Predictive value of preoperative serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC–Ag) level on tumor recurrence in cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with radical surgery: A single-institution study

ObjectiveWe seek to explore the clinical significance of serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC–Ag) and the optimal cut-off value for predicting tumor recurrence and survival in operable cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients.MethodsA total of 3471 patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma who underwent radical surgery were enrolled in this study. The cut-off value of serum SCC-Ag for tumor recurrence was calculated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate analysis was further performed.ResultsThe optimal cut-off value of serum SCC-Ag level for predicting tumor recurrence was calculated and set at 2.75 ng/mL. Compared to the value of 1.5 ng/mL used in clinical practice, our results showed that serum SCC-Ag level >2.75 ng/mL was closely related to extrapelvic metastases in relapsed patients (P = 0.035). Multivariate analysis showed that neither serum SCC-Ag level >1.5 ng/mL nor serum SCC-Ag level >2.75 ng/mL was independent risk factors for PFS and OS in all patients. However, among 964 patients with at least one high-risk factor (parametrial invasion, vaginal margin invasion and lymph node metastasis), serum SCC-Ag level > 2.75 ng/mL, instead of serum SCC-Ag level > 1.5 ng/mL, could be used as an independent factor affecting PFS (P = 0.018).ConclusionPreoperative serum SCC-Ag level > 2.75 ng/mL is closely related to extrapelvic recurrence, and is an independent factor for tumor recurrence and survival in cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients with high-risk factors.     

宫颈癌淋巴结转移的高危因素及预后分析

背景与目的:盆腔淋巴结转移是影响宫颈癌预后的主要危险因素,但综合淋巴结转移的相关因素与预后分析的报道鲜见。本文综合分析宫颈癌淋巴结转移的高危因素、分布规律及预后因素,探讨淋巴结转移风险的评估以及淋巴结转移的治疗。方法:对205例在中山大学肿瘤防治中心妇科行广泛全宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫的病例进行回顾性分析。结果:总体盆腔淋巴结转移率为24.4%(50/205)。单因素分析显示,宫颈癌淋巴结转移的相关因素有治疗前血清SCC-Ag水平、临床分期、宫颈管及宫颈阴道部浸润深度、宫旁韧带侵犯;SCC-Ag超过4μg/L时,淋巴结转移的风险增加4.2倍(P<0.001,OR=4.212)。多因素分析表明,临床分期和宫颈管肌层浸润深度是淋巴结转移最主要的高危因素。淋巴结转移规律分析结果显示,转移淋巴结主要分布在闭孔及闭孔窝区(48.0%);60.0%转移病例存在多组淋巴结转移,并出现跳跃式转移现象。淋巴结转移与宫颈深肌层侵犯、宫旁浸润之间关系密切,72.0%的淋巴结转移者同时存宫颈深肌层浸润,90.9%的宫旁韧带浸润者出现淋巴结转移。预后分析结果显示,术后补充放疗者的5年生存率较未作放疗者高(89.1%vs45.5%,P=0.012)。结论:治疗前血清SCC-Ag>4μg/L、宫颈阴道部深肌层浸润、宫旁韧带受侵,特别是临床分期晚、宫颈管深肌层浸润时,宫颈癌淋巴结转移的风险提高。术前评估淋巴结转移风险高的病例,应行标准的宫颈癌根治术,以保证系统的淋巴结清扫及足够的宫旁切除范围。对病理证实有盆腔淋巴结转移的患者,术后补充放疗可改善预后。     

Posttreatment cut-off levels of squamous cell carcinoma antigen as a prognostic factor in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy

Objective

The aim of the present study was to assess prognostic factors for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy as the primary treatment and to assess the posttreatment cut-off levels of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) to predict three-year overall survival (OS) rates.

Methods

One hundred and twenty-eight patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] stage IIB-IVA) treated using radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy were identified. Of these patients, 116 who had SCC-Ag levels >1.5 ng/mL prior to treatment were analyzed retrospectively.

