乙肝肝硬化食管静脉曲张的无创性预测指标研究

目的：探讨乙肝肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张的无创性预测指标。方法：选择2007年1月—2012年1月本院收治的乙肝肝硬化206例,以患者一般特点、临床表现、生化指标和超声结果等为研究参数,根据胃镜检查结果将患者分为无静脉曲张组、所有静脉曲张组及严重静脉曲张组,再对上述指标采用非条件Logistic回归模型进行分析,筛选出有预测价值的食管静脉曲张及其程度的无创指标。结果：（1）对患者肝功能进行Child-Pugh分级,其中Child A级94例（45.6%）、B级81例（39.3%）、C级31例（15.0%）;所有患者中,存在食管静脉曲张152例（73.8%）,其中轻度曲张48例（23.3%）、中度曲张62例（30.1%）、重度曲张42例（20.4%）,严重曲张（中度和重度曲张之和）共104例（50.5%）。（2）与门静脉高压相关的指标,如血小板、白细胞计数及门静脉直径和脾长,无论是所有静脉曲张组还是严重曲张组,与无曲张组比较均差异显著（P〈0.05）,而清蛋白、凝血时间、谷草转氨酶和胆红素各组间均差异不显著（P〉0.05）。血小板、门静脉直径和脾长等相关因素均进入最终回归分析模型。结论：监测乙肝肝硬化患者血小板、白细胞计数及门静脉直径和脾长变化,有助于预测食管静脉曲张或严重食道静脉曲张的存在。     

基于门静脉压力梯度等多因素的肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血风险评估初步探讨

【摘要】 目的 探讨门静脉压力梯度（PPG）、食管静脉曲张程度、胃冠状静脉直径、门静脉直径及肝纤维化指标等在肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者风险评估中的作用。方法 收集2017年1月至2019年3月青海大学附属医院明确诊断为肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张拟行颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）患者106例,分为出血组与未出血组,统计所有患者术前PPG、影像学资料、实验室检验、胃镜检查、核医学肝纤维化指标、门静脉造影等资料。结果 出血组、未出血组患者伴腹水、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、胃冠状静脉直径、食管静脉曲张程度、门静脉直径、PPG指标比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。出血组患者透明质酸钠（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原氨基端肽（PⅢNP）、Ⅳ型胶原（ⅣC）均高于未出血组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,层粘连蛋白（LN）差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与单因素评分相比,门静脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血多因素评分预测食管静脉曲张破裂出血的灵敏度、特异度更高。 结论 以PPG为核心的多因素评分评估肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血,较单一因素评估具有更好的灵敏度和特异度。对曲张静脉高危患者中HA、PⅢNP、ⅣC明显增高患者进行早期干预,可能降低破裂出血风险。     

肝硬化并食管静脉曲张多层螺旋CT门静脉成像的临床应用

目的 研究多层螺旋CT门静脉成像(multi-detector helical computed tomography,MDCTP)评估肝硬化并食管静脉曲张破裂出血(esophageal varices bleeding,EVB)相关危险因素的临床应用价值.方法 肝硬化患者行内镜及64层螺旋CT检查,二者诊断结果 一致者53例,观测MDCTP中食管静脉曲张的最大直径、分级及类型、胃左静脉直径及开口类型、门静脉及脾静脉直径、脾脏指数大小等指标,并根据患者有无食管静脉曲张出血病史进行统计分析.结果 肝硬化并食管静脉曲张破裂出血组与非出血组MDCTP的观察指标中,食管静脉曲张最大直径、分级、胃左静脉直径等指标比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中出血组与无出血组食管曲张静脉最大直径分别为(6.9±2.2) mm、(4.9±2.2) mm,95%可信区间分别为6.1～7.8 mm、4.0～5.9 mm;胃左静脉直径分别为(6.4±1.3) mm、(5.3±1.2) mm,95%可信区间分别为5.9～6.4 mm、4.7～5.8 mm.食管静脉曲张的类型、胃左静脉的开口类型、门静脉及脾静脉直径、脾脏指数等观察指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).非条件Logistic回归分析结果 显示对EVB组影响由大到小依次分别为:胃左静脉直径、食管直径;回归系数分别为:0.696、0.401.结论 MDCTP中食管静脉曲张的最大直径及其分级、胃左静脉直径大小与食管静脉曲张破裂出血相关,对预测食管静脉曲张破裂出血有重要意义.     

