卫生筹资累进分析方法研究

“卫生筹资累进性分析方法”是“卫生领域公平性系列研究”的重要组成部分。在借鉴国际研究成果的基础上，试图从狭义卫生筹资公平性角度，介绍卫生筹资主要渠道，以及如何利用家庭调查数据对各种卫生筹资渠道进行累进性分析，评价一个国家或地区卫生筹资机制的先进程度。     

甘肃省农村卫生筹资公平性分析研究

目的:研究甘肃省农村各项卫生筹资渠道的公平程度。方法:利用累进性分析方法评价卫生筹资的公平性。运用比例法和指数法,分析甘肃省农村各种卫生筹资渠道的累进性,反映卫生支出在不同社会经济群体间的分布和公平程度。结果:(1)通过税收进行卫生筹资具有良好的公平性;(2)当前新农合的筹资方式缺乏公平性;(3)直接现金卫生支出不具备公平性。结论:卫生筹资应以政府主导,加强利用税收进行卫生筹资,改变新农合的筹资方式,降低直接现金卫生支出在卫生筹资中的比重。     

卫生筹资公平性分析方法研究

综合国内外文献介绍在卫生领域内卫生筹资公平性分析的原理、指标、步骤和评价方法,探讨如何进行数据开发并利用公平性评价方法进行相关的政策分析,以及如何通过累进性分析更好地理解和评价卫生筹资系统的公平性。     

广西壮族自治区农村卫生筹资公平性分析研究

目的:分析广西壮族自治区农村各种卫生筹资渠道的公平程度。方法:利用比例法、累进性分析等方法分析2000～2008年广西农村各种卫生筹资渠道的公平性。结果:2000～2008年广西农村通过税收进行筹资的公平性呈上升趋势,2008年略显累进性(kakwani指数为0.0076)。直接现金卫生支出的kakwani指数在-0.1上下波动,筹资的公平性较差。结论:提高政府卫生投入力度,加强利用税收进行卫生筹资,拓宽社会卫生筹资,降低个人卫生支出的比例,从而提高卫生筹资的公平性。     

广西壮族自治区城镇居民卫生筹资公平性研究

目的研究广西城镇居民各种卫生筹资渠道的公平程度。方法利用比例法、累进性分析(集中曲线、kakwani指数)等方法分析广西城镇居民各种卫生筹资渠道的公平性。结果广西卫生总费用中个人卫生支出的比例过高。2000～2008年广西城镇居民现金卫生支出筹资的公平性优于通过税收筹资的公平性。税收和现金卫生支出的kakwani指数均为负值,表现为累退性,卫生筹资的公平性较差。结论政府应加大卫生投入,拓展社会筹资渠道,降低个人卫生支出的比例。加强利用税收进行卫生筹资,从而提高卫生筹资的公平性。     

卫生筹资的垂直公平和累进性研究

探讨测算与分析卫生筹资垂直公平性的方法，以及如何量化某种卫生筹资渠道累进或累退的程度，并模拟测算和分析不同经济发展水平的两个地区卫生筹资的垂直公平和累进程度。     

卫生筹资公平性评价方法浅析

国际现有的卫生筹资公平性评价方法主要有:家庭卫生筹资贡献率的计算、对卫生筹资渠道累进性的分析、个人现金卫生支出致贫影响分析等。文章通过对这几种方法的分析进而讨论我国卫生筹资公平性研究方法的现状。     

新疆生产建设兵团卫生筹资累进性分析

目的:对新疆生产建设兵团全省、城市和农场卫生筹资公平性进行分析,测量各种卫生筹资渠道的累进性,反映卫生支出在不同社会经济群体之间的分布与公平程度。方法:利用兵团2004年第二次卫生服务调查数据,运用比例法和指数法对兵团家庭卫生筹资累进性进行分析。结果:从绝对分布看,兵团各种卫生支出的集中指数均为正,富裕家庭支付的多,贫困家庭支付的少;从相对分布看,税收支出的Kakwani指数为负,筹资分布表现为累退,社会医疗保险支出、商业健康保险支出和现金卫生支出的Kakwani指数均为正,筹资分布呈现出累进的特点。从兵团城市和农场各种卫生支出的绝对分布看,均是富裕家庭支付的多,贫困家庭支付的少;从相对分布看,城市和农场卫生筹资特点不完全相同。结论:新疆兵团卫生筹资的绝对分布是公平的;相对分布除社会医疗保险和个人现金卫生支出筹资机制表现出公平特点外,税收筹资表现出不公平性特点,商业健康保险卫生筹资是否公平不能判断,因为分城市和农场其表现出来的特征不同;4种卫生筹资机制公平性相比较,社会医疗保险支出的公平性最好,税收支出公平性最差。     

卫生筹资公平性及其影响因素分析：以陕西省B市为例

目的:评价B市卫生筹资总体公平性程度,比较不同筹资方式的公平性,探寻影响家庭发生灾难性支出的主要因素.方法:卫生筹资公平性指数法、卫生筹资累进性分析方法、家庭灾难性卫生支出及Logistic回归分析.结果:(1)B市中低收入家庭组的总体公平性程度较差. (2)税收、社会保险、现金支付方式3种卫生筹资方式都表现出累进性. (3)家庭老龄人口数、家庭收入、家庭支出以及现金卫生支出是影响家庭灾难性支出发生与否的主要因素.结论:(1)扩大社会医疗保险覆盖面、为灾难性支出家庭设立专项医疗救助基金. (2)加强政府在卫生筹资中的主导作用,拓宽卫生筹资渠道.     