Results

Median age was 68 years (range, 27 to 79 years). The complete response rate was 70.7% and the three-year OS rate was 61.1%. The median levels of pretreatment and posttreatment SCC-Ag were 11.5 ng/mL (range, 1.6 to 310.0 ng/mL) and 0.9 ng/mL (range, 0.4 to 41.0 ng/mL), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that pretreatment anemia (p=0.041), pelvic lymph node metastasis (p=0.016) and posttreatment SCC-Ag levels (p=0.001) were independent prognostic factors for three-year OS. The SCC-Ag level cut-off point for three-year OS rates, calculated using a receiver operating characteristic curve, was 1.15 ng/mL (sensitivity, 80.0%; specificity, 74.0%).

Conclusion

Pretreatment anemia and pelvic lymph node metastasis are poor prognostic factors in locally advanced cervical cancer. Furthermore, posttreatment SCC-Ag levels <1.15 ng/mL predicted better three-year OS rates.     

SCC-Ag对早期宫颈癌患者淋巴结转移评估的价值

目的:探讨鳞状细胞癌抗原（SCC-Ag）在早期宫颈癌患者淋巴结转移中的临床应用价值。方法:对2004年5 月至2008年12月天津市中心妇产科医院的110 例ⅠB～ⅡA 期宫颈鳞癌患者行术前血清SCC-Ag 检测,并结合其临床病理资料进行回顾性分析。对SCC-Ag 与相关临床病理参数的关系采用Mann-WhitneyU 检验和Logistic回归分析;绘制受试者工作特征（ROC ）曲线,确定评估淋巴结转移的SCC-Ag 阈值。结果:单因素分析显示,SCC-Ag 滴度与宫颈癌临床分期、肿瘤直径、肌层浸润深度和淋巴结转移有关,与分化程度及脉管内瘤栓无关;Logistic回归分析进一步提示肿瘤直径及淋巴结转移是影响血清SCC-Ag≥4ng/mL的独立危险因素,且淋巴结转移对SCC-Ag 的影响更大;ROC 曲线显示SCC-Ag 为4ng/mL 是筛选淋巴结转移的最佳界值。结论:术前血清SCC-Ag 在评估早期宫颈鳞癌淋巴结转移中有一定的价值,其临界值为4ng/mL。      

314例Ⅰb~Ⅱa期宫颈癌预后及淋巴结转移危险因素研究

  目的  回顾性研究探讨早期宫颈癌的临床病理特点、预后影响相关因素及淋巴结转移的高危因素。  方法  选择1999年1月至2005年1月在中山大学肿瘤防治中心妇科住院治疗的、经病理确诊的314例早期(Ⅰb~Ⅱa期)宫颈癌临床病例资料进行回顾性分析, 分析影响其预后及淋巴结转移的高危因素。  结果  314例病例5年生存率为88.0%, 复发率为13.4%。单因素分析显示深肌层浸润、脉管内瘤栓、淋巴结转移为总生存时间不良因素(P < 0.05)。Cox回归分析显示淋巴结转移、深肌层浸润是预后的独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。盆腔淋巴结转移组数≥3组与盆腔淋巴结转移组数 < 3组的生存时间有统计学差异(P=0.032)。单因素分析示SCCAg、FIGO分期、肿瘤直径、深肌层浸润、脉管内瘤栓、宫旁组织浸润均与盆腔淋巴结转移有关(P < 0.05)。Logistic回归多因素分析: 治疗前SCCAg > 3 ng/mL(P < 0.001, OR=4.966)、深肌层浸润(P=0.001, OR=5.503)与盆腔淋巴结转移有关。  结论  淋巴结转移、深肌层浸润是宫颈癌预后的独立危险因素: 治疗前SCCAg > 3 ng/mL、深肌层浸润是盆腔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。      

盆腔MRI联合SCC-Ag对宫颈癌淋巴结转移的预测价值

目的 分析宫颈癌淋巴转移患者的临床病理特点,联合盆腔MRI淋巴增大情况及SCC-Ag对宫颈癌患者淋巴结转移情况进行评估,并分析其预测价值。方法 回顾性分析124例宫颈癌患者的资料,并根据结果建立预测模型。结果 间质浸润深度、治疗前后血清SCC-Ag变化值、盆腔MRI淋巴结增大情况、D2-40、Ki67是宫颈癌淋巴结转移的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。预测模型建立为：L=SCC-Ag变化值+7.127×盆腔MRI显示淋巴结增大+5.386×D2-40+5.135×间质浸润深度+19.457×Ki67;预测敏感度为78.6%,特异性为79.2%。结论 对于L≥20.8261的宫颈癌患者应提高警惕,给予个体化的新辅助治疗,并保证足够的手术范围。该模型对患者术前淋巴结转移具有一定的预测价值。     