肝硬化门脉血流动力学改变与食管静脉曲张破裂出血的关系

目的探讨肝硬化门脉血流动力学改变与食管静脉曲张破裂出血之间的关系。方法 96例肝硬化门脉高压症患者为研究对象,为观察组,另选取同期于我院体检的80例健康人为对照组,分别测定其门静脉血管内径、血流量及血流速度,并进行比较。结果观察组患者门静脉内径宽度、血流量明显大于对照组,而血流速度明显慢于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。将观察组患者按病情严重程度划分为一般肝硬化、食管中下段胃底静脉曲张、静脉曲张破裂出血三亚组。三亚组间门静脉血管内径、血流量均无明显差异(P0.05)。与一般肝硬化患者相比,食管中下段胃底静脉曲张、静脉曲张破裂患者血流速度明显减慢,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但静脉曲张破裂出血患者血流速度减慢更加明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),提示门静脉血流速度减慢与肝硬化门脉高压症患者食管静脉曲张破裂出血发生有关。结论肝硬化门脉高压症患者门静脉血流速度减慢可明显增加患者食管静脉曲张破裂出血的危险性。     

乙型肝炎肝硬化患者上消化道出血与幽门螺旋杆菌感染、肝功能分级关系

目的 探讨乙型肝炎肝硬化患者上消化道出血与幽门螺旋杆菌(Hp)感染、肝功能分级的关系。方法 回顾性分析自2020年1月至2022年12月保定市第二中心医院收治的342例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的临床资料。根据上消化道出血(食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血)发病情况,将患者分为出血组(n=95)和未出血组(n=247)。根据出血组发病30 d内预后情况,将患者分为死亡组(n=16)和生存组(n=79)。比较出血组和未出血组的一般资料;分析影响乙型肝炎肝硬化患者合并上消化道出血的危险因素,以及Hp感染与肝功能分级的关系。比较不同预后患者的Hp感染率、肝功能分级情况,分析Hp感染、肝功能分级对患者预后的预测价值。结果 出血组饮酒、Hp感染、合并腹水、肝性脑病、Child-pugh分级C级、重度食管胃底静脉曲张的比例均高于未出血组,门静脉内径、脾静脉内径均大于未出血组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Hp感染、合并腹水、门静脉内径增大、脾静脉内径增大、Child-pugh分级C级、重度食管胃底静脉曲张是乙型肝炎肝硬化患者上消化道出血的危险因素(P<0.05)。出血组Child-pugh分级C级...     

能谱CT在预测肝硬化门脉高压食管静脉曲张出血风险的应用

＿目的：通过能谱CT探讨肝硬化门脉高压血流动力学改变来预测食管静脉曲张出血风险。方法：41名肝硬化患者行能谱CT扫描,分别记录肝左叶、肝右叶、肝尾状叶、脾脏、门静脉、胃左静脉碘基值,门静脉主干及脾静脉主干内径,比较门脉高压组（门静脉内径≥15 mm或脾静脉内径≥10 mm）与非门脉高压组（门静脉内径＜15 mm或脾静脉内径＜10 mm）、CT下食管静脉曲张组与未曲张组、出血组与未出血组之间能谱参数差异。将出血组与未出血组的能谱参数绘制ROC曲线,选取截点,确定能谱参数对出血风险的诊断价值。结果：胃左静脉指数 GLI （胃左静脉碘基值／门静脉碘基值）与脾静脉主干内径呈正相关（r＝0．358,P＝0．035）。CT下食管静脉曲张组GLI（0．99±0．26）较未曲张组高（0．78±0．22）,P＝0．02。出血组GLI （1．01±0．21）较未出血组高（0．83±0．28）,P＝0．037。GLI临界值为0．87时曲线下面积为0．71,诊断出血风险的敏感性82．4％,特异性65％。结论：胃左静脉指数可以作为预测食管静脉曲张出血风险指标。     

