扩张血管束移植预构皮瓣的实验研究

为研究扩张血管束移植皮产的存活范围，将股动静脉血束移植入８保只雄性兔的腹部上以下肉膜内，一侧皮下同时置入皮肤扩张器，对侧置入硅胶薄膜，术后２周开始扩张，术后４进行预构皮瓣活体血管染色和移植 活的比较研究，结果：扩张的预构皮瓣血管染色范围和移植后存在活范围均大于未扩张的预构皮瓣。     

血管束移植预构轴型皮瓣的血供范围

为了研究不同因素对血管束移植预构轴型皮瓣范围的影响，将血管束移植入３８只雄性兔的腹部皮下，对术后不同时间、植入不同管径血管束、植入皮下不同层次以及同时埋入皮肤扩张器的预构轴型皮瓣，进行了皮瓣活体血管染色和移植存活范围的比较研究。结果提示：行预构轴型皮瓣移转的合适时机在术后的３～４周；大管径较小管径血管束及血管束植入受区较丰富的血管网层次其预构皮瓣的面积大；所预构的皮瓣范围，包括以血管束为轴的受区邻近区域和发自该区域走向皮瓣中远部的小动脉所支配的区域，呈不规整形态；植入血管束同时皮下埋入扩张器，于术后２周开始扩张，术后４周移转是可行的     

血管束移植预构轴型皮瓣的血供范围

为了研究不同因素对血管束移植预构轴型皮瓣范围的影响,将血管束移植入38只雄性兔的腹部皮下,对术后不同时间、植入不同管径血管束、植入皮下不同层次以及同时埋入皮肤扩张器的预构轴型皮瓣,进行了皮瓣活体血管染色和移植存活范围的比较研究。结果提示:行预构轴型皮瓣移转的合适时机在术后的3～4周;大管径较小管径血管束及血管束植入受区较丰富的血管网层次其预构皮瓣的面积大;所预构的皮瓣范围,包括以血管束为轴的受区邻近区域和发自该区域走向皮瓣中远部的小动脉所支配的区域,呈不规整形态;植入血管束同时皮下埋入扩张器,于术后2周开始扩张,术后4周移转是可行的。     

血管束移植预构轴型皮瓣的血供范围

为了研究不同因素对血管束移植预构轴型皮瓣范围的影响，将血管束移植入３８只雄性兔的腹部皮下，对术后不同时间，植入不同管径血管束，植入皮下不同层次以及同时埋入皮肤扩张器的预构轴型皮瓣，进行了皮瓣活体血管染色和移植存活范围的比较研究。     

预构皮瓣再血管化时间测定的动物实验研究

目的：动态观察预构皮瓣再血管化现象，确定预构皮瓣再血管化成熟的时间，为何时转移皮瓣提供指导依据。方法：以北京小型香猪为实验动物，转移胃网膜左血管预构左胸腹部皮瓣，以76％泛影葡胺连续数周做X线血管造影，观察血管在皮瓣内的形态学变化。结果：血管造影结果显示皮瓣在术后1周少量血管化，术后2周部分血管化，术后3周完全血管化，术后4周结果与术后3周无明显差异。结论：预构皮瓣再血管化成熟时间为血管转移术后3周，血管柬植入皮瓣3周后即可以植入血管束为蒂安全转移皮瓣。预构皮瓣再血管化现象是从植入血管束的远端开始，血管束的主干始终不发生再血管化现象。     

组织扩张对预构轴型皮瓣血供影响的实验研究

目的　研究组织扩张对预构轴型皮瓣血供范围的影响 ,为临床上获取更大面积的预构轴型皮瓣提供理论指导。方法　在同一只兔子腹部的左右侧分别设计、完成以股动、静脉为轴型血管的预构皮瓣 ,右侧腹部仅预构皮瓣未埋置扩张器 (未扩张组 ) ,左侧预构皮瓣下埋置扩张器进行扩张 (扩张组 ) ,分别于预构术后 1、3、5、7、10、14、2 1、2 8、5 6天对扩张组与未扩张组预构皮瓣血供范围进行相关检测。结果　预构皮瓣经扩张后其轴型血管供血范围明显大于未经扩张的预构皮瓣 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　扩张术可加速皮瓣预构进程 ,增加预构轴型皮瓣的存活面积     