Early cervical carcinoma: the natural history of lymph node involvement redefined on the basis of thorough parametrectomy and giant section study

BACKGROUND: Although parametrectomy is the most difficult step in the surgical treatment of cervical carcinoma and is the main cause of postoperative complications, little attention has been given to the patterns of parametrial spread. METHODS: Sixty-nine patients with previously untreated cervical carcinoma (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique [FIGO] Stage IB1, 49 patients [71%]; Stage IB2, 8 patients [12%]; and Stage IIA, 12 patients [17%]; squamous, 59 patients [86%]; and adenocarcinoma, 10 patients [14%]) underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic +/- aortic lymphadenectomy. Hysterectomy specimens were processed with the giant section technique. To obtain a thorough three-dimensional assessment of the paracervical tissue, both the superficial and deep layers of the cervicovesical ligament (anterior parametrium) and the uterosacral ligament (posterior parametrium) were separated from the uterus and submitted for pathologic evaluation. After resection of the lateral parametrium with hemoclips, the lympho-fatty tissue remaining around the pudendal vessels was removed carefully and referred to as "the distal part of the lateral parametrium." RESULTS: When analyzing all the parametria, lymph nodes were present in 64 patients (93%). Clinically undetected parametrial involvement was found by pathologic examination in 15 Stage IB1 patients (31%), 5 Stage IB2 patients (63%), and 7 Stage IIA patients (58%). Metastases were found in the cardinal, cervicovesical, and sacrouterine ligaments and principally were comprised of lymph node and vascular space invasion. Twenty-five patients (36%) had pelvic lymph node metastases whereas concomitant parametrial involvement was observed in all patients. The overall 5-year survival was 91%, being higher for parametria and lymph node negative patients (100%) than for those with lymph node and/or parametrial metastases (78%). CONCLUSIONS: A three-dimensional pathologic assessment showed that subclinical parametrial spreading of the so-called "early" tumors (Stage IB-IIA) occurred in approximately 30-60% of these patients, and metastasis to the pelvic lymph nodes always was associated with parametrial disease. A better understanding of the patterns of parametrial diffusion will improve knowledge of the natural history of cervical carcinoma and in the future may influence the treatment of these patients. Furthermore, pathologic assessment of cervical carcinoma should be modified to evaluate correctly the parametrial status of each patient. The current routine pathologic evaluation of the parametria makes it very difficult to detect lymph node metastases and tumor emboli.     

早期宫颈癌(Ⅰb-Ⅱa期)预后相关因素的回顾性分析

Objective: To estimate the impact of parametrial infiltration and lymph node metastasis on clinical outcome in women with early-stage cervical cancer following radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Methods: Clinical records and pathologic slides of 532 patients with early-stage cervical cancer (330 Ib and 202 IIa) treated with radical hyster- ectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy were reviewed. The study group comprised 520 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 12 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Median follow-up time was 67 months. The association among the various histopathologic predictors of outcome was determined with analysis. The influence of the predictors on outcome was examined with log rank survival methods and the Cox regression model. Results: FIGO stage, histologic type, tumor size, depth of invasion, parametrial infiltration, lymph node metastasis, and remote metastasis were identified as significantly biologically relevant and therefore were included as candidate predictors in multivariate analysis. In particular, parametrial infiltration and lymph node metastasis were found to be simultaneous predictors of death on multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). After controlling for these two factors, the other variables considered were not statistically significant up to a two-way interaction. Conclusion: Presence of parametrial infiltration and/or lymph node metastasis in women with early-stage cervical cancer is an independent poor prognostic factor. In addition, the relatively poor survival of women with more than one lymph nodes identified with cancer cells.     

