胆道金属内支架引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床价值(附34例报告)

目的:总结胆道金属内支架引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床经验和疗效分析。方法:恶性阻塞性黄疸34例,男25例,女9例。胆管癌16例,肝转移瘤5例,胰头癌12例(包括术后胆肠吻合口复发2例)和胆囊癌1例。本组采用金属内支架内引流33例,共使用金属内支架36枚。1例仅行外引流。15例支架置入术后加局部放射治疗和化学治疗。结果:33例采用经皮经肝穿刺置入胆管支架获得成功(其中1例经T型管置入另一枚支架)。其中31例一次性置入支架。3例先行胆汁引流术(PTBD)后,其中2例再放置金属内支架成功,1例因胆管梗阻严重,导丝未能通过梗阻段改行外引流。31例(91.5％)黄疸消退满意。本组仅行支架置入引流者中位生存期6个月,加上放、化疗组中位生存期10个月,结论:恶性梗阻性黄疸的金属内支架引流术治疗,可用于胆道局限性恶性狭窄不能手术治疗、术后复发及高龄患者。配合肿瘤局部放、化疗可明显提高恶性阻塞患者的生存率。     

胆管内支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸28例分析

目的：评价恶性梗阻性黄疸患者介入治疗的近期疗效。方法：将28例患者分为3个治疗组，对术后血清总胆红素下降程度，支架阻塞发生率及患者的生存时间进行回顾性分析。结果：内涵管植入组：60％的患者获得了3个月以上的通畅引流；术后2周血清总胆红素下降率超过50％者2例，平均存活4．5个月。胆道内支架植入组：50例患者获得10个月以上的通畅引流；术后2周血清总胆红素下降率超过50％者6例；平均存活6．5个月。胆道内支架植入＋动脉栓塞化疗组：66．7％患者获得10个月以上通畅引流；术后2周血清总胆红素下降率超过50％者7例；平均顾活8．8个月。结论：金属内支架通畅率高，结合栓塞化疗，可进一步延长患者的生存期。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

为提高恶性梗阻性黄疸病人的生存质量和延长生存期 ,对 2 8例病人采用经皮胆道金属内支架植入术 ,并结合局部内照射或局部化疗 ,姑息性治疗不能手术的恶性梗阻性黄疸病人 ,取得了满意的疗效。本组 2 8例梗阻性黄疸病人 ,男 19例 ,女 9例 ,胆道金属支架均放置成功胆汁引流通畅 ,血清总胆红素降至正常。全部病人均未出现胆道大出血、支架移位等并发症。 2 1例随诊 6～ 12个月 ,生存半年以上的有 16例 ,占76 2 % ;1年以上有 10例 ,占 47 6 %。无 2周内死亡的病例 ,中位生存时间 9个月。经皮胆道内支架植入术结合放化疗 ,治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸 ,…     

恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗短期疗效影响因素的研究

目的：探讨影响恶性梗阻性黄疸经皮肝穿胆道引流（PTBD）联合胆道支架置入术（PTBS）短期疗效的相关因素。方法：分析2004年6月—2009年6月经PTBD和PTBS治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者107例,参照胆红素下降程度和术后30 d内生存情况分为短期治疗有效（91例）和无效（16例）2组,应用卡方检验进行单因素分析,非条件Logistic进行多因素分析。结果：单因素分析显示患者年龄、性别、梗阻时间、梗阻部位、术前胆道感染和肝功能Child-Pugh评分、TBIL、HGB、Cr 9个因素与恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗预后相关。多因素分析示术前胆道感染、肝功能Child-Pugh评分≥9分、Cr≥111μmol/L是恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗的高危因素。结论：术前胆道感染、肝功能Child-Pugh评分≥9分、Cr≥111μmol/L与恶性梗阻性黄疸短期预后关系密切,对梗阻性黄疸介入治疗的术前评估有重要参考意义。     

