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Purpose of Review
The purpose of this review is to examine current evidence on the benefit of chronic total occlusion (CTO) revascularization in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and propose a systematic approach on how and when to accomplish revascularization in these patients.Recent Findings
Coronary revascularization in patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF) is advocated for to improve left ventricular function and consequently clinical outcomes. Approximately 16–31% of angiograms in patients with advanced CAD are noted to have a concomitant coronary CTO. Its presence is a main predictor of worse outcomes. Over the past 15 years, advancements in interventional technologies and techniques have made it possible to treat CTO lesions percutaneously with success rates exceeding 90%.Summary
Different revascularization techniques have been organized into widely used algorithms for systematic CTO lesion crossing and treatment. Patients with reduced EF can be revascularized percutaneously with goal of complete functional revascularization. However, randomized prospective data is needed to justify the increased patient risks and healthcare costs associated with these procedures.2.
Saki Ito William R. Miranda Vuyisile T. Nkomo Heidi M. Connolly Sorin V. Pislaru Kevin L. Greason Patricia A. Pellikka Bradley R. Lewis Jae K. Oh 《Journal of the American College of Cardiology》2018,71(12):1313-1321
Background
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is reduced in a subset of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS).Objectives
The authors sought to determine the temporal course of reduced LVEF, its predictors, and its impact on prognosis in severe AS.Methods
Serial echocardiograms of 928 consecutive patients with first-time diagnosis of severe AS (aortic valve area [AVA] ≤1 cm2) who had at least 1 echocardiogram before the diagnosis were evaluated. A total of 3,684 echocardiograms (median 3 studies per patient) within the preceding 10 years were analyzed.Results
At the initial diagnosis, 196 (21%) patients had an LVEF <50% (35.1 ± 9.7%) and 732 (79%) had an LVEF ≥50% (64.2 ± 6.1%). LVEF deterioration had begun before AS became severe for those with an LVEF <50% and accelerated after AVA reached 1.2 cm2, whereas mean LVEF remained >60% in patients with LVEF ≥50% at initial diagnosis. The strongest predictor for LVEF deterioration was LVEF <60% at 3 years before AS became severe (odds ratio: 0.86; 95% confidence interval: 0.83 to 0.89; p < 0.001). During the median follow-up of 3.3 years, mortality was significantly worse, not only for patients with an LVEF <50%, but for patients with an LVEF of 50% ≤ LVEF <60% compared with patients with an LVEF ≥60% even after aortic valve replacement (p < 0.001).Conclusions
In patients with severe AS and reduced LVEF, a decline in LVEF began before AS became severe and accelerated after AVA reached 1.2 cm2. LVEF <60% in the presence of moderate AS predicts further deterioration of LVEF and appears to represent abnormal LVEF in AS. 相似文献3.
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《Journal of cardiac failure》2022,28(1):65-70
BackgroundA low right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) is a marker of poor outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Beta-blockers improve outcomes in HFrEF, but whether this effect is modified by RVEF is unknown.Methods and ResultsOf the 2798 patients in Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST), 2008 had data on baseline RVEF (mean 35%, median 34%). Patients were categorized into an RVEF of less than 35% (n = 1012) and an RVEF of 35% or greater (n = 996). We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) within each RVEF subgroup and formally tested for interactions between bucindolol and RVEF. The effect of bucindolol on all-cause mortality in 2008 patients with baseline RVEF (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.75–1.02) is consistent with that in 2798 patients in the main trial (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.78–1.02). Bucindolol use was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality in patients with an RVEF of 35% or greater (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55–0.89), but not in those with an RVEF of less than 35% (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.83–1.24, P for interaction = .022). Similar variations were observed for cardiovascular mortality (P for interaction = .009) and sudden cardiac death (P for interaction = .018), but not for pump failure death (P for interaction = .371) or HF hospitalization (P for interaction = .251).ConclusionsThe effect of bucindolol on mortality in patients with HFrEF was modified by the baseline RVEF. If these hypothesis-generating findings can be replicated using approved beta-blockers in contemporary patients with HFrEF, then RVEF may help to risk stratify patients with HFrEF for optimization of beta-blocker therapy. 相似文献