多种无创性模型预测乙型肝炎肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度的价值研究

目的 :比较MSCT测得的脾脏体积、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)与血小板(PLT)比值指数(APRI)及AST与丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)比值(AAR)对肝硬化食管静脉曲张及其分级的诊断价值。方法:根据上消化道内镜结果将108例慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化患者分为食管静脉曲张组(47例)和无食管静脉曲张组(61例);2组临床指标比较行t检验或χ~2检验;相关指标(PLT、ALT、脾脏体积、APRI、AAR)与食管静脉曲张分级的关系采用Spearman相关性分析;分析相关指标(PLT、ALT、脾脏体积、APRI、AAR)诊断有无食管静脉曲张及其分级的临界值,并计算ROC的AUC。结果:2组PLT、ALT、脾脏体积、APRI、AAR比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);ALT、脾脏体积、APRI与食管静脉曲张分级呈正相关(r=0.249、0.703、0.320;均P0.05);PLT、AAR均与食管静脉曲张分级呈负相关(r=-0.389、-0.268;均P0.05);脾脏体积诊断有食管静脉曲张、中度及重度食管静脉曲张ROC曲线的AUC分别为0.886、0.781、0.816(均P0.001)。结论:PLT、ALT、脾脏体积、APRI、AAR与乙型肝炎肝硬化患者并发食管静脉曲张密切相关;与PLT、ALT、APRI、AAR相比,脾脏体积能更好诊断和区分乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的食管静脉曲张及其分级。     

CT门静脉成像对门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张诊断的临床意义

目的探讨CT门静脉成像(MSCTP)在肝硬化门静脉高压病人中显示食管及胃底静脉曲张的临床应用价值。方法本前瞻性研究纳入2015年4—7月临床诊断为肝硬化门静脉高压的60例病人,均行MSCTP及胃镜检查。采用Kappa检验分析MSCTP与胃镜对食管、胃底静脉曲张诊断阳性率及对食管静脉曲张分级程度的一致性,采用χ~2检验对MSCTP与胃镜诊断食管、胃底静脉曲张Sarin分型进行比较。结果 MSCTP与胃镜在诊断食管、胃底静脉曲张的阳性率方面具有较好的一致性(κ=0.735,P0.001),在诊断食管静脉曲张分级中也具有较好的一致性(κ=0.728,P0.001)。MSCTP与胃镜诊断食管、胃底静脉曲张Sarin分型的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。MSCTP发现13例存在分流道,其中胃肾分流4例,脾肾分流9例,脐静脉再通3例。结论MSCTP对于肝硬化门静脉高压病人食管及胃底静脉曲张显示良好,与胃镜诊断具有较好的一致性,并能更好地观察到腔外静脉侧支情况,可为临床诊断提供可靠的佐证。     

TIPSS加断流术治疗门静脉高压症的疗效观察

目的　研究TIPSS加断流术治疗门静脉高压症的临床疗效。方法　对 6 0例门静脉高压症伴食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者采用TIPSS加断流术治疗。治疗时伴有中度腹水 41例 ,重度腹水 8例 ,按Child Pugh分级标准肝功能为A级 11例 ,B级 37例 ,C级 12例 ,上消化道钡餐检查示食管静脉中、重度静脉曲张。治疗分两步进行 ,首先行TIPSS治疗 ,2周后再行断流术。结果　TIPSS术后无近期分流道阻塞、再出血和死亡 ,食管静脉曲张显著减轻。 1～ 5年随访 ,肝内分流道阻塞率、出血复发率和病死率分别为 11.9%、3.5 %和 7.0 %。结论　TIPSS加断流术是一种疗效确切的治疗门脉高压症的方法。     