经皮肝穿胆道置管引流治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的 了解介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效。方法 采用经皮肤穿刺放置内支架或外引流对32例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者进行治疗。结果 中下段胆管梗阻疗效好，治疗一周后多数患者血清胆红素下降超过50％，15天后有16例患者血清胆红素降至正常。结论 胆道介入治疗确实有良好的缓解或消除黄疸的效果，特别是中下段胆道梗阻，黄疸可完全消退，但对上段胆道梗阻的患者，仅能部分缓解黄疸，疗效不如中下段胆道梗阻患者。     

不能切除的恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄疸支架植入治疗的临床体会

目的探讨最适宜恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄疸胆道支架引流的方法。方法77例恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄疸病人随机分为两组,分别接受经皮肝穿胆道金属支架引流术和纤维十二指肠镜胆道金属支架引流术,对比两组病例引流成功率、并发症、支架通畅时间、平均住院时间、生存时间、术后生存质量。结果两组引流成功率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;并发症总发生率、术后6个月支架通畅率、住院时间、术后生存时间两组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论两种支架置入方式均可作为恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄疸非手术姑息性治疗方式,根据技术掌握熟练程度选择适宜术式。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗与手术引流比较

目的比较恶性梗阻性黄疸经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流(PTCD)与手术引流的疗效。方法收集不能手术切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者资料131例,其中102例常规经皮经肝穿刺胆管造影后放置内、外引流管或者留置金属内支架(介入治疗组),解除胆管梗阻;另29例为同期术前判断有手术切除可能而术中证实不能行根治性手术或者不同意行PTCD治疗患者(手术引流组),行开腹胆管内、外引流术。比较2组治疗前、后总胆红素变化、术后并发症发生情况、住院时间以及住院费用。结果介入治疗组穿刺成功率100%,与手术引流组比较,介入治疗组平均胆红素下降50%时间、术后总并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),但平均住院时间和平均住院费用均少于手术引流组(P0.05)。结论与手术引流比较,介入治疗具有微创性,可以重复操作,明显缩短住院时间,减少住院费用,且并不增加并发症发生率,并可以为后续治疗创造条件,是不能手术切除恶性梗阻性黄疸治疗的首选方法。     

不能手术切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸68例治疗体会

目的探讨不能手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸给予介入治疗及术后行放射治疗的效果。方法对笔者所在单位2006年6月至2011年6月期间收治的68例不能手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者在X线导向下行经皮经肝胆道内外引流及金属内支架引流术,对胆道金属内支架置入术后行放射治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析与总结。结果行内外引流管引流28例次,金属内支架置入63例次。55例胆管癌患者胆道金属内支架置入后再行放射治疗,13例患者单纯行胆道内外引流管引流,全部患者的黄疸均得到改善。行胆管肿瘤组织活检51例和胆汁脱落细胞学检查68例,总阳性率为58.8%(40/68),术后0.5、1及3年存活率分别为95.6%(65/68),70.6%(48/68)和14.7%(10/68)。结论恶性梗阻性黄疸在失去手术治疗机会后采用介入治疗解除胆管梗阻,减轻肝脏损害,胆道金属内支架置入术后再行放射治疗,有助于提高患者生存质量,延长患者生存时间。     

经皮经肝胆道内外引流及金属内支架引流术治疗梗阻性黄疸

目的 探讨恶性梗阻性黄疸失去手术时机时经皮经肝胆道内外引流及内支架引流术的效果。方法 对失去手术时机的21例梗阻性黄疸患者实施X光透视下经皮经肝胆道内外引流及金属内支架置入术。结果 本组21例（20例恶性梗阻，1例良性梗阻）全部穿刺成功，行内外引流8例次，内支架置入15例次，黄疸均得到改善。无严重并发症发生。20例恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗后3，6，2个月生存率分别为90．0％，80．0％，15．0％。结论 经皮经肝胆道内外引流及内支架引流对失去手术时机的梗阻性黄疸具有疗效可靠，创伤小，并发症少等优点。     

