不同云芝菌株及提取工艺所得结合蛋白多糖的分析比较

分别用酚－硫酸法、Ｌｏｗｒｙ－Ｆｏｌｉｎ法和高效液相凝胶渗透色谱法（ＨＰＧＰＣ）测定云芝菌丝体提取物云芝糖肽（１）中糖和蛋白质的含量及分子量,来自８株菌株的提取物其多糖含量为４１．１％～４７．４％（Ｐ〉０．０５）;蛋白质含量为２３．１％～３６．６％（Ｐ〈０．０５）,分子量为３４ｋＤ～６８ｋＤ。云芝菌丝体经碱提得到的提取物１－Ｋ,多糖一和分子量分别为１１．０％和１４ｋＤ,均低于其进一步的醇沉物１－ＫＡ（３５．８％和３８ｋＤ）,但两者蛋白质含量为３６．４％和３８．５％,无显著差异,菌丝体水提物１－ＵＡ经纯化后得１－ＵＣ,其多糖含量和分子量分别上升到７１．４％和５３ｋＤ。     

中药厚朴中厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的毛细管区带电泳分析

本文采用毛细管区带电泳法（ＣＺＥ）,以硼酸－磷酸混合体系作为背景电解质,对中药厚朴中两种具有生物活性的酚类成分（厚朴酚、和厚朴酚）进行分离。经过实验条件的优化,在０．０３ ｍｏｌ·Ｌ~(－１)硼酸－０．０１ ｍｏｌ·Ｌ~(－１)磷酸－２０％乙醇（ｐＨ １０．８０）缓冲液,检测波长２９４ｎｍ条件下,厚朴酚、和厚朴酚在１２分钟内可获得基线分离。实验表明这种方法简便快速,准确可靠,采用外标法可同时对厚朴中的厚朴酚、和厚朴酚进行定量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定金薏尿石颗粒剂及大黄药材中大黄酸,大黄素,大黄酚

用高效液相色谱法测定金燕不石颗粒剂及大黄药材中大黄酸，大黄素，大黄酚，大黄素甲醚和芦荟大黄素的含量。选用ＡｌｌｔｉｍａＣ１８分析柱，流动相：甲醇－０．１％磷酸溶液（９０：１０），检测波长：４４０ｎｍ，流速：１．０ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ，柱温：３０℃。颗粒剂中各成分的平均回收率分别为大黄酸９８．１％（ＲＳＤ＝１．９）、大黄素９７．８％（ＲＳＤ＝２．９％）、大黄酚９７．９％（ＲＳＤ＝２．４％）、大黄素甲醚９７．     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子的高效液相色谱分析

目的：测定重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子（ｒｈＧ－ＣＳＦ）的蛋白浓度、分子量及纯度。方法：反相高效液相色谱（ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ）法及高效体积排阻色谱法（ＳＥＣ）。结果：蛋白浓度测定方法可靠,平均回收率为１００．１７％,ＲＳＤ＝０．８％,重现性好,日内ＲＳＤ＝０．７％,日间ＲＳＤ＝１．１％,且与福林－酚法（Ｌｏｗｒｙ法）测得结果无显著差异。样品无需处理,可直接上样,同时可得到样品的纯度数据。ＳＥＣ法测得分子量     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定苯巴比妥和卡马西平血药浓度

目的：建立同时测定微量血浆中苯巴比妥和卡马西平浓度的方法。方法：采用ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ法,以艾司唑仑为内标,同时测定微量血浆中苯芭巴比妥和卡马西平浓度。色谱柱ｓｈｉｍａｄｚｕ ｓｈｉｒｍｐａｃｋ ＣＬＣ－Ｃ１８不锈钢柱,流动相为醇－水（６０：４０）,流速０．８ｍｌ．ｍｉｎ＾－１,检测波长２５４ｎｍ。结果：苯巴比妥在４～６０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１浓度范围内线性良好（ｒ＝０．９９９８）,卡马西平在２～１６μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１浓度范围内线性良好（ｒ＝０．９９９５）,最低检测限分别为１１．５７ｎｇ．ｍｌ＾－１和４．９２ｎｍ．ｍｌ＾－１,两者高、中、低３种浓度的平均回收率分别为９９．９２％,１０１．３０％,９７．９２％和９９．４１％,１０１．５２％,９８．２２％（ｎ＝９）,日内ＲＳＤ分别为３．１％,２．６％,３．８％和１．９％,１．６     

