Wire-guided Localization Biopsy to Determine Surgical Margin Status in Patients with Non-palpable Suspicious Breast Lesions

Purpose: Guide-wire localization (GWL) has been a standard technique for many years. Excision of nonpalpablemalignant breast lesions with clear surgical margins reduces the risk of undergoing re-excision. Theobjective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of GWL biopsy for assessing surgical margins. Methods:This retrospective study concerned 53 patients who underwent GWL biopsy for non-palpable breast lesionsand breast carcinoma diagnosed by histological examination. Age of the patients, tumour size, radiographicfindings, breast density specifications, specimen volumes, menopausal status and family history of the patientsand surgical margin status were recorded. Results: Median age was 53.3 years, median tumour size was 1.5 cmand median specimen volume was 71.5 cm3. In fifteen patients (28%) DCIS and in 38 patients (72%) invasiveductal carcinoma was diagnosed. There was positive surgical margins in twenty eight (52.8%) patients. Themedian distance to the nearest surgical margin was 7.2 mm in clear surgical margins. Younger age and denserbreast specifications were found as statistically significant factors for surgical margin status. Median age of thepatients who had positive margins was 49.4 years where it was 56.9 years in the patients with negative margins(p=0.04). 79% of the patients with positive margins had type 3-4 pattern breast density according to BIRADSclassification as compared to 48% in the patients who had negative margins (p=0.03). Some 38 patients whohad positive or close surgical margins received re-excision (72%). Conclusion: Positive margin rates may behigher because of inherent biological differences and diffuse growth patterns in younger patients. There are alsotechnical difficulties that are relevant to denser fibroglandular tissue in placing hooked wire. High re-excisionrates must be taken into consideration while performing GWL biopsy in non-palpable breast lesions.     

Current Controversies Concerning Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The objectives of this article are to review existing controversies regarding sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy and to identify potential areas of consensus in order to eliminate routine axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). RESULTS: A combination of peritumoral injection with radioisotopes and subdermal or subareolar injection with blue dye may result in enhanced success rates of SLN identification. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy is most useful for detecting an internal mammary SLN, but the practicability of internal mammary SLN biopsy is still in the investigative stage. Intraoperative diagnosis of SLN is useful because patients with SLN metastases may be treated immediately with ALND, but it is unreasonable to expect that either examination of frozen sections or imprint cytology will detect every metastatic disease. SLN micrometastases may be of prognostic importance and these can be identified with H and E staining on permanent sections of 200 micro m intervals. While ALND is preferable for patients even with a small tumor (T1) and SLN micrometastases, radiation therapy is an acceptable alternative. SLN biopsy may be indicated for patients with DCIS detected as a palpable mass or those with large calcification areas in the breast. The accuracy of SLN biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is considered to be unproven. CONCLUSION: Since SLN biopsy has been adopted by surgeons around the world, consistency of technique and case selection has attained great significance.     

Preoperative Core Needle Biopsy does not Increase Local Recurrence Rate in Breast Cancer Patients

Summary Objective. Several case reports and clinical studies in the literature demonstrate needle track seeding after core needle biopsy in patients with breast cancer in up to 50% of cases. The impact of this observation on local recurrence and overall survival rate is, however, not fully investigated. Patients and design. We retrospectively analysed 719 patients after breast conserving surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for stage I and II breast cancer. We divided this group into patients with (189) and without (530) preoperative core needle biopsy. Demographic data, local recurrence and overall survival rate were compared between these two groups. Result. Preoperative core needle biopsy did not significantly influence the local free recurrence rate (median follow-up time of 78 and 71 months, respectively). The prognostic factors and the postoperative therapy did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusion. Preoperative core needle biopsy seems to have no detrimental impact on local recurrence and overall survival after breast conserving surgery and postoperative radiotherapy.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检

慨述乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)的解剖生理基础、临床意义、影响因素、假阴性和乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的定位、微转移及病理诊断。SLNB常规应用于临床还有持进一步探讨。     

术前淋巴结显像在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的应用价值

[目的]探讨术前淋巴显像在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的应用价值。[方法]回顾性分析2010年7月至2013年8月在河南省肿瘤医院行前哨淋巴结活检术的乳腺癌患者1041例,其中483例患者术前行淋巴结显像,558例患者未行淋巴显像而术中直接行前哨淋巴结活检术。[结果]在淋巴显像组中,84.3％（407／483）的患者显像成功,该组SLNB的成功率为98．9％（478／483）。而在未行淋巴显像组中SLNB的成功率为98．7％（551／558）。两组SLNB检出成功率差异无统计学意义（P=0．78）。即使术前淋巴显像失败,其SLNB的检出成功率仍达到98．7％。[结论]术前淋巴显像并不能提高SLNB的成功率。因此,临床工作中行前哨淋巴结活检前,淋巴显像不是必备条件。     