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《Journal of cardiac failure》2019,25(6):486-489
BackgroundCoding of systolic function in heart failure is important, but the accuracy is uncertain.Methods and ResultsWe used data from a chart review of VA heart failure hospitalizations from 2006 to 2013. Trained abstractors determined the documented diagnosis of heart failure and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). We compared this LVEF with the primary and secondary International Classification of Disease, 9th edition, codes for heart failure for the same hospitalization. Among 43,044 hospitalizations for heart failure, the primary discharge diagnosis was coded as systolic heart failure in 18%, diastolic heart failure in 17%, and other heart failure codes in 65%. For an LVEF <40%, a systolic heart failure code had a sensitivity of 29% and a positive predictive value of 76%. The code for systolic heart failure was used more frequently over time, with sensitivity increasing from 16% to 37% but at the expense of the positive predictive value, which decreased from 80% to 74%. The overall area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the relationship between LVEF and the systolic heart failure code was 0.71. Using LVEF >50% to define diastolic heart failure led to a sensitivity of 29% for a diastolic heart failure code, with a positive predictive value of 78%. In multivariate analysis, a systolic heart failure code had an odds ratio for 1-year mortality of 1.1 (95% confidence interval 1.03–1.17) compared to not having a systolic heart failure code.ConclusionsCoding for systolic and diastolic heart failure is associated with LVEF, but the accuracy is too poor to substitute for the documented LVEF in performance measurement. 相似文献
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Alaa Alashi Amgad Mentias Amjad Abdallah Ke Feng A. Marc Gillinov L. Leonardo Rodriguez Douglas R. Johnston Lars G. Svensson Zoran B. Popovic Brian P. Griffin Milind Y. Desai 《JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging》2018,11(5):673-682
Objectives
This study sought to examine the prognostic utility of left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) in asymptomatic patients with ≥III+ aortic regurgitation (AR), an indexed LV end-systolic dimension of <2.5 cm/m2, and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).Background
Management of asymptomatic patients with severe chronic AR and preserved LVEF is challenging and is typically based on LV dimensions.Methods
We studied 1,063 such patients (age 53 ± 16 years; 77% men) seen between 2003 and 2010 (excluding those with symptoms, obstructive coronary artery disease, acute AR/dissection, aortic/mitral stenosis, more than moderate mitral regurgitation, and previous cardiac surgery). Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score was calculated. The primary endpoint was mortality. Average resting LV-GLS was measured offline on 2-, 3-, and 4-chamber views using Velocity Vector Imaging (Siemens, Malvern, Pennsylvania).Results
Mean STS score, LVEF, LV-GLS, and right ventricular systolic pressure were 4.4 ± 5.0%, 57.0 ± 4.0%, ?19.5 ± 0.2%, and 31.0 ± 9.0 mm Hg, respectively. In total, 671 patients (63%) underwent aortic valve surgery at a median of 42 days after the initial evaluation. At 6.8 ± 3.0 years, 146 patients (14%) had died. On multivariable Cox survival analysis, LV-GLS (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.11), STS score (HR: 1.51), indexed LV end-systolic dimension (HR: 0.50), right ventricular systolic pressure (HR: 1.33), and aortic valve surgery (HR: 0.35) were associated with longer term mortality (all p < 0.001). Sequential addition of LV-GLS and aortic valve surgery improved the C-statistic for longer term mortality for the clinical model (STS score + right ventricular systolic pressure + indexed LV end-systolic dimension) from 0.61 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51 to 0.72) to 0.67 (95% CI: 0.54 to 0.87) and to 0.77 (95% CI: 0.63 to 0.90), respectively (p < 0.001 for both). A significantly higher proportion (log-rank p = 0.01) of patients with LV-GLS worse than median (?19.5%) died versus those with an LV-GLS better than median (86 of 513 [17%] vs. 60 of 550 [11%]). The risk of death at 5 years significantly increased with an LV-GLS of worse than ?19%.Conclusions
In asymptomatic patients with ≥III+ chronic AR and preserved LVEF, worsening LV-GLS was associated with longer term mortality, providing incremental prognostic value and improved reclassification. 相似文献15.
