自体骨骼肌成肌细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞移植对心肌梗死兔心室重构和心功能的影响

目的：观察经冠状动脉途径移植自体骨骼肌成肌细胞（SMs）和骨髓间充质干细胞（BM—MSCs）到兔急性心肌梗死（AMI）区后对心室重构和心脏功能的影响。方法：取日本大耳白兔60只,随机分为经冠状动脉注射SMs移植组、BM—MSCs移植组、对照组和假手术组,各15只。结扎兔左冠状动脉前降支,建立AMI模型：再灌注后,SMs移植组经冠状动脉注射自体SMs悬液1ml（5×10^6个细胞）;BM—MSCs移植组经冠脉注射自体BM—MSCs悬液1ml（5×10^6个细胞）;对照组注入等量的无血清培养液;假手术组除不结扎左前降支外,其余操作均同对照组。术后4周,以超声心动图仪测量各组左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDd）和左心室射血分数（LVEF）。测定各组兔左心室质量及左心室质量指数并以免疫组织化学法检测各组兔新生血管数目。结果：术后4周,与对照组比较,SMs和BM—MSCs移植组的I。VEF明显提高[（53．21±2．32）％比（61．93±4．11）％比（62．41±2．58）％,P〈0．01],LVEDd明显减小[（12．48±0．84）mm比（11．23±0．44）mm比（11．34±0．36）mm,P〈0．01],左心室质量、左心室质量指数明显减低（P〈0．01）,新生血管数目明显增多[（4．08±1．8）个／HP比（13．6±1．6）个／HP比（12．5±1．7）个／HP,P〈0．05]。两移植组间各指标比较均无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：经冠状动脉途径自体骨骼肌成肌细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞移植可促进血管新生,改善心肌梗死后心室重构,从而增强心脏收缩功能。     

经冠状动脉注射法移植成年犬自体骨骼肌成肌细胞于急性心肌梗死区的病理研究

目的观察冠状动脉内注射法移植自体骨骼肌成肌细胞到无再灌注急性心肌梗死区后的生长分化特点。方法结扎犬冠状动脉前降支中段,建立急性心肌梗死模型;杂种成年犬10只,分为对照组和经冠状动脉注射移植组,各5只。经梗死相关冠状动脉内注射自体骨骼肌成肌细胞悬液10 ml(1.0~1.4×108个)或等量生理盐水;4周后通过HE染色、PTH染色、骨骼肌特异性慢肌球蛋白抗体免疫组织化学染色和透射电镜评价移植细胞病理转归。结果经冠状动脉内注射移植自体骨骼肌成肌细胞4周后,透射电镜及HE染色下可在梗死区内找到新生幼稚肌源性细胞存在,PTH染色证实有新生的横纹肌组织形成,骨骼肌特异性慢肌球蛋白抗体免疫组织化学染色发现有骨骼肌源性的成熟肌组织存在且新生肌组织排列较分散。结论通过经梗死相关冠状动脉注射将自体骨骼肌成肌细胞移植到急性心肌梗死区后能形成成熟的肌组织。     

成年犬自体骨骼肌成肌细胞移植于急性心肌梗死区的实验研究

目的观察心肌内和冠状动脉内注射法移植自体骨骼肌成肌细胞于急性心肌梗死区的生长分化特点。方法以改良成年犬骨骼肌成肌细胞培养方法进行细胞分离及扩增。结扎冠状动脉前降支中段,建立急性心肌梗死模型。分为直接注射对照、移植,冠状动脉内注射对照、移植4组,每组5只。不开通冠状动脉,分别向梗死心肌内和梗死相关冠状动脉内注射自体骨骼肌成肌细胞(1·0~1·4×108个)或等量生理盐水。移植4周后通过HE染色、PTH染色、骨骼肌特异性慢肌球蛋白抗体免疫组化染色和透射电镜寻找梗死区内存在新生肌组织的证据并观察其生长特点。结果经心肌内直接注射和冠状动脉内注射移植自体骨骼肌成肌细胞4周后,透射电镜及HE染色下均可在梗死区内找到新生幼稚肌原性细胞存在,PTH染色证实有新生的横纹肌组织形成,骨骼肌特异性慢肌球蛋白抗体免疫组化染色发现有骨骼肌原性的成熟肌组织存在;成肌细胞直接注射组内新生的肌组织排列较为密集,而冠状动脉内成肌细胞注射组内的新生肌组织排列较分散。结论通过心肌内直接注射和经梗死相关冠状动脉注射将自体骨骼肌成肌细胞移植到急性心肌梗死区后均能形成成熟的肌组织,为以骨骼肌成肌细胞进行急性心肌梗死的细胞心肌成形治疗提供了组织学依据。     

