小剂量甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠治疗毛细支气管炎的疗效观察

目的：观察甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠治疗小儿毛细支气管炎的疗效。方法58例我科确诊为毛细支气管炎的患儿按就诊先后随机抽签分为治疗组28例和对照组30例,2组患儿在综合治疗的基础上,对照组给予琥珀酸氢化可的松5mg·kg-1·次-1,2次/d静脉滴注;治疗组给予甲泼尼龙1mg·kg-1·次-1,2次/d静脉滴注,疗程3~5d。结果治疗组总有效率为96.4％明显高于对照组的90.0％,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）;治疗组主要症状、体征缓解及住院时间明显短与对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论剂量甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠治疗毛细支气管炎疗效明显优于琥珀酸氢化可的松。     

布地奈德联合硫酸沙丁胺醇雾化吸人治疗毛细支气管炎疗效观察

目的:探讨布地奈德联合硫酸沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎的疗效.方法:152例毛细支气管炎患儿随机分为对照组76例和治疗组76例,对照组给予抗病毒、抗感染、氨茶碱、琥珀酸氢化可地松等治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上加用布地奈德联合硫酸沙丁胺醇雾化吸入,2 ～3次/d,5 ～10 min/次,疗程5～7d,对治疗前后两组症状体征变化及住院时间进行比较.结果:治疗组在喘憋消失时间、咳嗽消失时间、肺部体征改善时间及住院天数等方面均优于对照组;治疗组总有效率为97.4％,对照组总有效率为76.3％,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:布地奈德联合硫酸沙丁胺醇雾化吸入起效快,效果肯定,依从性好,可作为毛细支气管炎治疗的首选.     

氨茶碱负荷量静滴治疗小儿毛细支气管炎疗效观察

目的 观察氨茶碱负荷量静滴治疗毛细支气管炎的临床疗效.方法 将79例毛细支气管炎患儿随机分为治疗组40例与对照组39例.2组除予相同基础治疗外,对照组予琥珀氢化考的松静滴,治疗组予氨茶碱负荷量静滴.观察、比较2组疗效.结果 治疗组总有效率为97.5%,明显高于对照组的79.5%;治疗组喘憋缓解、哮鸣音消失、肺部湿罗音消失、住院时间均短于对照组.差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 氨茶碱负荷量治疗毛细支气管炎疗效好,值得临床推广应用.     

喜炎平和布地奈德雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎疗效观察

目的:探讨雾化吸入喜炎平、布地奈德治疗毛细支气管炎的疗效及安全性.方法:将82例毛细支气管炎患儿按随机抽样法分为观察组和对照组,对照组给予静脉滴注利巴韦林、抗支原体药物及琥珀酸氢化可的松、氨茶碱治疗;观察组在对照组基础上雾化吸入喜炎平、布地奈德.结果:观察组和对照组患儿治疗1 h后哮鸣音消失或减少的例数和呼吸困难、痰鸣音消失的时间差异有显著性.结论:雾化吸入喜炎平、布地奈德治疗毛细支气管炎能够迅速改善症状、缩短病程且用药安全有效.     

盐酸氨溴索联合氢化可的松琥珀酸钠治疗毛细支气管炎的疗效观察

目的 分析研究盐酸氨溴索联合氢化可的松琥珀酸钠治疗毛细支气管炎的临床疗效.方法 将 64例毛细支气管炎患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各 32例.两组患者均采用对症治疗,在此基础上对照组给予盐酸氨溴索及氨茶碱治疗.治疗组予盐酸氨溴索加用氢化可的松琥珀酸钠治疗,观察记录两组临床疗效.结果 治疗组与对照组总有效率,平均住院时间和临床表现消失时间比较差异有统计学意义 （ P〈0.05）.结论 盐酸氨溴索联合氢化可的松琥珀酸钠治疗小儿毛细支气管炎,是一种安全有效的方法.     

普米克和博利康尼雾化吸入联合氢化可的松治疗毛细支气管炎疗效观察

目的:观察普米克和博利康尼雾化吸入联合氢化可的松琥珀酸钠治疗毛细支气管炎的临床效果。方法:将68例毛细支气管炎的患儿分为治疗组(40例),对照组(28例)。治疗组给予普米克、博利康尼雾化吸入治疗毛细支气管炎,普米克0.25～0.5mg,博利康尼2.5mg,雾化吸入日2次,氢化可的松珀酸钠静脉滴注5～10mg/(kg·次),6～8小时1次;对照组只给予氢化可的松琥珀酸钠静脉滴注,剂量5～10mg/(kg·次),6～8小时1次,疗程3～5天。结果:治疗组呼吸困难、咳嗽、喘息、喘鸣音平均消失天数较对照组明显缩短。结论:普米克和博利康尼雾化吸入联合氢化可的松琥珀酸钠治疗毛细支气管炎可做为首选治疗。     

盐酸氨溴索对儿童毛细支气管炎的辅助治疗

目的:观察盐酸氨溴索治疗毛细支气管炎的疗效.方法:毛细支气管炎患儿67例,随机分为治疗组34例,对照组33例.在常规治疗基础上,治疗组辅用盐酸氨溴索注射液静脉滴注7.5mg/次,2次/d,连用5d.结果:总有效率:治疗组94.12%,对照组75.76%,两组比较有显著性差异(x2=6.61,P<0.05).结论:盐酸氨溴索治疗毛细支气管炎疗效显著,安全,可靠.     

炎琥宁、复方丹参注射液佐治小婴儿毛细支气管炎疗效观察

目的:探讨炎琥宁、复方丹参注射液佐治小婴儿重症毛细支气管炎的临床疗效.方法:选择住院的重症急性毛细支气管炎患儿80例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各40例,治疗组使用炎琥宁10 mg/(kg·d)、复方丹参2～4 mL/d静脉滴注;对照组采用利巴韦林10～15 mg/(kg·d)静脉滴注,比较治疗后两组疗效.结果:治疗组总有效率90.0%;对照组总有效率70.0%;两组总有效率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:炎琥宁、复方丹参注射液治疗重症小婴儿毛细支气管炎疗效确切,未见明显不良反应.     

注射用氢化可的松琥珀酸钠琥珀酸钠佐治婴幼儿毛细支气管炎疗效观察

目的观察静脉注射氢化可的松琥珀酸钠佐治毛细支气管炎的疗效。方法本院收治的75例毛细支气管炎，随机分为加用氢化可的松琥珀酸钠的治疗组及对照组两组，其他治疗基本相同。结果治疗组在临床症状的改善及胸片阴影的吸收方面，明显优于对照组，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。结论氢化可的松琥珀酸钠佐治婴儿毛细支气管炎是一种安全有效的方法。     

甲基强的松龙治疗毛细支气管炎疗效观察

目的:观察甲基强的松龙治疗毛细支气管炎的疗效。方法:将毛细支气管炎患儿42例随机平均分为两组,治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用甲基强的松龙1～2mg/(kg·d),分1～2次静脉点滴,对照组在常规治疗基础上加用氢化可的松4～8mg/(kg·d),分1～2次静脉点滴。结果:患儿喘息、住院时间缩短等方面治疗组与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论:甲基强的松龙治疗毛细支气管炎安全有效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.