Incidence and distribution pattern of pelvic and paraaortic lymph node metastasis in patients with Stages IB, IIA, and IIB cervical carcinoma treated with radical hysterectomy

BACKGROUND: The incidence and distribution pattern of retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis in patients with cervical carcinoma should be investigated based on data from systematic pelvic lymph node (PLN) and paraaortic lymph node (PAN) dissection, so that a basis can be established for determining the site of selective lymph node dissection or sampling. METHODS: A total of 208 patients with Stages IB, IIA, and IIB cervical carcinoma who underwent radical hysterectomy and systematic pelvic and PAN dissection were investigated for lymph node metastasis and histopathologic risk factors for lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients (25.5%) had lymph node metastasis. The obturator lymph nodes were most frequently involved, with a rate of 18.8% (39/208). Forty-nine of 53 node-positive patients had lymph node metastasis in the obturator, internal iliac, or common iliac lymph nodes. Of 26 solitary lymph node metastases confined to one node group, 18 were in the obturator, 3 in the internal iliac, 3 in the parametrial, and 2 in the common iliac lymph nodes. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that deep cervical stromal invasion and lymph-vascular space invasion were related to PLN metastasis. It was also shown that metastasis to bilateral PLNs (excluding the common iliac lymph nodes) as well as metastasis to the common iliac lymph nodes were significantly related to PAN metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the obturator lymph nodes can be sentinel lymph nodes of cervical carcinoma. PAN metastasis appears to occur secondarily to wide-spread PLN metastasis. These results provide a basis for determining the site of selective lymph node dissection and for estimating the existence of PAN metastasis from the pattern of metastasis in PLN in patients with cervical carcinoma.     

盆腔MRI联合血清CA125、HE4检测对子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移的评估价值

目的:探讨盆腔MRI、血清癌抗原125（cancer antigen 125,CA125）、人附睾蛋白4（human epididymis protein 4,HE4）在子宫内膜癌（endometrial cancer,EC）淋巴结转移评估中的应用价值。方法:选取于本院行全面分期手术并经术后病理确诊为EC的137例患者,回顾性分析盆腔MRI、血清CA125、HE4值与不同病理特征的关系。依据淋巴结转移情况分组,计算三者单项及联合检测时灵敏度、特异度等指标,绘制CA125、HE4受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）。结果:MRI检测在肌层浸润方面一致性较高,宫颈受累、淋巴结转移方面一致性一般（Kappa值分别为0.766、0.636、0.450）。血清CA125、HE4水平与肌层浸润深度、淋巴结转移有关(P＜0.05),与宫颈受累程度无关（P＞0.05）。预判淋巴结转移风险灵敏度及阴性预测值比较:MRI+CA125+HE4最高,特异度、阳性预测值及准确度比较:MRI最高。单项检测时三者阴性预测值均高于阳性预测值。淋巴结转移ROC曲线表明CA125、HE4最佳截断值为34.95 U/mL、78.9 pmol/L,曲线下面积比较:CA125+HE4＞HE4＞CA125。结论:MRI、CA125、HE4三者单项检测提示阴性结果时更为可靠,联合评价时阳性检出率最高。MRI总体诊断符合率最高。血清CA125≥34.95 U/mL、HE4≥78.9 pmol/L时可作为淋巴结切除参考,HE4预测转移价值优于CA125。     

宫颈癌患者血清miR-196a的表达及其与SCC-Ag及CEA的相关性研究

目的:探讨宫颈癌患者血清miR-196a的表达与鳞状细胞癌抗原（SCC-Ag）及癌胚抗原（CEA）的相关性,分析血清miR-196a、SCC-Ag及CEA水平对宫颈癌的诊断价值。方法: 选取2016年1月至2019年3月海南妇产科医院收治的158例宫颈癌患者（宫颈癌组）、80例CIN患者（CIN组）和60例健康体检正常女性（对照组）,检测各组血清miR-196a、SCC-Ag及CEA水平,分析其与宫颈癌患者临床病理特征的关系。应用ROC曲线分析血清miR-196a、SCC-Ag及CEA水平对宫颈癌的诊断价值。Pearson相关分析血清miR-196a与SCC-Ag及CEA水平的相关性。结果: 宫颈癌组血清miR-196a（5.26±1.25 vs 1.65±0.41,1.18±0.24）、SCC-Ag（ng/ml）（4.16±1.20 vs 0.68±0.25,0.52±0.13）及CEA（ng/ml）（14.50±4.17 vs 3.72±0.81,3.05±0.63）水平均明显高于CIN组和对照组（P<0.01）。宫颈癌患者血清miR-196a表达水平与临床分期、淋巴结转移、浸润深度、SCC-Ag及CEA阳性有关（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清miR-196a、SCC-Ag及CEA水平诊断宫颈癌的最佳截断值分别为3.84、2.37 ng/ml、9.60 ng/ml,三项联合诊断宫颈癌的曲线下面积最大（0.912,95%CI:0.854～0.974）,其敏感度和特异度为90.4%和86.5%。相关分析显示,宫颈癌患者血清miR-196a与SCC-Ag及CEA水平均呈正相关（r=0.817,P<0.01,r=0.748,P<0.01）。结论: 血清miR-196a表达水平在宫颈癌患者中明显升高,且与SCC-Ag及CEA水平均呈正相关,三项联合检测对宫颈癌诊断具有较高的价值。     