PTCD联合胆道支架置人术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸39例临床疗效分析

目的探讨经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术（PTCD）联合胆道支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的操作技巧及其临床应用价值。方法2009年8月至2011年5月期间中国医科大学附属第四医院介入科对39例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者施行了PTCD联合胆道支架置入术,对其临床资料和效果进行回顾性分析。结果39例患者全部穿刺成功,穿刺成功率为100％。穿刺左叶胆管11例,穿刺右叶胆管19例,左右胆管均行穿刺9例;单纯外引流22例,内外引流17例;引流管保留7～14d后均成功行胆道支架置入术。33例患者自觉症状有缓解。患者术后14d时,其白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素和间接胆红素水平均较术前降低（P〈0．05）。术后发生胆道感染3例（7．69％）,发生急性胰腺炎4例（10．26％）,发生支架脱落移位1例（2．56％）,无胆汁性腹膜炎等并发症发生。本组32例患者获访,随访时间为8d～16．5个月,平均9．4个月。随访期间,27例患者死于肿瘤进展及多脏器功能衰竭;5例患者存活,无黄疸加重症状。结论PTCD联合胆道支架置入术是一种姑息治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法,具有简便、有效、安全、可重复性等优点,但需注意其适应证的选择和并发症的预防。     

Management of biliary obstruction in patients with unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas.

Clinical and pathologic data from 73 patients with unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas treated from 1980 to 1987 were reviewed to evaluate the efficacy of biliary enteric bypass and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. Fifty-two patients underwent biliary enteric bypass with no operative deaths and with a 15% operative morbidity. These patients had a median postoperative hospitalization of 12 days. Four patients (8%) eventually developed recurrent jaundice, and three of these were successfully treated with PTBD. The median survival for these 52 patients was 7 months. Twenty-one patients underwent PTBD with an 81% technical-success rate. These patients had a 33% early complication rate and a 33% in-hospital mortality. The median hospitalization was 13 days postdrainage. Of the 14 patients surviving the initial hospitalization, 86% developed late complications requiring 16 hospital admissions and ten emergency room visits for a total of 155 days of hospitalization. The median survival for those patients undergoing PTBD was 4 months from the time of diagnosis and 2 months from the time of catheter drainage. Surgical bypass offers excellent palliation for malignant biliary obstruction with extremely low morbidity and mortality in properly selected patients; PTBD is useful in the treatment of those patients with extensive disease, who are poor surgical candidates, or who have failed previous surgical drainage. There is a role for both of these palliative procedures in the management of patients with biliary obstruction from pancreatic cancer.     

胆管癌姑息性减黄治疗方式的选择

目的 比较开腹胆道旁路手术与两种胆道支架置入术针对胆管癌的姑息性减黄治疗的效果及适应证.方法 收集2008年3月-2013年3月广州医科大学第三附属医院接受姑息性减黄治疗的69例胆管癌患者临床资料,其中行开腹旁路手术者17例;接受介入治疗者共52例（接受经皮肝穿刺胆道支架置入术者25例,经内镜胆道支架置入术治疗者27例）.比较经不同引流方式后胆管癌患者近期减黄率、平均住院时间、病死率、相关并发症发病率等.结果 不同引流方式均有较好的减黄效果,减黄率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;在住院时间和术后生存期上,介入治疗较开腹旁路手术者有明显优势（P＜0.05）.在不同介入方式之间,内镜组胰腺炎的发病率明显高出经皮组（P＜0.05）;胆道感染及出血的发病率则差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;各型肝外胆管癌患者接受不同介入支架置入术的成功率之间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论在胆管癌的姑息性减黄治疗手段当中,介入支架置入内引流术在住院时间和术后生存期上要优于开腹胆道旁路手术.在不同介入方式当中,首选经内镜胆道支架置入术.     

