Long-term follow-up after endoscopic management of retained and recurrent common duct stones

Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) was attempted on 128 patients because of retained or recurrent common bile duct stones. The duct was cleared in 118 cases (92%). Early complications arose after 27 (16.5%) of 164 sphincterotomies, with haemorrhage most common. Emergency laparotomy was performed in four cases. There were four deaths within a month of EST, two of them directly attributable to EST. In seven of the 118 patients with successful EST late complications (stenosis and/or recurrent stone) appeared during a median follow-up of 57 (range 24-101) months (after less than 2 years in 6 cases). Restenosis and new stones could usually be endoscopically treated. Ascending cholangitis was not a problem, provided that the bile flow was unobstructed. EST is relatively safe, and must now be considered the procedure of choice for postcholecystectomy choledocholithiasis especially in elderly or high-risk patients. EST in young, fit patients is more controversial, and requires further detailed longitudinal analyses.     

Risks of leaving the gallbladder in situ after endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones

There is controversy concerning the subsequent clinical course of patients whose gallbladder is left in situ following successful endoscopic removal of stones from their common bile ducts. A total of 191 patients (median age 76 years) were reviewed between 12 and 100 months (mean 38 months) after endoscopic sphincterotomy. Ten patients (5.2 per cent) had symptoms requiring cholecystectomy which was uneventful, nine in the first year. Cholangitis at presentation or failure to fill the gallbladder by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography were not helpful in identifying these patients. Forty-nine (25.6 per cent) patients died during the review period from non-biliary pathology (usually cardiovascular). Elective cholecystectomy is not required in elderly patients with symptomatic bile duct stones if the common bile duct can be cleared of stones after endoscopic sphincterotomy.     

十二指肠镜、腹腔镜序贯治疗胆石症2 248例分析

目的探讨十二指肠镜、腹腔镜序贯性诊治胆石症的价值. 方法回顾性分析2000年1月～2004年12月采用十二指肠镜、腹腔镜序贯性诊治方案治疗胆石症2 248例的临床资料. 结果确诊胆囊结石1 817例,胆囊结石合并胆总管结石431例.B超诊断为胆囊结石2 021例中,行术前ERCP 690例,发现胆总管结石213例;术中胆道造影(IOC)85例,发现胆总管结石10例;腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)术后胆总管残余结石6例,并经EST治愈.B超诊断胆囊结石合并胆总管结石227例中,ERCP证实胆总管结石202例.行LC 1 817例,EST LC 395例,LBDE 36例(其中胆管一期缝合26例,T管引流10例).全组中转开腹28例(1.2%),并发症52例(2.3%). 结论十二指肠镜、腹腔镜序贯性诊治方案治疗胆石症,体现了内镜、腔镜联合应用的优势,术后残余结石率低,微创治疗成功率高.     

腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石效果分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)联合内镜Oddi括约肌切开取石术(EST)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2003年5月-2009年6月,LC与EST联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石78例临床资料.首先经EST取出胆管结石,5 d内行LC.结果 EST成功76例(97%),失效2例,1例因胆管末端狭窄,开腹行胆肠吻合术治愈;1例胆总管结石直径1.6 cm,质硬,机械性碎石失败,开腹行胆总管切开取石T管引流术.76例腹腔镜手术成功,无明显出血、胆漏等严重并发症.结论 EST+LC联合治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少及无需T管引流等优点,是一种安全有效的治疗方法.     

腹腔镜、十二指肠镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床应用

目的总结应用十二指肠镜下乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterectomy,EST）联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）选择性治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的经验。方法回顾性分析2008～2011年我院应用EST联合LC治疗72例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床资料。胆囊结石直径0.5～3.0 cm,1枚或多枚,胆总管结石1.0～3.0 cm,数目1～3枚。均先行EST用碎石网篮碎石后取尽胆管结石,3～5天后再行LC术治疗胆囊结石。结果本组手术均获成功,无中转开腹,均痊愈出院。手术时间EST 46～100 min,LC 44～95 min,住院7～15 d,平均9.3 d。72例随访6～24个月,平均11.3月,无结石复发及严重并发症发生。结论 EST联合LC是治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的安全、合理、有效的首选微创方法。     

腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜治疗肝外胆管结石的疗效

目的：探讨ERCP(内窥镜逆行胆胰管造影术)+EST(内窥镜下括约肌切开术)[或和]LC(腹腔镜胆囊切除术)联合治疗肝外胆管结石的效果。方法：回顾性分析深圳市人民医院2006年-2009年间420例肝外胆管结石行ERCP+EST(或和)LC的患者资料,并进行随访。结果：420例患者中成功行ERCP+EST碎石取石者398例, 成功率94. 7%,术后并发高淀粉酶血症52例,胰腺炎8例, 十二指肠乳头出血11例,均经保守治疗后好转,未出现肠穿孔。57例患者既往已行胆囊切除,余363例患者中,185例行ERCP+EST取石术后序贯行LC,因胆囊三角粘连严重而中转开腹2例,5例LC后影像学复查提示胆总管残存结石,再次行ERCP取石。311例患者获得随访（6～54个月）,中位随访时间32个月,随访率74.0%,16例复发,复发率为5.1%。结论：ERCP+EST(或和)LC联合治疗肝外胆管结石是目前较为安全和有效的方法,复发率少,临床应用价值高。     

Endoscopic removal of common bile duct stones without subsequent cholecystectomy

Good results from endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) for removing choledochal stones following cholecystectomy, have led to increasing use of the method when the gallbladder is in situ. The need for cholecystectomy after successful EST has been questioned. As cholecystectomy in elderly patients involves substantial risk, we routinely defer cholecystectomy in such patients while they remain asymptomatic. Experience of 40 cases is reported. Thirty-four were discharged without cholecystectomy and one underwent elective cholecystectomy at his own request. The remaining 33 patients were followed up for 6-53 (mean 21.5) months. Four died from causes unrelated to gallstone disease. Symptoms requiring cholecystectomy arose in two cases (6%). We found no problems due to refraining from routine elective cholecystectomy following EST for common bile duct stones. The rarity of later symptoms appears to justify a "wait and see" attitude to post-EST cholecystectomy.     

腹腔镜、十二指肠镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床分析

目的总结应用十二指肠镜下乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopicsphincterectomy,EST）联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopiecholecystectomy,LC）选择性治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的经验。方法对23例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者采用EST联合LC序贯治疗。先行EST取出胆总管结石,再于2—5d内行LC。结果22例（96％）成功施行EST,1例失败,22例成功完成Lc,无中转开腹手术。手术时间EST25～50rain,LC40～60min,住院7—18d,平均11．8d。22例随访3～36个月,平均17个月,无结石复发及严重并发症发生。结论EST联合LC是治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的安全、合理、有效的首选微创方法。     

胆总管结石的内镜治疗

目的总结内镜下乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy，EST）治疗胆总管结石的疗效及随访结果，分析可能导致取石失败的危险因素。方法2001年4月～2006年1月我院96例经内镜逆行胰胆管显影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography，ERCP）证实胆总管结石后行EST及内镜下取石。通过随访术后疗效．对可能影响EST取石结果的因素进行分析。结果第1次EST未取出或未取净结石15例，第1次EST结石清除率84．4％（81／96）。第1次取石失败后5例再次行EST取净结石，3例自发排石，2例服中药或其他药物后排石，术后B超或ERCP检查证实结石已经排出，总结石清除率为94．8％（91／96）。术后近期并发症10例，其中急性胰腺炎5例、明显出血3例、急性胆囊炎和（或）急性胆管炎2例。5例因并发症或结石未取净行开腹手术。单因素和多因素分析表明，胆总管结石〉1．5cm和既往有胆总管探查手术史是取石失败的危险因素。85例随访10—59个月，胆总管结石复发3例、急性胆管炎1例；19例单纯胆总管结石在EST取净结石后没有切除胆囊，随访未见异常。结论EST是治疗胆总管结石安全有效的方法。结石〉1．5cm和既往有胆总管探查手术史时，应警惕EST有取石失败的可能。对于单纯性胆总管结石，在EST清除胆总管结石后不必预防性切除胆囊。     

输尿管导管在微创治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石及乳头狭窄中的应用

背景与目的:胆囊结石、胆总管结石合并十二指肠乳头狭窄的处理方式常用方式有分期内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开(EST)+腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC),但在结石较大或较多时分期内镜下胆总管结石清除率相较腹腔镜手术更低.为了能在较高的胆总管结石清除率下一并处理十二指肠乳头狭窄,且能减少传统胆总管前壁手术创伤以及能够一期缝合胆总管...     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy in the treatment of biliary lithiasis. Our experience

Endoscopic Sphincterotomy (E.S.) is a simple and efficacious method for the management of bile duct stones and papillary stenosis. In this series, the E.S. was attempted in 25 patients and performed in 23 (92%). Nine patients had common bile duct stones. Eleven patients (48%) had common bile duct and gallbladder stones. Two patients (8.7%) had intrahepatic lithiasis and one patient (4.3%) had papillary stenosis without gallstones. After E.S. all patients underwent instrument removal of bile duct stones, using "Dormia" basket and "Fogarty" balloon catheter. Transnasal bile duct drainage was performed in 20 patients (86.9%). Early complications were observed in three patients (13%); one sphincterotomy side bleeding and two acute pancreatitis, which were treated successfully conservatively. Mean follow-up was 10.7 months (range 3-27 months). Late complications did not occur for the method and/or for gallbladder stones. Four patients over 80 years of age, died for unrelated causes during follow-up.     