磁共振电影相位对比定量肝硬化门静脉血流与肝功能分级的关系

目的 采用电影相位对比磁共振成像(Cine PC MRI)评价肝硬化门静脉高压患者门静脉血流动力学与Child-Pugh肝功能分级的关系. 资料与方法 49例肝硬化门静脉高压患者,男26例,女23例,平均年龄47.8岁;19名正常对照者,男10名,女9名,平均年龄43.5岁.按Child-Pugh肝功能分级,A级10例,B级31例,C级8例.采用Cine PC MRI对门静脉血流进行定量测量. 结果 肝硬化组按照Child A、B、C顺序,门静脉血流速度逐渐降低,组内差异具有显著性统计学意义(P<0.05);Child C级的门静脉流速与A、B级及正常组相比,流速明显减低,差异具有显著性统计学意义(P<0.01).肝硬化Child B、C级患者较正常组门静脉直径增宽、截面积明显增大(P<0.05).Child C级较B级门静脉血流量明显减少(P<0.05). 结论 Cine PC MRI监测门静脉血流动力学有助于评价肝硬化患者的肝功能、门静脉高压严重程度.     

Renovascular impedance and esophageal varices in patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the frequency of increased renovascular impedance and its relationship with the presence of esophageal varices in patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis without ascites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The intraparenchymal renal resistive index (RI) (reference value, <0.7) and portal congestive index (ie, the ratio between the portal cross-sectional area and mean flow velocity; reference value, <0.07) were measured by using duplex Doppler ultrasonography in 50 consecutive patients. The frequency of varices was assessed endoscopically. The data were analyzed with the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The renal RI was consistent with increased impedance (ie, >0.7) in 18 (36%) patients and was normal in 32 (64%). The proportion of patients with varices was significantly higher in the former group: 14 (78%) versus 10 (31%) (P =.002). In detection of the presence of varices, the renal RI was uniformly better than the portal congestive index in terms of sensitivity (58% vs. 48%), specificity (84% vs 54%), and positive (3.60 vs 1.04) and negative (0.50 vs. 0.96) likelihood ratios. RI determination improved the ability to exclude the presence of varices from a basal pretest probability of 52% (26 of 50 patients) to a final one of 69% (22 of 32 patients) and that of predicting the presence of varices from 48% (24 of 50 patients) to 78% (14 of 18 patients). CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis without ascites have increased renovascular impedance; this significantly correlates with the presence of varices.     

经皮经肝肝内门体分流术的手术方法与临床应用

目的介绍经皮经肝肝内门体分流术（PTIPS）的手术方法及围术期情况。 方法2009年11月—2013年3月,76例门静脉高压患者接受经门静脉右支PTIPS,临床表现为消化道出血69例（其中23例合并不同程度腹腔积液）,单纯性顽固性腹腔积液7例。术前肝功能Child-Pugh A级23例,B级35例,C级18例。上腹部CT/MRI显示34例肝脏重度萎缩,肝裂明显增宽;25例伴门静脉血栓/癌栓形成合并门静脉海绵样变性。经皮成功穿刺门静脉右下分支后,沿同一穿刺道经门静脉"逆行"穿刺肝静脉或肝段下腔静脉,建立肝内门体分流道。 结果76例患者PTIPS成功率100%。门静脉压差由术前（32.35±2.89）mmHg降至术后（18.42±1.32）mmHg（P<0.001）。2例患者发生腹腔出血,栓塞相应肝动脉后治愈。1例肝功能C级患者术后5天因肝衰竭死亡,余75例患者术后1个月内门脉高压症状消失。 结论PTIPS是传统经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）的补充,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,手术成功率高,大大拓展了介入性门体分流术的应用范围。     