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《Journal of cardiac failure》2022,28(3):422-430
BackgroundClinical congestion is associated with adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure. The pathophysiological mediators of this association remain uncertain.Methods and ResultsWe prospectively enrolled a cohort of patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and performed a detailed clinical examination followed on the same day by an invasive right heart catheterization and blood sampling for biomarkers. High-sensitivity troponin T and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were measured. A clinical congestion score was calculated based on jugular venous pressure (cm H20 <10 = 0, 10–14 = 1, >14 = 2 points), bendopnea (0 vs 1), a third heart sound (0 vs 1), or peripheral edema (0–2). Congestion was categorized into tiers as absent (0 points), mild (1 point), or moderate to severe (≥ 2 points). We tested for associations of high-sensitivity troponin T, NT-proBNP, and elevated ventricular filling pressures with clinical congestion in both univariate and multivariable analyses. Of 153 participants, 65 (42%) had absent, 35 mild (23%), and 53 (35%) had moderate to severe clinical congestion. Congestion tier was associated with higher NT-proBNP and hs-troponin levels, and the right atrial pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (P < .001 for each). Increased congestion tier was also associated with the coexistent presence of elevated troponin T (≥52 ng/L), NT-proBNP (≥1000 pg/mL), and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (≥22 mm Hg). Specifically, 78% of those with absent clinical congestion had 0 to 1 of these findings, whereas 75% of those with moderate-severe congestion had 2 or all 3 of these abnormalities (P < .001). An elevated hs-troponin was associated with mild or greater clinical congestion (odds ratio 3, 95% confidence interval 1.2–7.5, P = .02) in multivariable analysis adjusting for potential confounders including the right atrial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and NT-proBNP levels.ConclusionsClinical congestion is a phenotype in which there is a high coexistent presence of elevated ventricular filling pressures, elevated natriuretic peptide levels, and subclinical myocardial injury. An elevated troponin was associated with clinical congestion in multivariable models that adjusted for ventricular filling pressures and natriuretic peptide levels. These data strengthen the evidence base for an association of elevated troponin with clinical congestion, suggesting that subclinical myocardial injury may be an important contributor to the pathophysiology of the congested state. 相似文献
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目的:评价血浆脑钠肽(BNP)水平和左心室射血分数(LVEF)对心力衰竭患者预后的评估价值。方法:对100例心力衰竭患者进行随访,临床终点为心源性死亡,并对其年龄、性别、病因、NYHA分级、左心室射血分数、血浆BNP、心房利钠肽(ANP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)浓度进行单变量和多变量Cox比例风险回归分析,采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析法计算死亡率和累积生存率。结果:83例患者在平均311天的随访中发生心源性死亡15例,17例失访。单因素Cox回归分析显示性别、左心室射血分数和BNP是心源性死亡的预测因素,患者的年龄、病因、NYHA分级、ANP、IL-6和TNF-α与生存率不相关。多因素Cox回归分析显示,仅BNP(风险比值0．834,95％可信区问为0．762～0．932)和左心室射血分数(风险比值1．001, 95％可信区间1．000～1．002)是心力衰竭患者心源性死亡的独立预测因素。联合BNP和左心室射血分数对心力衰竭患者进行危险度划分,结果发现高危患者的心源性死亡发生率显著高于低危患者和中危患者(P<0．05),中危患者的心源性死亡发生率显著高于低危患者(P<0．05),Kaplan-meier生存曲线也显示不同危险分层的心力衰竭患者心源性死亡的发生率均有显著差异(P<0．05)。结论:血浆BNP水平和左心室射血分数是影响心力衰竭患者预后的独立预测因素。联合BNP和左心室射血分数对心力衰竭患者进行危险度划分可以更好地评估心力衰竭患者的危险程度,更准确地判断预后。 相似文献
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