Ⅰ、Ⅱ期宫颈癌淋巴转移特征及相关因素与预后

目的探讨宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的特征,相关危险因素及其对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析32例宫颈癌根治术后盆腔淋巴结转移及同期无转移患者的临床与病理资料。结果盆腔淋巴结总转移率为23．35％（32／137）,以闭孔淋巴结转移率最高,占全部淋巴结转移的59．37％。盆腔淋巴结转移与宫颈肌层癌浸润深度有关,而与患者年龄、病理分化及组织学类型、宫旁侵犯及淋巴管浸润无关。淋巴结转移个数（≥3个）与宫颈癌的预后密切相关。淋巴管浸润、肌层浸润深度、病理类型（鳞癌与非鳞癌）、病理分化与预后无显著相关。结论肌层浸润≥1／2是宫颈癌患者盆腔淋巴结转移的危险因素,淋巴结转移33个者预后差,可为指导临床治疗提供帮助。     

Contribution of pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy with sentinel node biopsy in patients with IB2-IIB cervical cancer

Objective:

Detection of lymph node involvement in women with IB2–IIB cervical cancer could have a positive effect on survival. We set out to evaluate the incidence of pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph node involvement using the sentinel node (SN) biopsy and its impact on survival.

Methods:

From 2002 to 2010, 66 women with IB2–IIB cervical cancer underwent a pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy with SN biopsy. Survival between groups according to lymph node status was evaluated.

Results:

Mean tumour size was 43.5 mm. At least one SN was detected in 69% of the 45 SN procedures performed. Sixteen of these patients had metastatic SN and the false negative rate was 20%. Metastatic pelvic SNs or non-SNs were detected in 33 patients (50%), including pelvic-positive nodes in 26 (40%), pelvic- and paraaortic-positive lymph nodes in seven (11%), and paraaortic skip metastases in two (6%). Positive paraaortic node was the sole determinant for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS; P<0.001). Differences in DFS and OS between groups according to the nodal status were observed (P<0.001).

Conclusion:

SN procedure gave a higher rate of metastasis detection. Further studies are required to evaluate whether pre-therapeutic node staging, including paraaortic and pelvic lymphanedectomy, should be performed.     

食管中下段鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移的危险因素分析及诊断模型构建

  目的  探讨食管中下段鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移的危险因素并构建诊断模型,为临床选择合理手术方式提供参考。  方法  选取2015年1月至2020年6月于河北医科大学第四医院行食管癌根治术+三野淋巴结清扫的240例食管中下段鳞癌患者作为观察对象,依据术后病理分为颈部淋巴结转移组和颈部淋巴结无转移组。采用多因素Logistic 回归分析颈部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,并建立诊断模型,应用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估其诊断效能。  结果  240例食管中下段鳞癌患者中有62例（25.8%）发生颈部淋巴结转移。Logistic回归分析结果显示,肿瘤最大径、食管旁淋巴结转移、喉返神经旁淋巴结转移和CT诊断颈部淋巴结转移是食管中下段鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。诊断模型为P=1/(1+exp(-(-3.764+0.361×肿瘤最大径+1.281×食管旁淋巴结转移+1.614×喉返神经旁淋巴结转移+1.155×CT诊断颈部淋巴结转移))),其阴性预测值为89.89%,阳性预测值为45.16%,准确度为78.33%。ROC曲线分析显示,ROC 曲线下的面积为0.827（95%CI :0.767～0.886）,约登指数为0.530,灵敏度和特异度分别为70.97%和82.02%。  结论  肿瘤最大径、食管旁淋巴结转移、喉返神经旁淋巴结转移和CT诊断颈部淋巴结转移是食管中下段鳞癌颈部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,以此为基础建立的诊断模型具有一定的临床运用价值。      