Percutaneous stenting for malignant biliary stenosis

Summary Percutaneous stenting for malignant biliary stenosis is quite beneficial to patients with unresectable or recurrent disease, tremendously improving the quality of their lives. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) was attempted in 92 patients with obstructive jaundice during the period between January 1986 and July 1989. Implantation of an endoprosthesis was performed in 14 cases (15.2%) and succeeded in 12 (85.7%). When a guide wire could not be passed distally across the stricture site, percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) through the dilated PTBD fistula was carried out to enable its passage. PTCS is also valuable in the preoperative diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. The patients who are not candidates for surgery are suitable for this procedure. A Miller double-mushroom stent is used as the endoprosthesis in the majority of cases. One patient with recurrent hepatoma has lived at home with this stent for >3 years due to repeated transarterial embolization and chemotherapy and does not need to wash or change the stent.     

胆道金属支架置入治疗肝门部胆管癌的临床研究

目的:探讨经皮经肝胆道引流(PTBD)及经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)置入胆道支架治疗肝门部胆管癌的临床应用价值。方法:对75例行金属胆道支架置入的肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:PTBD组31例患者中29例实施支架放置,26例(89.7%)成功置入支架并发症发生率为6.5%,中位生存时间为26周;ERCP组44例患者中38例(86.4%)成功置入支架,并发症发生率为13.6%,中位生存时间为28周。29例单侧支架置入者和35例双侧支架置入者中位生存时间均为28周。结论:经PTBD及经ERCP的胆道支架置入对肝门部胆管癌均可获得良好的治疗效果。以PTBD方式放置时可采用单侧置入,以ERCP方式放置时应进行左右侧双支架置入。     

Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting with obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUND: Jaundice occurs in 5-44% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is an important clinical presentation as the different aetiological causes of jaundice in HCC determine the therapeutic approach and the prognosis. This article aims to review the classification, management and prognosis of patients with jaundice associated with HCC. METHODS: A Medline search was undertaken to identify articles using the key words 'hepatocellular carcinoma', 'jaundice' and 'tumour thrombus'. Additional articles were identified by a manual search of the references from the key articles. RESULTS: Patients with jaundice due to hepatic parenchymal insufficiency (hepatocellular type) have a very dismal prognosis. For patients with biliary obstruction due to HCC (icteric type), the reported 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates after curative resection were 57.1-100%, 20-47% and 6.7-45%, respectively. The mean survival after palliative biliary drainage alone was less than 6 months but when biliary drainage was combined with other palliative treatment, the mean survival could be up to 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to differentiate the hepatocellular type from the icteric type of HCC. For patients with the icteric type of HCC, curative liver resection can achieve a survival comparable to that in patients without jaundice. For patients with unresectable icteric type of HCC, treatment can provide improvement in patient's quality of life and survival.     

Treatment of biliary obstruction caused by metastatic cancer

Over an 8-year period, among 41 patients with obstructive jaundice caused by metastases to the liver or lymph nodes adjacent to the porta hepatis, palliative biliary decompression was established surgically in 11, by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in 25, and by both methods in 2. Three patients had no drainage procedure performed. Early mortality after drainage occurred in 6 of 38 patients, and the median survivals (actuarial) for the remaining 32 patients were 4.5 months for the surgical group (range 2 to 21 months) and 4 months for the PTBD group (range 2 to 14 months). Although there were trends toward more frequent hospital readmissions and episodes of cholangitis in the PTBD group, the only statistically significant difference was in the number of catheter manipulations required. We concluded that when patients develop obstructive jaundice as a manifestation of metastatic cancer, useful palliation can be achieved by either surgical or percutaneous decompression.     