多排螺旋CT在预测门静脉高压致上消化道大出血中的临床价值

目的用多排CT测量门静脉系血管内径大小,从而评估其在预测门静脉高压致上消化道大出血中的临床价值。资料与方法将门静脉高压患者分为上消化道出血组和未出血组,所有患者行64排螺旋CT增强扫描,以获取两组患者的门静脉、脾静脉、胃冠状静脉、食管胃底曲张静脉的直径,再将各血管直径分为不同等级资料,分别用方差分析两组间差异性、卡方分析不同等级资料间的差异性及各等级资料的出血患者百分比例、Logistic回归分析各血管在出血中的独立危险因素。结果两组患者的门静脉、胃冠状静脉、食管胃底曲张静脉直径之间有显著差异性(P<0.05);各等级资料间有明显差异性(P<0.05),当门静脉宽度≥18 mm、胃冠状静脉宽度≥8 mm、食管胃底曲张静脉宽度≥6 mm时出血的比例明显增加;胃冠状静脉、食管胃底曲张静脉宽度在该出血中是独立危险因素。结论门静脉、胃冠状静脉、食管胃底曲张静脉的直径在预测上消化道出血中有明显意义。     

Correlation between portal/hepatic vein gradient and response to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation in refractory ascites

PURPOSE: Transjugular portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation is widely used in the treatment of patients with refractory ascites caused by portal hypertension. Although it is well-established that an optimal portosystemic gradient (PSG) to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding should be lower than 12 mm Hg, there are no clear data on the correlation between the post-TIPS portal/hepatic vein gradient (PHG) and control of ascites. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether there was any correlation between PHG and control of ascites after TIPS creation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Portal/hepatic vein gradients before and after TIPS creation were studied in 28 patients who underwent TIPS creation. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine whether the portal/hepatic vein gradient independently predicted response to TIPS. Patients were considered responders if ascites disappeared or there was no further need for paracentesis. Patients were considered nonresponders if they required repeat paracentesis one or more months after TIPS creation. RESULTS: Among patients who experienced a response, the mean pre-TIPS PHG was significantly higher than that in those who did not respond (20.9 mm Hg +/- 5.1 vs 15 mm Hg +/- 3.4; P = .002). A higher pre-TIPS PHG was predictive of better response independent of severity of liver disease and serum creatinine level (odds ratio, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.23-4.9; P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: If the findings established in this study are confirmed in prospective long-term studies, a pre-TIPS PHG measurement can be a useful tool in helping clinicians assess the potential benefit of TIPS in refractory ascites.     

Percutaneous transhepatic portography. III. Relationships between portosystemic collaterals and portal pressure in cirrhosis.

The relationships among collateral veins, gastroesophageal varices, extrahepatic shunting, and free portal pressure were studied by percutaneous transhepatic portography in 57 patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The size of esophageal varices was related to the size of the coronary and short gastric veins and to the portal pressure. The size of gastric varices was related to cephalad collaterals from the spleen and splenic vein, but not to portal pressure. Portosystemic shunting was associated with collaterals in the lower abdomen, but not with varices or portal pressure.     

Hemodynamic significance of the paraumbilical vein in portal hypertension: assessment with duplex US

Hemodynamic evaluation of portal and umbilical venous flow with duplex ultrasound (US) was performed in 11 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and a large umbilical vein. Two of these patients had hepatofugal flow in the umbilical vein exceeding hepatopetal flow in the portal vein. These two patients had no evidence of esophageal varices and bleeding. The remaining nine patients had esophageal varices. In these patients, the hepatopetal flow in the portal vein exceeded the hepatofugal flow through the umbilical vein. The authors conclude that duplex US may help identify the massive hepatofugal flow through a large umbilical vein that may reduce the likelihood of esophageal varices and variceal bleeding.     