组织扩张对预构轴型皮瓣血供影响的实验研究

目的研究组织扩张对预构轴型皮瓣血供范围的影响,为临床上获取更大面积的预构轴型皮瓣提供理论指导.方法在同一只兔子腹部的左右侧分别设计、完成以股动、静脉为轴型血管的预构皮瓣,右侧腹部仅预构皮瓣未埋置扩张器(未扩张组),左侧预构皮瓣下埋置扩张器进行扩张(扩张组),分别于预构术后1、3、5、7、10、14、21、28、56天对扩张组与未扩张组预构皮瓣血供范围进行相关检测.结果预构皮瓣经扩张后其轴型血管供血范围明显大于未经扩张的预构皮瓣(P＜0.05).结论扩张术可加速皮瓣预构进程,增加预构轴型皮瓣的存活面积.     

岛状筋膜瓣预构扩张皮瓣的实验研究

目的　在动物模型上探索岛状筋膜瓣诱导预制扩张皮瓣的存活和血供建立时限 ,为临床应用提供理论依据。方法　在大白鼠的侧胸腹形成以侧胸血管为蒂的岛状筋膜瓣 (1.5cm× 2 .0cm) ,经皮下转移至背部 ,其下埋置扩张器 ,扩张完毕后 ,形成以筋膜瓣血管蒂为载体的预构扩张皮瓣 ,观察皮瓣的成活 ,并行微血管照影 ,了解且扩展可促进微血管的再生微血管构建情况。结果　岛状筋膜瓣的血管与皮肤血管网在 3周后即建立了良好的吻合 ,预构皮瓣建立了丰富的血供 ,且扩展可促进微血管的再生 ,预构皮瓣的长宽可比筋膜瓣大 2 .5～ 4.0倍。结论　皮肤扩张的同时应用岛状筋膜瓣预构的轴型皮瓣能建立起丰富的血管网 ,以筋膜瓣血管为蒂移植安全 ,较传统扩张或随意皮瓣应用更灵活 ,可将岛状或游离皮瓣作远位移植 ,且皮瓣更薄     

岛状筋膜瓣预构扩张皮瓣的实验研究

目的在动物模型上探索岛状筋膜瓣诱导预制扩张皮瓣的存活和血供建立时限,为临床应用提供理论依据.方法在大白鼠的侧胸腹形成以侧胸血管为蒂的岛状筋膜瓣(1.5cm×2.0cm),经皮下转移至背部,其下埋置扩张器,扩张完毕后,形成以筋膜瓣血管蒂为载体的预构扩张皮瓣,观察皮瓣的成活,并行微血管照影,了解且扩展可促进微血管的再生微血管构建情况.结果岛状筋膜瓣的血管与皮肤血管网在3周后即建立了良好的吻合,预构皮瓣建立了丰富的血供,且扩展可促进微血管的再生,预构皮瓣的长宽可比筋膜瓣大2.5～4.0倍.结论皮肤扩张的同时应用岛状筋膜瓣预构的轴型皮瓣能建立起丰富的血管网,以筋膜瓣血管为蒂移植安全,较传统扩张或随意皮瓣应用更灵活,可将岛状或游离皮瓣作远位移植,且皮瓣更薄.     

兔股动脉和静脉预构轴型扩张皮瓣的实验观察

目的 通过兔股动脉、静脉预构轴型扩张皮瓣的微循环血流晕动态变化、光镜下结构的改变及其成活面积,为预构轴型扩张皮瓣的临床应用提供依据.方法 选择新西兰白兔40只,随机分为4组:预构轴型扩张皮瓣组、预构轴型不扩张皮瓣组、单纯预构轴型皮瓣组及无蒂游离皮瓣组,每组4只,前2组股动脉、静脉移位后,预构轴型扩张皮瓣组、预构轴型不扩张皮瓣组分别在肉膜深面置入容量为50 ml长方形皮肤软组织扩张器,预构轴型扩张皮瓣组7 d后开始注水;无蒂游离皮瓣组为对照组,未采取预构及扩张处理.定期对4组皮肤进行微循环血流量检测,并取样进行光镜观察.预构术后52 d,前3组形成以预构股动静脉血管束为蒂的岛状皮瓣,游离皮瓣组则形成无蒂游离皮瓣后均原位缝合,观察其成活面积.结果 预构轴型扩张皮瓣组较其他组微循环血流量增加,成活面积大[(97.54±2.73)%],光镜下改变显著(P<0.05).结论 扩张术能促进预构轴型皮瓣的血管化进程,明显增大预构轴型皮瓣成活面积,增加其移植的安全性.     