Surgical and non-surgical treatments of gallstones]

Comparisons were made of therapeutic modalities for gallstones. Four-hundred thirty-five patients with gallstones were operated on with the mortality rate of 0.7%. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was performed in 84 patients with gallbladder stones. Complete stone disappearance rate at 1 year was 31% in patients with one to three radio-lucent stones not larger than 3cm in diameter and 57% in solitary stones up to 2cm with the US pattern of Ia or Ib. There was no major complication. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) was performed in 131 patients with common bile duct stones. The success rate was for stone extraction, was 97%. Immediate complications occurred in 8% cases, yielding the mortality rate of 0.8%. Common bile duct stones recurred in 2 of 113 patients (3%). Acute cholecystitis was experienced in 2 of 43 patients with the gallbladder left in situ; 2 of 12 with and none of 31 without gallbladder stones. In conclusion, ESWL is a safe and effective treatment in selected patients. EST can be the first-choice modality in the treatment of not only the post-cholecystectomy cases but also the patients with the gallbladder without stones.     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术与内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石的临床对照研究

目的:比较腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)与内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗胆总管结石的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2012年11月—2014年3月收治的210例胆总管结石患者资料,按手术方式分为LCBDE组(116例)和EST组(94例),对比两组相关临床指标。结果:两组手术成功率差异无统计学意义(99.1%vs.95.74%,P=0.175),但LCBDE组一期治愈率高于EST组(97.4%vs.90.4%,P=0.038);两组残余结石率、平均住院时间与住院费用均无统计学差异(均P0.05),但EST组一期治疗后9例残余结石患者行第2次EST治疗,6例残余结石患者行第3次EST治疗;首次EST失败的患者,其住院时间与花费明显增加;LCBDE组围手术期总并发症以及远期并发症发生率均明显低于EST组(均P0.05),差异主要来源于EST相关并发症。结论:LCBDE治疗胆总管结石一期治愈率高于EST,且并发症率低于EST组,能保留十二指肠乳头括约肌的生理功能,可同时实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术处理胆囊病变。因此,在多数情况下,应首先考虑LCBDE。     

三镜联合在治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石中的应用

目的 总结十二指肠镜联合腹腔镜及胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的经验.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月~2012年12月应用三镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石56例的临床资料.胆囊结石均多发,直径0.6~3.5 cm.胆总管结石1~3枚,直径0.5~2.6 cm.先行内镜乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST）取尽结石,2~3天行LC.如EST取石失败,立即改行LC联合腹腔镜胆总管探查术（laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE）.结果 56例手术均获得成功,其中行EST联合LC 37例,LC联合LCBDE 19例（经胆囊管探查取石8例,经胆总管探查取石并置T管引流11例）.无中转开腹及严重并发症发生.随访6~12个月,无结石复发.结论 三镜联合治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石安全可靠,创伤小,恢复快,可作为首选方式.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前选择性ERC的应用

目的　探索ERC LC对有症状胆囊结石和疑有胆管结石得治疗结果的选择性标准的研究。方法　回顾分析 2 0 0 1年 11月～ 2 0 0 3年 10月我科收治的胆石症患者中 2 0例先行ERC再行LC的情况。结果　本组病人ERC均获成功 ,ERCP EST ESE共取出结石 15例 ,B超等证实者 10例 ,胆总管直径 >8mm 12例 ,有黄疸史者 11例 ,肝功能异常者 11例 ,胰腺炎者 4例。ERC后平均 4 .6d行LC。随访 2月～ 2年未发现胆管残余结石。结论　严格掌握LC前行ERC适应症 ,对于减少不必要ERC率 ,避免LC后胆管残留结石都具有重要作用。     

Thirteen years’ experience with laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration for stones