原位肝移植术后胆管吻合口狭窄的介入治疗

目的 总结经皮介入技术治疗原位肝移植(OLT)术后胆管吻合口狭窄的经验.方法 回顾性分析2004年5月至2009年12月间25例OLT术后胆管吻合口狭窄患者的资料.其中22例行胆道外引流,3例第2次肝移植者行内外引流.25例的治疗方式包括单纯经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTBD)4例,PTBD配合球囊扩张术14例,PTBD配合胆道支架置入术7例(胆道内涵管5例,胆道金属支架2例).结果 PTBD手术成功率为100%,25例经介入治疗后15例(60%)治愈,10例(40%)好转,有效率达100%.7例首次行PTBD时引流管未能通过胆管狭窄段,其中3例于引流1周后再次调整引流管,成功通过狭窄段,余4例于引流术后4～8周时胆管狭窄段完全闭塞.引流期间发生胆道感染6例(24%),患者均未出现严重手术相关并发症.结论 经皮介入技术是治疗OLT术后胆管吻合口狭窄的一种安全、有效的方法.首次PTBD或PTBD后应短期内使引流管尽可能通过狭窄段,以免狭窄处永久闭塞.

Abstract：

Objective To describe the technique, efficacy, and safety of percutaneous interventional therapy for anastomotic biliary strictures after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).Methods From May 2004 to December 2009, 25 patients with anastomotic biliary strictures afte OLT were enrolled in our study. The modalities of biliary drainage included external drainage in 22patients, and external-internal drainage in 3 patients who underwent re-transplantation. All patients accepted percutaneous interventional therapy in our hospital, including single PTBD in 4 patients,PTBD combined with balloon dilation in 14 patients, balloon dilation and plastic stent implantation in 5 patients, balloon dilation and metallic stent implantation in 2 patients. The drainage catheters were exchanged every 1 to 3 months. Results The success rate of PTBD was 100%. Of the all 25patients, 15 (60 %) patients were cured, and 10 (40 %) patients were improved. The effective rate was 100 %. The drainage catheters failed to pass through the narrow bile duct when initial PTBD in 7 patients, and success was achieved in 3 patients by operation again after biliary drainage for one week.In the other 4 patients, anastomotic bile ducts were occluded, which was confirmed by cholangiography after biliary drainage for 4 to 8 weeks. The rate of biliary tract infection was 24 % (6/25). No serious procedure-related complications occurred in the all 25 patients. Conclusion PTBD combined with balloon dilation and biliary stenting is a effective and safe therapeutic modality for anastomotic biliary strictures after OLT, which can improve the patients' clinical symptoms and elevate patients' quality of life. To avoid bile duct occlusion, the drainage catheters should be passed through the narrow segments of bile duct when initial PTBD.     

高位恶性梗阻性黄疸胆道内支架置入治疗的临床应用

目的评价高位恶性梗阻性黄疸胆道内支架置入治疗的疗效及临床价值。方法42例高位恶性梗阻性黄疸病人分别行单侧／双侧穿刺入路，充分胆道内外引流后，置入支架。其中肝总管内置入单枚支架19例；双侧肝管穿刺，行左肝和右肝胆管同时置入支架11例；采用单侧肝管穿刺入路，于左-右肝管间和肝管-胆总管间均置入支架12例。共置入支架65枚，其中3枚为覆膜支架，其余均为自膨式裸支架。结果42例病人中，手术成功率达100％，其中2例病人分别于术后4个月和9个月发生支架内梗阻，行二次介入治疗；1例病人于胆道支架置入术后17个月发生十二指肠梗阻，再行十二指肠支架置入术；1例病人于围手术期因严重胆系感染而死亡．全部病人随访3～112周（平均49周），均获得满意的减黄效果。结论根据不同梗阻部位，采用多种胆道支架置入技术治疗高位恶性梗阻性黄疸是一种安全可靠、疗效确切的姑息性疗法。     

经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗阻塞性黄疸

目的探讨施行兼有内引流及外引流效果的PTCD,对阻塞性黄疸的治疗效果。方法回顾性地总结分析近3年来我院所做的32例该类PTCD的临床资料。结果共施行该型引流术32例,其中30例病人减黄效果明显,对其他临床不适也有较好的缓解作用。随访病人最长生存期为15个月。结论施行兼具内/外引流效果的胆道引流术,对不宜手术的恶性阻塞性黄疸病人是较好的选择,同时也可为其他的非手术综合治疗创造机会。