论：UICC2009分期标准能更好地预测预后,但仍存在不足。     

国际抗癌联盟和日本胃癌协会胃癌淋巴结分期法与国人胃癌患者预后相关性的比较

目的 比较国际抗癌联盟(UICC)和日本胃癌协会(JGCA)两种胃癌淋巴结分期法与胃癌预后的相关性,评价其在胃癌预后评估中的指导意义和应用价值.方法 1996年1月至2005年12月间,经D2及以上胃癌根治手术,清扫淋巴结数目≥15枚,并有完整随访资料的395例胃癌患者为研究对象,分别以两种淋巴结分期法进行分期并绘制生存曲线.以Kaplan-Meier法进行生存率分析,Log rank检验评估组间的差异.结果 按UICC法分期后,各组间患者的生存率差异更明显.对T3期患者分别以两种方法分组并进行生存率比较显示,按照UICC法分期各组间的差异更明显.对两种分期后的N亚期以另一种标准相互再分期后,生存曲线显示,以UICC法对JGCA法分期后的各组再分期所产生的差异比以JGCA法对UICC法分期后的各组再分期后所产生的差异明显.在JGCA分期标准中,Ⅰa、Ⅰb、Ⅱ、Ⅲa、Ⅲb和Ⅳ期患者的5年生存率分别为100.0%、96.9%、79.3%、54.2%、16.8%和11.2%;在UICC TNM分期标准中,其5年生存率分别为100.0%、96.9%、75.4%、51.8%、18.4%和10.5%.各期患者的5年生存率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 UICC TNM胃癌分期标准与预后的相关性更好,对胃癌患者的预后评估和治疗方案的制定有更为客观的指导意义;而施行标准的D2胃癌根治手术和清扫至少15枚淋巴结是实行UICC分期法所必需的.     

鼻咽癌福州分期和UICC(1997)分期的对比研究

目的:探索鼻咽癌福州分期和UICC(1997)分期的相同点和不同点。方法:根据入院时病变情况按UICC及福州分期重新分期,对比观察254例放疗前有鼻咽CT检查的首程根治性放疗的鼻咽癌患者的生存率及病期分布情况。结果:1)两种分期的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期生存率相似,T、N分期生存率相似,差异均无显著性;2)病期分布情况:UICC分期中以Ⅱ期患者偏多,福州分期以Ⅲ期患者为主;N分期UICC以N1为主,福州分期以N2偏多;T分期两组主要在T3、T4上,差异有显著性。结论:两种分期生存率差异无显著性,分期差异主要在N1、N2上。     

乳腺癌锁骨下淋巴结转移在新TNM分期中的意义及其对预后的影响

目的：进一步探讨乳腺癌锁骨下淋巴结转移对预后的影响及在TNM分期中的地位。方法：总结乳腺癌根治术后锁骨下淋巴结转移病例45例及对照组70例的临床资料，比较二组的5年生存率。结果：锁骨下淋巴结阳性组无论是ⅡB期或ⅢA期，还是整组病例均明显低于阴性组，经X^2检验有显性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：现行的UICC制定的TNM分期法未对锁骨下淋巴结转移做出特殊分类，建议将出现锁骨下淋巴结转移划入N3，属ⅢB期，在行乳腺癌根治术时应常规将锁骨下淋巴结清扫干净，并单独送检，以便于术后正确的病理分期。     

鼻咽癌EB病毒血清学标记物与UICC2002分期的关系

[目的]探讨鼻咽癌EB病毒血清学标记物VCA-IgA,EA—IgA和EBV—DNase与UICC2002分期的关系。[方法]收集2006年1月～2006年12月初治的814例鼻咽癌患者,治疗前行VCA-IgA,EA4gA和EBV-DNase检测,统计其阳性率以及不同滴度的分布,比较三者与UICC2002分期的相关性。[结果]VCA—IgA、EA．IgA阳性率与UICC2002不同分期显著相关（χ2=9．05,P=0．029;χ2=52．30,P=0．000）;VCA,IgA、EA—IgA不同滴度（高、中、低）的分布与UICC2002不同分期有显著相关（χ2=36．35,P=0．000;χ2=67．50,P=0．000）;EBV—DNase阳性率与UICC2002中不同的T分期、N分期和M分期无关,但与不同TNM总分期相关（χ2=14．904,p=0．002）。具体期别间的比较时VCA—IgA除了分期Ⅱ和Ⅲ之间有差别之外,其它均没有差别,EA—IgA除了分期Ⅱ和Ⅳ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ之间没有差别之外,其它均有差别,EBV—DNase,除了分期Ⅰ和Ⅲ、Ⅰ和Ⅳ之有差别之外,其它均没有差别。[结论]初治鼻咽癌患者治疗前VCA-IgA,EA-IgA和EBV-DNase与UICC2002分期有显著相关,可作为辅助性评估临床分期的一种指标,但特异性不强。     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

Religiosity and physical and emotional functioning among African American and White colorectal and lung cancer patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Renal irradiation and the pharmacology and toxicity of methotrexate and cisplatinum

We used a rat model to study the effects of renal irradiation on the pharmacology of methotrexate (MTX) and cisplatinum (cis-Pt). Unanesthetized rats were given bilateral kidney irradiation (20 Gy in 9 fractions). At 9 months after irradiation, 3% of the animals had died and survivors showed moderately impaired renal function. At 15 months, 30% of the animals had died and survivors showed severely impaired renal function. Some animals were given i.v. MTX 1 week to 15 months after irradiation. In irradiated rats, the area under the MTX plasma clearance curve equaled that of controls through 6 months, and was significantly above controls from 9 months on. Other animals were given i.p. cis-Pt 1 week to 9 months after irradiation. The acute toxicity of cis-Pt was the same in control and irradiated rats when cis-Pt was given immediately before or after irradiation. Beginning 3 months after irradiation there was a progressive increase in cis-Pt toxicity and a simultaneous decrease in urinary platinum excretion. Irradiated animals that survived cis-Pt treatment showed increased radiation nephritis; the greatest effect occurred when cis-Pt was given 3 months or more after irradiation. MTX and cis-Pt clearance decreased when renal dysfunction was first observed and changes in renal function preceded changes in drug clearance and toxicity.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Morphine and tumor growth and metastasis

Morphine is an analgesic widely used to alleviate cancer pain. In addition, the perioperative management of pain in cancer surgery patients most often includes opioids. However, there are reports that these drugs may alter cancer recurrence or metastasis. Several mechanisms have been proposed, such as the modulation of the immune response or cellular pathways that control the survival and migratory behavior of cancer cells. The published literature, however, presents some discrepancies, with reports suggesting that opioids may either promote or prevent the spread of cancer. It is of great importance to determine whether opioids, in particular the most widely used, morphine, may increase the risk of metastasis when used in cancer surgery. This review examines the available data on the effects of morphine which influence cancer metastasis or recurrence, including immunomodulation, tumor cell aggressiveness, and angiogenesis, with special emphasis on recently published clinical and laboratory based studies. We further discuss the parameters that may explain the difference between reports on the effects of morphine on cancer.     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。