Background The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and long-term results of laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration (TC-CBDE). Methods Ductal stones were present in 344 of 3212 patients (10.7%) who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). The procedure was completed laparoscopically in 329 patients (95.6%), with TC-CBDE performed in 191 patients (58.1%) who are the object of this study, or with a transverse choledochotomy in 138 cases (41.9%). Results Biliary drainage was employed in 71 of 191 cases (37.2%). Major complications occurred in 10 patients (5.1%), including retained stones in 6 (3.1%). Mortality was nil. No patients were lost to follow-up (median: 118.0 months; range: 17.6–168 months). No signs of bile stasis, no recurrent ductal stones and no biliary stricture were observed. At present 182 patients are alive with no biliary symptoms; 9 have died from unrelated causes. Conclusions Long-term follow-up after laparoscopic TC-CBDE proved its effectiveness and safety for single-stage management of gallstones and common bile duct stones.     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones in patients with intact gallbladders

Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed in 121 patients (age ranged 34-92 years; median 80 years) with intact gallbladders and bile duct stones. Clearance of the duct by basket or balloon extraction was attempted in 97 patients (80 per cent) and achieved in 93 of these patients (96 per cent). In 24 patients the duct was left to empty spontaneously and this occurred in 22 patients. Immediate complications due to endoscopic sphincterotomy occurred in five patients (two haemorrhage, two perforation, one haemorrhage and perforation). Of the 101 patients reviewed 12-72 months (median 24 months) after endoscopic sphincterotomy, 76 (75 per cent) have remained asymptomatic throughout the follow-up period. Eighteen patients (18 per cent) required cholecystectomy for recurrent gallbladder symptoms 1-24 months after endoscopic sphincterotomy. One of the asymptomatic patients underwent cholecystectomy on the advice of his consultant. A further seven had recurrent biliary colic or cholangitis necessitating enlargement of the sphincterotomy and further stone retrieval in three of these patients. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is an effective treatment for bile duct stones in high risk patients, but subsequent cholecystectomy is required in a significant number of patients owing to continuing gallbladder symptoms.     

两镜法治疗胆囊合并胆总管结石36例疗效分析

目的探讨十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy, EST)联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC)治疗胆囊合并总胆管结石的疗效. 方法胆囊合并胆总管结石36例,首先经EST取出胆管结石,然后采用LC切除胆囊. 结果 EST成功34例(94.4%); 失败2例,均因胆管末端狭窄,开腹行胆管空肠吻合术治愈.腹腔镜手术34例,成功32例(94.1%),2例中转开腹. 结论 EST联合LC是治疗胆囊合并胆管结石的优选术式,EST失败者主要原因为胆管狭窄,应首选胆管空肠吻合术.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后再疼痛的原因分析及预防

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）后再疼痛的原因及其预防措施。方法回顾性分析2000年1月～2006年1月168例LC术后再疼痛患者的临床资料（非切口创伤引起;LC术后并发症引起;LC术后1年内又出现类似术前症状;LC术前症状符合胆囊炎并胆囊结石症状,而未能进一步完善诊断,术后又出现LC术前相同症状及新发症状,考虑为其他病因引起的LC术前疼痛症状）。并对其术后再疼痛的原因及处理进行总结。结果颈肩痛24例;戳口痛5例;持续性腹腔内疼痛71例,其中28例胆漏,23例继发胆总管结石,6例术后急性胰腺炎,残株胆囊炎和（或）胆囊管残余结石8例,肝下间隙积液感染5例,十二指肠球部溃疡1例;阵发性腹部疼痛32例,其中9例为肠蠕动亢进,23例胆道运动障碍;黄疸并疼痛31例,其中右肝管狭窄肝内胆管局灶性扩张7例,胆管炎10例,肝外胆管残余结石11例,壶腹癌2例,胆总管下端癌1例;胆道蛔虫症2例;腹胀诱发疼痛2例;剧烈恶心、呕吐诱发疼痛1例。168例均症状缓解,其中再手术、ERCP＋EST治疗86例,非手术治疗82例。168例随访1～36个月,无其他并发症发生。结论LC术后疼痛的原因涉及到围手术期的每个环节;完善LC术前检查,重视术中术后的每个环节是减少LC术后疼痛的关键。     

经内镜乳头括约肌切开(EST)治疗胆总管结石326例临床分析

目的 探讨内窥镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)对胆总管结石的治疗效果.方法 总结1990年10月至2009年1月间实施的326例次内窥镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开(EST)治疗胆总管结石的经验,并对其中195例病人进行长期随访.结果 EST治疗胆总管结石326例,结石排出301例(92.3%).内窥镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术后发生并发症20例(6.13%),其中急性胰腺炎10例(3.07%),术后出血7例(2.14%),急性胆管炎4例(1.22%),十二指肠穿孔1例(0.09%),病死1例.随访结果,发生反流性胆管炎20例(10.25%),结石复发18例(9.23%).结论 经内镜括约肌切开治疗胆总管结石创伤小、安全性高、疗效满意、术后恢复快,是一种理想的微创外科方法.