经冠状动脉注射法自体骨骼肌成肌细胞移植治疗兔急性心肌梗死

目的 观察经冠状动脉注射自体骨骼肌成肌细胞（SM）移植到兔急性心肌梗死（AMI）区后的生长分化特点和疗效。方法 取日本大耳白兔45只,随机分为经冠脉注射SM移植组、对照组和假手术组,各15只。SM移植组取臀肌分离、纯化SM并体外扩增。结扎兔左冠脉前降支（LAD）,建立AMI模型。再灌注后,SM移植组经冠脉注射自体SM悬液1 ml(5×106个细胞)。对照组以相同的方法建立AMI模型,注入等量的无血清培养液。假手术组除不结扎左前降支外,其余操作均同对照组。4周后,通过HE 染色和抗5-溴脱氧尿核苷（BrDU）抗体、抗骨骼肌特异性慢β-肌凝蛋白重链（slow-MHC）抗体的免疫组化染色评价移植细胞的转归。术后24 h和4周,以超声心动图仪测量3组的左室射血分数（LVEF） 和左室短轴缩短率（FS）。结果 SM移植组在术后4周,HE染色后可在梗死区内找到新生的多核肌样细胞。抗BrdU 抗体和抗Slow-MHC抗体的免疫组化染色呈阳性。术后24 h,假手术组的LVEF 和FS 明显高于对照组和SM移植组（P<0.01）。而术后4周,与对照组比较,假手术组和SM移植组的LVEF和FS明显改善（P<0.01）。结论 经冠脉注射法移植自体SM可在AMI区存活,修复受损心肌并提高心脏的功能。     

经冠状动脉移植自体BM-MNCs治疗猪急性心肌梗死的作用

目的探讨冠状动脉内移植自体骨髓单个核细胞（BM—MNCs）治疗猪急性心肌梗死的有效性。方法实验动物分为冠脉内移植MNCs组（n=6）及冠脉对照组（n=5）。冠脉内移植BM—MNCs后4周观察移植细胞归巢情况、小血管密度、心功能变化。结果冠脉内MNCs移植后4周,心肌细胞间可见发蓝色荧光的移植细胞,散在分布,心肌细胞间有较多新生毛细血管并可见新生的心肌样细胞。移植组小血管密度、左室射血分数（LVEF）及短轴缩短率（FS）明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,左室舒张末期内径（LVEDd）低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论经冠脉移植的BM—MNCs可归巢到宿主心肌,有促进缺血心肌血管新生、改善左室收缩功能、减轻心室重构的作用。     

经静脉移植骨髓间质干细胞对急性心肌梗死大鼠心功能的影响

目的观察经静脉移植骨髓间质干细胞对急性心肌梗死大鼠心功能的影响。方法将30只SD大鼠随机分为移植组和对照组各15只,结扎冠状动脉左前降支建立大鼠急性心肌梗死模型;体外分离纯化、扩增同种异体大鼠骨髓间质干细胞（MSCs）,4,6二脒基-2-苯吲哚（DAPI）标记。移植组于造模后24h经尾静脉移植MSCs,对照组注射等量培养基。造模后4周测定心功能并行免疫组织化学检测。结果与对照组相比,移植组左心室舒张末压下降,左心室收缩压、左心室压力最大上升和下降速率显著升高（P均〈0．05）;心肌梗死区毛细血管密度明显增高（P〈0．05）。移植组大鼠梗死心肌中可见DAPI标记阳性细胞。结论经静脉移植MSCs能够提高急性心肌梗死大鼠的心功能。     

冠脉内移植自体骨髓单个核细胞对猪急性心肌梗死后心功能的影响

目的探讨冠脉内移植自体骨髓单个核细胞（BM—MNCs）对猪急性心肌梗死后心功能的影响。方法实验动物分为冠脉内移植BM—MNCs组（n=6）及冠脉对照组（n=5）,移植细胞数2×10^8。移植后4周观察心功能变化及冠脉侧支循环形成情况。结果冠脉内BM—MNCs移植后4周移植组左室射血分数[LVEF：（65．84±4．94）％]及短轴缩短率[FS：（43．21±5．49）％]明显高于对照组[LVEF：（47．21±6．32）％,FS：（27．31±4．07）％]（P〈0．01）,而左室舒张末压[LVDEP：（7．94±4．57）mmHg]明显低于对照组[（22．56±5．97）mmHg]（P〈0．01）,左室舒张末期内径[LVEDd：（27．27±2．38）mm]低于对照组[（37．82±6．96）mm]（P〈0．05）;移植组冠脉侧支循环形成较对照组明显;移植后1周血清bFGF及VEGF浓度明显高于对照组及术前水平（P〈0．01）。结论经冠脉移植BM—MNCs有助于改善左室收缩功能及舒张功能,有助于减轻心室重构。     