子宫内膜癌患者盆腔加腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除的临床意义

目的 分析子宫内膜癌患者盆腔加腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除的临床意义.方法 选取子宫内膜癌患者71例为研究对象,行盆腔加腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术,分析患者术后临床特征,以及影响患者盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的危险因素.结果 对盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结患者行切除术后淋巴结转移率较低,分别为21.2%和23.9%,且患者术后并发症较少,仅为7例;线性回归分析提示,影响盆腔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素有肿瘤中低分化、深度肌层浸润、临床分期及脉管浸润,而影响腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的独立危险有肿瘤低分化、非子宫内膜样癌、深度肌层浸润、盆腔淋巴结转移及淋巴管浸润;71例患者随访1年生存率为87.32%,且发生盆腔加腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移患者的生存率明显低于无淋巴结转移者.结论 盆腔加腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除,有利于提高子宫内膜癌患者的临床治疗效果,而且安全性较高,值得临床推广应用.     

SCC-Ag与宫颈癌新辅助化疗患者预后的相关性

目的:探索化疗前、后鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCC-Ag)及其变化对宫颈癌新辅助化疗患者预后的预测价值.方法:收集191例宫颈癌患者的临床资料,分析其预后情况与临床特征间的关系,探讨不同阶段SCC-Ag对预后的评估意义.结果:化疗反应、淋巴结转移及FIGO分期与预后呈现出一定的相关性(P<0.05),而年龄、绝经情况和组织分型与预后无关;化疗前SCC-Ag<2.8 ng/ml组5年生存率为89.47%,SCC-Ag≥2.8 ng/ml组为79.17%(P=0.048 4);化疗后SCC-Ag<0.9 ng/ml组5年生存率为90.32%,SCC-Ag≥0.9 ng/ml组为78.57%(P=0.023 8);SCC-Ag下降程度≥50%和<50%之间比较差异无统计学意义.结论:化疗前和化疗后的SCC-Ag水平对宫颈癌新辅助化疗患者预后有一定的评估价值.     

Prognostic value of the colposcopic tumor size in stage IB squamous cervical cancer

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the prognostic significance of the colposcopic tumor size in the management of cervical cancer. METHODS: Clinicopathological analysis was performed in 751 consecutive patients with stage IB squamous cervical cancer who were surgically treated in a single institute. The colposcopic tumor size was measured postoperatively on surgical specimens. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the prognostic significance of various pathological factors. RESULTS: Among the pathological factors examined, lymph node metastasis, parametrial extension, deep stromal invasion, vessel permeation, endometrial extension, and colposcopic tumor size were found to be prognostic factors in univariate analysis, whereas multivariate analysis has confirmed that only three factors, i.e., lymph node metastasis, parametrial involvement, and colposcopic tumor size were independently associated with the disease-free interval. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the colposcopic tumor size is an independent prognostic factor in squamous cervical cancer and can be used as an indicator of treatment options.     