RP－HPLC法测定牛蒡子中木脂素的含量

用ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ法分离并测定了牛蒡子中５种２，３－二苄基丁内酯型木脂素——牛蒡甙（Ⅰ）、牛蒡酚Ａ（Ⅱ）、牛蒡酚Ｆ（Ⅲ）、牛蒡甙元（Ⅳ）、牛蒡素Ｂ（Ⅴ）。以安定为内标，分析柱Ｃ１８，甲醇－水－乙腈－四氢呋喃（５７：４９：１１：１）为流动相，梯度流速，１．０～１．５ｍ１／ｍｉｎ。检测波长２２０ｎｍ，线性范围０．０２９～０．２４２μｇ，相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９３～０．９９９９，回收率９６．１４～１０４．９９％。本法简便、快速、灵敏。     

处方成份对安乃近直肠吸收影响的研究

采用一阶导数分光光度法及离子对萃取分光光度法测定了微型灌肠剂中安乃近（１）与盐酸氯丙嗪（２）的含量,线性范围分别为５－３０μｇ／ｍｌ（回收率１００．５４％,ＲＳＤ＝１．０９％）与２０－４０μｇ／ｍｌ（回收率１００．４０％,ＲＳＤ＝１．５５％）。用大鼠在体直肠灌注剩余量法,考察了该灌肠剂中２、明胶（３）对１直肠吸收的影响。逐步回归分析表明,２在０－１％浓度范围内促进１的吸收,３在０－１０％浓度范围内     

米非司酮,环氧司坦及其合并用药的抗生育作用

大鼠妊娠ｄ１０，ＲＵ－４８６单用及与Ｅｐｏ１２ｍｇ·ｋｇ＾－１合用的ｉｇ抗生育ＤＥ５０（９５％可信限）分别为７．８（５．３－１０．０）及２．６（２．０－３．３）ｍｇ·ｋｇ＾－１（Ｐ〈０．０５）；Ｅｐｏ单用及与ＲＵ－４８６ ４ ｍｇ·ｋｇ＾－１合用的ｉｇ抗生育ＥＤ５０（９５％可信限）分别为２５．５（１９．４－３３．６）及５．１（４．７－７．４）ｍｇ·ｋｇ＾－１（Ｐ〈０．０５）。Ｅｐｏ１２ｍｇ·ｋｇ＾…     

厚朴的气相色谱—质谱分析

尊文用ＨＰ－５毛细管气－质联用法分析了厚朴药材的化学成分。色谱柱为ＨＰ－５柱（３０ｍ×０．２５ｍｍ）；程序升温１５０℃６℃／ｍｉｎ，２２０℃（１５ｍｉｎ）；进样口及检测器度均为２８０℃；流速１．０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，分流比１：３０。质谱条件：电子轰击源（Ｅｌ）；电离温度：１７８℃；电子能量：７０ｅＶ。除了确证含有β－桉油醇、厚朴酸及和厚朴酚外，还发现可能含有δ－蛇床烯、十六酸、（Ｚ，Ｚ）－９，１２－十八     

高效液相色谱法测定麻仁丸中芍药甙和厚朴酚含量

本文采用高效液相色谱法测定麻仁丸中芍药甙和厚朴酚的含量，以水－甲醇－乙醇（７５：２０：５）为流动相。检测波长２３０ｎｍ，芍药甙回收率为９８．８％，ＲＳＤ０．８１％，厚朴酚回收率９８．２％，ＲＳＤ１．０２％。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.