陕西省农村地区卫生筹资累进性研究

目的:探究陕西省农村地区不同筹资方式的累进性.方法:利用微观和宏观数据,采用集中曲线、Kakwani指数等,比较不同筹资方式的累进性.结果:税收公平性较好,现金卫生支出公平性较差,新农合传统的固定数额的筹资方式不具有公平性,总卫生筹资略微累退.结论:改变新农合传统筹资方式,提高补偿水平,减少低收入人群现金卫生支出,改变累退筹资现状,逐步改善卫生筹资公平性.     

Progressivity, horizontal equity and reranking in health care finance: a decomposition analysis for The Netherlands

This paper employs the method of Aronson et al. (1994) to decompose the redistributive effect of the Dutch health care financing system into three components: a progressivity component, a classical horizontal equity component and a reranking component. Results are presented for the health care financing system as a whole, as well as for its constituent parts. A final section sets out to uncover the relative importance (in terms of their effects on progressivity, horizontal equity and reranking) of the key institutional features of one component of the Dutch system-the AWBZ social insurance scheme.     

Statistical inference of progressivity dominance: an application to health care financing distributions

This paper employs a distribution-free statistical test suitable for comparisons based on dependent samples to analyse changes in health care financing distributions on Finnish data. In distinction to the more general summary index approach used in most studies of progressivity measurement, the difference between the Lorenz curve of income inequality and the concentration curves of various taxes and payments is used to evaluate progressivity dominance and changes in progressivity. Sample weights are applied to account for the effect of sampling design and non-response. The analysis demonstrates that the dominance approach can be successfully applied to various types of distributional problems besides comparisons concerning differences in income distributions. As an empirical application the paper presents estimation results for the progressivity of various health care financing sources using data from the 1987 and 1996 Finnish Health Care Surveys.     

Impact of the level of state tax code progressivity on children's health outcomes

This research study examines the impact of the level of state tax code progressivity on selected children's health outcomes. Specifically, it examines the degree to which a state's tax code ranking along the progressive-regressive continuum relates to percentage of low birthweight babies, infant and child mortality rates, and percentage of uninsured children. Using data merged from a number of public data sets, the authors find that the level of state tax code progressivity is a factor in state rates of infant and child mortality. States with lower median incomes and regressive tax policies have the highest rates of infant and child mortality.With regard to the percentage of children 17 years of age and below who lack health insurance, it is found that larger states with regressive tax policies have the largest percentage of uninsured children. In general, more heavily populated states with more progressive tax codes have healthier children. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of tax policy and the well-being of children as well as for social work education, social work practice, and social work research.     

Equity in the finance of health care: some further international comparisons.

This paper presents further international comparisons of progressivity of health care financing systems. The paper builds on the work of Wagstaff et al. [Wagstaff, A., van Doorslaer E., et al., 1992. Equity in the finance of health care: some international comparisons, Journal of Health Economics 11, pp. 361-387] but extends it in a number of directions: we modify the methodology used there and achieve a higher degree of cross-country comparability in variable definitions; we update and extend the cross-section of countries; and we present evidence on trends in financing mixes and progressivity.     

Endogenous longevity and optimal tax progressivity

We study the impact of endogenous longevity on optimal tax progressivity and inequality in an overlapping generations model with skill heterogeneity. Higher tax progressivity decreases both the longevity gap and net income inequality, but at the expense of lower average lifetime and income. We find that the welfare-maximizing income tax is less progressive in our model with endogenous longevity than in our model with exogenous longevity. In a highly stylized calibration of the US economy, we show that optimal tax progressivity is less than what prevails under the current US tax system. Our results are robust to the range of empirical labor supply elasticity and the assumptions of missing annuity markets and stochastic health. Our conclusion for the optimal progressivity of the US tax system can be altered by the adoption of a more egalitarian welfare function or by increases in prevailing levels of wage inequality.     

Regional differences in health care delivery: implications for a national resource allocation formula

In several countries formulae for allocating resources to regions are derived using national average relationships between population characteristics and health service use. However, there may be significant regional heterogeneity in health care delivery which, has two main implications for a national resource allocation formula. First, it offers alternative ways of measuring the relative needs of different population groups. Since the primary focus of research and policy is on the difficulty of targeting resources at high-need populations, it is proposed that progressivity in the delivery of health care could be seen as a frontier problem analogous to efficiency. The effects of using the slope parameters from the most progressive region are simulated. Second, regional heterogeneity may thwart the objective of the formula of securing equitable use of resources by different population groups. An adjustment mechanism is developed to illustrate the trade-off between the levels of geographical and vertical equity achieved. A locus of equity possibilities for acute care in Scotland is derived. Traditional formulae represent a corner solution indicating extreme relative aversion to geographical inequity. Because regional variation in need dominates regional variation in progressivity in Scotland, high-need rather than progressive regions gain from the pursuit of vertical equity.     

Analysis of the progressivity of Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) financing

This article analyzes the level of progressivity in taxes financing the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). Distribution of the tax burden financing the SUS was calculated using micro-data from the Household Budgets Survey, 2002-2003. The Kakwani index, which shows a tax system's level of progressivity, was calculated. The Kakwani index of public financing was -0.008, and SUS financing was nearly proportional to income. From a social justice perspective this is highly undesirable in a society like Brazil, with a Gini index of 0.57. The system should be clearly progressive in order to counterbalance the country's extreme income concentration.