鳞状细胞癌抗原检测联合磁共振成像对判断早期宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的临床意义

背景与目的：宫颈癌是否发生淋巴结转移不仅决定着预后,还指导着术后辅助治疗;因此对淋巴结转移进行相关研究具有重要的意义。本文皆在分析宫颈癌发生盆腔淋巴结转移的相关因素,探讨鳞状细胞癌抗原（squamous cell carcinoma antigen,SCCAg）检测联合磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）对宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的临床应用价值。方法：回顾性分析2016年7月—2018年3月在蚌埠医学院第一附属医院治疗的ⅠA~ⅡA期110例宫颈鳞癌患者的临床相关资料;采用SPSS 22.0软件进行相关统计学分析。结果：SCCAg检测判断宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线的曲线下面积为0.695,最佳临界值为2.45 ng/mL,95%CI为0.577~0.812,其阳性预测值为46%,阴性预测值为84%,准确率为71%,灵敏度为58.6%,特异度为75.3%（Kappa值=0.312,P=0.001）;术前MRI检查诊断宫颈鳞癌盆腔淋巴结转移的阳性预测值为77%,阴性预测值为89%,准确率为86.4%,灵敏度为69.0%,特异度为92.6%（Kappa值=0.637,P=0.000）;两者联合诊断宫颈鳞癌盆腔淋巴结转移的阳性预测值为55%,阴性预测值为97%,准确率为78.1%,灵敏度为93.1%,特异度为72.8%（Kappa值=0.540,P=0.000）;单因素分析显示,淋巴结转移与SCCAg>2.45 ng/ mL、间质浸润深度、切缘浸润及脉管浸润有关;多因素分析显示,间质浸润及脉管浸润是盆腔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。结论：宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移与SCCAg>2.45 ng/mL、间质浸润深度、切缘浸润及脉管浸润相关,尤其当有间质浸润及脉管浸润时,淋巴结转移的可能性更不可忽视;而在诊断淋巴结转移方面,MRI要优于SCCAg检查,当两者结合可显著提高其灵敏度及阴性预测值,对宫颈癌无盆腔淋巴结转移的判断具有重要的临床意义。     

Pretreatment risk factors for parametrial involvement in FIGO stage IB1 cervical cancer

Objective

All patients with stage IB1 cervical cancer do not need to undergo parametrectomy. Some low-risk criteria for parametrial involvement (PI) have been proposed based on pathological findings. The aim of this study was to determine pretreatment risk factors for PI in stage IB1 cervical cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 115 patients with stage IB1 cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy or radical trachelectomy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed and serum concentrations of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) were determined in all patients before initial treatment. The following pretreatment factors were investigated: histological variant, maximum tumor diameter, tumor volume (volume index), pelvic lymph node enlargement, and serum tumor markers. Logistic regression analysis was used to select the independent risk factors for PI.

Results

Eighteen of the 115 patients (15.7%) were pathologically diagnosed with PI. Multivariate analysis confirmed the following independent risk factors for PI: MRI-based tumor diameter ≥25 mm (odds ratio [OR], 9.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1 to 48.1), MRI-based volume index ≥5,000 mm³ (OR, 13.3; 95% CI, 1.4 to 125.0), and positive serum tumor markers SCC-Ag ≥1.5 ng/mL or CA-125 ≥35 U/mL (OR, 5.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 25.1). Of 53 patients with no risk factors for PI, none had PI.

Conclusion

Less radical surgery may become one of the treatment options for stage IB1 cervical cancer patients with MRI-based tumor diameter <25 mm, MRI-based volume index <5,000 mm³, and negativity for SCC-Ag and CA-125.     

The role of lymph nodes in cervical cancer: incidence and identification of lymph node metastases—a literature review

Correct identification of patients with lymph node metastasis from cervical cancer prior to treatment is of great importance, because it allows more tailored therapy. Patients may be spared unnecessary surgery or extended field radiotherapy if the nodal status can be predicted correctly. This review captures the existing knowledge on the identification of lymph node metastases in cervical cancer. The risk of nodal metastases increases per 2009 FIGO stage, with incidences in the pelvic region ranging from 2% (stage IA2) to 14–36% (IB), 38–51% (IIA) and 47% (IIB); and in the para-aortic region ranging from 2 to 5% (stage IB), 10–20% (IIA), 9% (IIB), 13–30% (III) and 50% (IV). In addition, age, tumor size, lymph vascular space invasion, parametrial invasion, depth of stromal invasion, histological type, and histological grade are reported to be independent prognostic factors for the risk of nodal metastases. Furthermore, biomarkers can contribute to predict a patient’s nodal status, of which the squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) is currently the most widely used in squamous cell cervical cancer. Still, pre-treatment lymph node assessment is primarily performed by imaging, of which diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging has the highest sensitivity and 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission computed tomography the highest specificity. Imaging results can be combined with clinical parameters in nomograms to increase the accuracy of predicting positives nodes. Despite all the progress regarding pre-treatment prediction of lymph node metastases in cervical cancer in recent years, prediction rates are not robust enough to safely abandon surgical staging of the pelvic or para-aortic region yet.