颞顶筋膜岛状瓣植入耳后乳突区预制扩张筋膜皮瓣修复面部皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨一种较好的修复面部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法。方法手术分两期进行。一期手术时,以颞浅动静脉为蒂,掀起颞顶浅筋膜岛状瓣,沿同侧发际线切开,在耳后乳突区皮下剥离,形成适当大小的囊腔,将颞顶筋膜瓣转移至囊腔内,适当固定,于筋膜瓣下放置皮肤扩张器;扩张完毕后,取出扩张器,以颞浅动静脉为蒂,掀起耳后乳突区预制岛状筋膜皮瓣,用于面部皮肤缺损的修复。结果自1999年以来,临床应用9例,其中面部黑痣2例,面部血管瘤2例,面部瘢痕5例。颞顶筋膜岛状皮瓣蒂长5.5~7cm,平均6.2cm,筋膜瓣面积4cm×3cm~7cm×7cm,平均5.7cm×4.9cm,预制筋膜皮瓣面积为5cm×5cm~8.0cm×7.5cm,平均6.4cm×6.1cm;术后皮瓣全部成活,供瓣区直接拉拢缝合者5例,另行皮片移植修复者4例。结论颞顶筋膜皮瓣血管蒂长,转移方便,血运丰富,耳后乳突区皮肤在质地、色泽、厚度等方面均与面部皮肤最为接近,是一种良好的修复面部皮肤软组织缺损的方法。     

Impact of tissue expansion on flap prefabrication: An experimental study in rabbits

This study was designed to determine whether tissue expansion after vascular pedicle implantation would increase the survival area of prefabricated skin flaps. In 20 New Zealand white rabbits, the vascular pedicle consisting of the central artery and vein of the left ear was implanted into the neck. At the time of pedicle implantation a subcutaneous pocket was created measuring 5 × 14 cm beneath the implantation site. Tissue expanders of three different sizes and volumes were implanted in the rabbits of three treatment groups. No tissue expander was implanted in the animals of the control group. All flaps were transposed after 3 weeks to the contralateral ear, and flap survival was assessed 1 week later. The increased area of the flap survival was statistically significant in all three treatment groups compared to the nonexpanded flaps (P = 0.003, P = 0.004, P < 0.0001, respectively). In addition there was a statistically significant larger area of survival using a 100-cc expander measuring 5 × 14 cm (the same size as the elevated flap) compared to 40-cc (3 × 5 cm) or to 60-cc (4 × 8 cm) expanders (P < 0.001, P = 0.004, respectively). The one-way analysis of variance and the t-test were used to show statistical differences. We conclude that the time necessary for neovascularisation of the skin flap could be used to expand the tissue, not only increasing the amount of available tissue, but also enhancing the vascularity. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Fat tissue as a new vascular carrier for prefabrication in reconstructive surgery: experimental study in rats

Several vascular carriers for different tissues were used for the purpose of fat tissue prefabrication. However, the inguinal fat pad in rats can be elevated with a vascular pedicle and considered as a vascular carrier. To the best of our knowledge, the fat tissue in rats as a vascular carrier has not been reported in any experimental studies to date. In our study, we aimed to describe a new prefabrication model in rats in which skin prefabrication was accomplished using the inguinal fat pad as a vascular carrier. Inguinal fat pads in rats were elevated over a superficial epigastric vessel pedicle in the pilot study. The contralateral inguinal fat pads were prepared as grafts. After 1 week, we compared the histopathological findings of the inguinal fat pad flaps and grafts and determined that the inguinal fat pad can be safely elevated over the vascular pedicle. In the experimental group, bilateral vascularised inguinal fat pads were transferred to the lower abdomen for skin prefabrication. After 3 weeks, bilateral fat-skin composite flaps including prefabricated lower abdomen skin were elevated over the vascular pedicles. One side was used as a composite flap while pedicle of the other side was transected at its origin at the femoral vessels to create the composite graft. Composite flap and graft were inserted at their original positions. One week later, the composite flaps were stained with India ink, perfused by fluorescein, and filled with contrast material for microangiographic study. In the histological examination, fat and skin tissues of the composite flaps were viable while those of the composite grafts were necrotic. Based on these findings, we can conclude that the fat tissue as a vascular carrier can be successfully used for tissue prefabrication in plastic surgery.     