门脉高压静脉曲张的CT诊断

本文分析了３０例门脉高压症的ＣＴ表现，包括食管静脉、食管周围静脉，奇静脉及奇静脉，小网膜静脉曲张，脐周静脉，脾静脉扩张，以及肝硬化门脉高压症的其他伴随异常，ＣＴ尽管不是诊断食管静脉曲张有首选方法，但在它判定门脉高压和食管周围静脉曲张以及奇静脉，半奇静脉系统，小网膜及后腹膜静脉曲张在存在和范围方面明显优于食管钡餐检查，因此，ＣＴ是诊断门脉高压静脉曲张的一种重要补充方法。     

电子束CT血管造影在肝硬化门脉高压的诊断和临床应用

目的：分析肝硬化门脉高压电子束CT血管造影表现，探讨其临床应用价值。方法：收集24例肝硬化门脉高压患者，行3mm薄层连续容积扫描，使用MIP和SSD三维血管重建。结果：食道下端静脉曲张9例，胃底贲门静脉曲张13例，肝门静脉曲张6例，脾门处脾静脉扭曲扩张11例，2例脾肾静脉自发分流，3例附脐静脉开放，2例肝硬化合并肝癌。结论：电子束CT血管造影及血管三维重建在肝硬化门脉高压诊断中具有重要作用，对TIPSS手术的术前评估和术后随访有着积极的指导作用。     

Embolization of portal-systemic shunts in cirrhotic patients with chronic recurrent hepatic encephalopathy

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of embolization of portal-systemic shunts in cirrhotic patients with chronic recurrent hepatic encephalopathy (CRHE). Methods Seven cirrhotic patients with CRHE refractory to medical treatment (3 men and 4 women, mean age 66 years) were studied. Five patients had splenorenal shunts, 1 had a gastrorenal shunt, and 1 had an intrahepatic portal vein-hepatic vein shunt. Shunt embolization was performed using stainless steel coils, with a percutaneous transhepatic portal vein approach in 4 patients and a transrenal vein approach in 3 patients. Results After embolization, the shunt disappeared in 4 patients on either ultrasound pulsed Doppler monitoring or portography. Complications observed in the 7 patients were fever, transient pleural effusion, ascites, and mild esophageal varices. For 3–6 months after embolization, the 4 patients whose shunts disappeared showed minimal or no reappearance of a shunt, and had no recurrence of encephalopathy. The serum ammonia levels decreased and electroencephalograms also improved. One of the 4 patients, who developed mild esophageal varices, required no treatment. Treatment was effective in 3 of the 4 patients (75%) who underwent embolization via a transhepatic portal vein. Conclusion Transvascular embolization of shunts improved the outcome in 4 of 7 patients. The most effective embolization was achieved via the percutaneous transhepatic portal vein approach.     

MSCT门静脉成像对门脉高压症中门静脉血栓形成与临床病情关系的研究

目的:采用64排螺旋CT门静脉成像探讨肝硬化(LC)门脉高压症(PH)门静脉血栓(PVT)形成对临床病程进展的影响。方法:对183例LC患者行CT检查,其中并发PVT者109例,无血栓者74例,应用MIP、MPR、CPR方法多角度多层面显示门静脉系统血管结构和侧支循环,测量血栓范围和狭窄程度。分别比较PVT组和对照组之间、不同Child-Pugh(CP)分级亚组间的肝功能、凝血功能、门脉系统血管宽度、侧支循环、脾脏大小的差异,分析PVT组各影像特征之间及其与肝功能的相关性。结果:PVT组与对照组间的血清总胆红素、门静脉和脾静脉宽度、脾面积、脾/胃-肾分流的差异均有统计学意义(t=-2.830、P=0.005;t=3.576、P<0.001;t=0.780、P=0.043;t=3.491、P=0.001;χ2=5.350、P=0.021),PVT组平均值均较高,且在CP的B和/或C级下差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),A级中差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);前腹壁静脉曲张在各分级中差异均有统计学意义(χ2=4.485,P=0.034)。PVT组肠系膜上静脉血栓与肠壁水肿有一定的相关性(r=0.227,P=0.018);脾静脉与胃左静脉宽度有一定的相关性(r=0.371,P<0.001)。结论:门静脉血栓形成与门脉高压症病情密切相关,可能为促进肝硬化临床病程发展的重要因素。