自体骨骼肌成肌细胞移植对心肌梗死兔心室重构和血管新生的影响

目的观察经冠状动脉途径移植自体骨骼肌成肌细胞(SMs)对急性心肌梗死兔心室重构和血管新生的影响。方法取日本大耳白兔45只,随机分为3组:经冠状动脉注射SMs移植组(移植组)、对照组和假手术组,每组15只。术后4周,检测各组免左心室质量及左心室质量指数,并以免疫组织化学法和ELISA法分别检测各组兔新生血管数目和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)浓度。结果术后4周,与假手术组比较,移植组和对照组左心室质量及左心室质量指数明显增加(P0.01);与对照组比较,移植组左心室质量及左心室质量指数明显降低(P0.01)。与假手术组比较,对照组和移植组新生血管数目、梗死心肌组织中VEGF浓度明显增多,而移植组较对照组增多更明显(P0.05,P0.01)。结论经冠状动脉途径自体SMs移植可增加VEGF表达,诱导血管新生,改善心肌梗死后心室重构。     

自体外周血干细胞移植对急性心肌梗死患者左室重构和心功能的影响

目的评价自体外周血干细胞移植对急性心肌梗死患者左室重构和心功能的影响。方法共有65例急性心肌梗死患者入选本项前瞻性、非随机、开放试验（其中35例患者为细胞移植组，30例为对照组）。两组患者均接受标准的介入治疗和药物治疗，细胞移植组的35例患者同时接受自体外周血干细胞移植。两组患者在移植前及移植后6个月应用超声心动观察左室形态、室壁运动情况及左室功能指标的变化。结果6个月后干细胞移植组术前后比较左室舒张末期容LVEDV）明显缩小[（136．4±14．9）ml比（120．6±19．6）ml，P〈0．01]，左室收缩末期容量（LVESV）明显缩小[（84．5±18．9）ml比（70．5±14．9）ml，P〈0，01]，左室射血分数（LVEF）明显增高[（48．8±7．2）％比（56．5±7．4）％，P〈0．01]。左室壁节段性运动指数（WMSI）明显降低[（1．41±0．21）比（1．10±0．15），P〈0．01]；左室射血前时间／射血时间比值显著降低[（0．46±0．08）比（0．40±0．07），P〈0．01]，左室舒张功能指标：舒张早期峰值速度（Em）增高，舒张晚期峰值速度（Am）降低，Em／Am增高。对照组治疗前后比较上述指标均有改善，但差异无统计学意义，两组术后上述指标比较差异有统计学意义。结论经皮经腔冠状动脉内自体干细胞移植术能明显改善急性心肌梗死患者的左室功能，减小左室容量，阻止或延缓左室重构，改善心功能。     

大鼠成体干细胞食管下段移植的实验研究

目的研究成体干细胞注射至食管下段的可行性，探索利用成体干细胞[骨骼肌卫星细胞（SC）和骨髓间充质干细胞（MSC）]移植治疗胃食管反流病（GERD）的新方法。方法选取体质量160～240g的Wistar大鼠，雌雄各半，不同实验组分别于体外培养并扩增骨骼肌SC或MSC，5-溴-2-脱氧尿嘧啶核苷（BrdU）标记后，经腹腔将大鼠自体骨骼肌SC悬液植入食管下段肌层；MSC悬液植入同种异体大鼠食管下段肌层。1周和4周后分批处死动物，取食管下段组织并使用组织学方法评价植入细胞生长分化情况。结果BrdU的细胞标记率接近100％。接受干细胞移植的大鼠生长良好。干细胞移植后第1周和第4周，SC组和MSC组大鼠食管下段均可见大量分化为骨骼肌细胞的BrdU阳性细胞，SC组第4周较第1周BrdU阳性细胞核数显著增多（P〈0．01）。MSC组第4周较第1周BrdU阳性细胞核计数增多，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。SC组与MSC组比较，第1周BrdU阳性细胞核数差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），第4周SC组较MSC组显著增多（P〈0．05）。注射局部未见炎症反应，与对照组病理学分析无差异。结论成体干细胞移植至大鼠食管下段安全、可行，能在食管下段长期存活并分化为骨骼肌。骨骼肌SC或MSC移植可能成为治疗GERD的新方法。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.