Resistance of rapidly expanded random skin flaps to bacterial invasion

This study tested the hypothesis that rapidly expanded random pattern skin flaps demonstrate enhanced resistance to bacterial invasion from intradermal injection of Staphylococcus aureus in a porcine model. Sites for a 6 X 12 cm expanded, a 6 X 9 cm sham-expanded, and a 6 X 6 cm acute random pattern skin flap were outlined, but not elevated, on the backs of 14 white pigs. A 450-cc tissue expander inserted beneath the panniculus carnosus at the site for expansion was sequentially filled to the limits of skin viability each day for 5 days. At the sham site a tissue expander was similarly inserted but left unexpanded; the acute flap site was left undisturbed. On day 8, flaps were elevated, immediately sutured in place, and 0.1 ml of saline solution containing 10(7) Staphylococcus aureus inoculated intradermally at four corresponding sites in each flap and at three sites in normal skin. In seven animals these sites were at the proximal base of the flaps; in seven others the sites were distal. The resulting areas of erythema and skin ulceration were measured on each of the next 3 days and the measurements compared. At corresponding proximal sites, the mean area of erythema and ulceration measured over the next 3 days in expanded flaps (31.2 mm2) and in sham-expanded flaps (33.8 mm2) was significantly less than in acute flaps and control skin (47.5 mm2, 43.4 mm2, p less than 0.05). Measurements in the rapidly expanded flaps were not significantly different than those in the sham-operated expanded flaps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

髂腰真皮下血管网轴型皮瓣在手部创面修复中的应用

目的:研究一种用于上肢远端皮肤软组织缺损的理想修复方法。方法:选择27例上肢远端(前臂及手部)皮肤软组织缺损创面进行修复研究。在同侧髂腰部设计所需大小和形状的髂腰轴型皮瓣,将该皮瓣进行精细减薄制成真皮下血管网轴型皮瓣,皮瓣中的旋髂浅动脉完好保留,带蒂转移修复上肢远端创面,3周后断蒂完成修复。结果:本组27个髂腰真皮下血管网轴型皮瓣移植后全部成活。12个月后随访18例,皮瓣组织无肿胀,表面美学效果满意,皮瓣感觉恢复较好。结论:髂腰轴型真皮下血管网带蒂皮瓣移植是修复上肢远端皮肤软组织缺损的理想方法。     

Neurocutaneous island flap:: an experimental model using the rabbit ear

The rabbit ear has often been used as an experimental model; however, a neurocutaneous flap has never been described before. The authors examined the reliability of a skin cartilage flap with a pedicle composed only of a sensory nerve with its vascular network in a rabbit model: A 2 x 2-cm cutaneous cartilage flap was harvested on the dorsal side of the ear bilaterally. Vessels were tied and cut on the 4 sides of the flap, including the central auricular artery and vein. The nerve was cut at the distal side of the flap and was "skeletonized" to the extent of 1 cm on the proximal side, meticulously preserving its vascular network. Subsequently, the flap was elevated with the cartilage as a composite flap and was sutured back to its natural site. The authors elevated 28 skin cartilage flaps on the dorsal side of both the ears of 14 New Zealand White rabbits, centered on the central neurovascular axis. All 28 flaps survived. In the control group of 7 rabbits, the artery, vein, and nerve (pedicle) were severed, and the skin cartilage island was sutured back as a composite graft. None of these 14 grafts survived. In 4 additional rabbits, the authors performed a histologic examination 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 3 weeks postoperatively of the neurovascular axis after the same skin cartilage flap was harvested. They compared these results with the histologic examination of the nerve of the contralateral nonoperated ear, and noted a marked dilatation and multiplication of blood vessels in the operated ear beginning on day 1 postoperatively. The presence of this neurocutaneous vascularization should be considered when other kinds of flaps (venous flaps or others) are used as experimental models using the rabbit ear.     

Fibrin-embedded administration of VEGF plasmid enhances skin flap survival

The aim of the present study was to experimentally evaluate whether topical fibrin-mediated administration of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A plasmid to the wound bed can protect skin flaps from necrosis. A plasmid expression vector containing the VEGF-A cDNA was constructed. The plasmid was then administered to the wound bed of rat abdominal skin flaps in a fibrin sealant. The percentage of viable, ischemic and necrotic tissue was assessed postoperatively as a baseline and after 3 and 7 days using digital surface area morphometry. Laser Doppler imaging of the flaps and VEGF-A Western blot analysis of flap tissue were performed to assess angiogenesis and VEGF-A tissue levels. Flaps treated with VEGF plasmids in the presence of uptake enhancing Lipofectamine transfection reagent increased flap survival 7 days postoperatively significantly associated with markedly elevated tissue perfusion and enhanced tissue VEGF-A protein expression. Our results indicate that topical fibrin-mediated administration of a VEGF-A plasmid may serve as an alternative to previous strategies in treating ischemic skin flaps. The suggested therapeutic approach is easily applicable and inexpensive in preparation. Thus, this protocol may also enhance wound healing in posttrauma skin lacerations or in skin grafts.     

胸脐带蒂皮瓣血管蒂皮管设计的改进及临床应用

目的探讨胸脐带蒂皮瓣血管蒂皮管设计改进的可行性。方法1999年1月-2005年6月，对26例臂及手部软组织缺损创面，应用胸脐带蒂皮瓣，在血管蒂部设计辅助三角皮瓣，三角皮瓣顺行或逆行旋转与血管蒂上的皮肤瓦合缝合构成皮管覆盖创面，术后4周断蒂。结果术后皮瓣全部存在，为二期手术创造了良好的软组织条件。结论胸脐带蒂皮瓣血管蒂皮管设计的改进更易缝合血管蒂，旋转弧度大，操作简便，最大限度的利用了腹部供区修复创面。     

双侧胸脐带蒂皮瓣联合修复前臂及手部两处软组织缺损

目的探讨应用双侧胸脐皮瓣修复前臂及手部两处软组织缺损的可行性。方法1997年8月至2000年5月,对7例前臂及手部两处大面积软组织缺损患者,采用双侧胸脐带蒂皮瓣顺、逆行联合移位修复创面。皮瓣面积为10cm～12cm×10cm～28cm。7例皮瓣后期均经断蒂训练,一般于术后5至6周断蒂。结果术后所有皮瓣均全部成活。1例的逆行胸脐皮瓣于术后24h,远端皮缘呈青紫色,经拆除部分缝线后血运恢复正常;术后2周游离局部皮下组织后将皮瓣与创缘直接拉拢缝合。7例患者术后前臂和手部外观良好,为二期手术创造了良好的软组织条件。结论双侧顺、逆行胸脐皮瓣的最佳适应证为一期修复前臂及手部创面两处软组织缺损的创面。     

Use of free interpositional vein grafts as pedicles for prefabrication of skin flaps

Pedicles created from a long vein graft increase the scope and applications of prefabricated skin flaps. This study reports the survival and pattern of neovascularization of lower abdominal skin flaps in rabbits based on a pedicle formed by interposition of a long vein graft between the divided ipsilateral femoral artery and vein. Flaps were elevated 2–5 weeks after pedicle implantation and the surviving area quantitated and vascular patterns examined 1 week later. Only 8 out of 35 flaps were greater than 50% alive, the most frequent cause of flap failure being pedicle non-patency. If the pedicle remained patent, complete flap survival was possible as early as 2 weeks after implantation. In non-patent pedicles, recanalization or formation of a new vascular network may, given at least 4 weeks, be sufficient to ensure partial flap survival. The findings indicate that implantation of a long, skeletonized vein graft is an unreliable method of prefabrication of abdominal skin flaps in this model. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.