Sentinel Node Biopsy in Early Breast Cancer Patients with Palpable Axillary Node

Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a reliable method for evaluation of the axillary lymph node status in early stage breast cancer patients with non-palpable lymph nodes. The present study evaluated the status of sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes in T1T2 patients with palpable axillary lymph nodes. Materials and Methods: One hundred and two women with early breast cancer were investigated in this study. Patients were selected for axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy and then surgery .Then the rates of false negative and true positive, and diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph nodes biopsy were evaluated. In addition, the hormone receptors status of the tumor was determined through IHC and data was analyzed in SPSS21. Results: In this study, the mean age of the patients was 49 years, 85% had invasive ductal carcinoma  in their pathology reports, 77% were ER/PR positive, 30% HER2 positive and 9.8% triple negative and 69% had KI67<14%. In frozen pathology, 15.7 and 84.3% were sentinel positive and negative, respectively, and in the final pathology, 41 and 58.8% were sentinel positive and negative, respectively. This difference arises from the false negative rate of the frozen pathology, which was about 31.3%. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the frozen section were 24, 90 and 43%, respectively. Lymphovascular invasion is an important effective factor in the involvement of sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes. Statistical analysis showed that the probability of sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes involvement was higher in receptor positive patients and those with KI67>14% (p<0.002) whereas the rate of involvement was lower in triple negative patients. Conclusion: Sentinel node biopsy can be used in a significant percentage of breast cancer patients with palpable and reactive axillary lymph nodes.     

Data Driven for Early Breast Cancer Staging using Integrated Mammography and Biopsy

Objective: Breast cancer patients who have a rapid diagnosis have been better prognosis than late diagnosis. The popular screening is mammogram or ultrasound. In recent years, researchers try to develop data driven models to predict early cancer staging from the first screening. However, data elements are not complete such as lymph node status. Therefore, the Integrated dataset approach will be challenging. Methods: Because the data elements are not collected from the same source, joining between mammography and biopsy data were performed using latent variables that determine by tumor severity. The datasets consist of 445 mammography reports and 183 pathological reports. The latent variables of the mammogram dataset were determined by the severity of mass, while latent variables of the pathological dataset were determined by TNM Staging. The latent variables were used to join between two datasets. Then, the prediction models were built using the machine learning technique. The modeling is divided into three steps; staging prediction, lymph node prediction, and prognosis. Results: Integrated dataset from mammography and biopsy extend more factors and built the models to predict breast cancer staging in the mammography process. The staging prediction is 100% accuracy. The lymph node prediction are 72.47% accuracy, 73.94% specificity, and 72.5% sensitivity. An area under ROC curve is 0.74. The prognosis model prediction are 72.72% accuracy, 80% specificity, and 77% sensitivity. An area under ROC curve is 0.87. There are also built the rule for early staging, diagnosis, and prognosis.  Conclusion: This study aims to build the models for early staging, diagnosis, and prognosis using the less aggressive method. The advantages are (1) predict staging from the first screening (2) estimate the lymph node metastases for planning to ALND or SLNB (3) evaluate overall survival time. These advantages help the physician planning the best treatment for cancer patients.     

Prediction of Residual Malignancy After Excisional Biopsy for Breast Cancer With Suspicious Microcalcifications: Comparison of Mammography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

BackgroundWhether surgery should be performed after excisional biopsy based on mammography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings has not been evaluated for breast cancer with suspicious microcalcifications on mammography. This study investigated the ability of mammography and MRI to predict residual malignancy after excisional biopsy for suspicious microcalcifications and whether background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) influences the diagnostic performance of MRI.Patients and MethodsFifty-one patients with breast cancer who underwent excisional biopsy for suspicious microcalcifications between January 2009 and February 2019 were enrolled in this single-center retrospective study. Two expert readers independently evaluated the ability of mammography and MRI to predict residual malignancy at the surgical site. The diagnostic value of mammography and MRI was evaluated using histopathology as the standard.ResultsThirty-two patients had residual malignancy. The average overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, and area under the curve for residual malignancy were 78.1%, 42.1%, 69.4%, 42.1%, 62.7%, and 0.601 for mammography and 81.2%, 57.8%, 76.4%, 57.8%, 73.5%, and 0.696 for MRI; the respective values for residual malignancy were 88.8%, 57.1%, 72.7%, 57.4%, 76.5%, and 0.73 in the low BPE group and 71.4%, 60%, 83.3%, 57.4%, 65.7%, and 0.657 in the high BPE group.ConclusionsMRI is more accurate than mammography for prediction of residual malignancy after excisional biopsy for breast cancer with suspicious microcalcifications. However, the BPE of MRI influences diagnostic performance, so careful assessment is needed in patients with moderate or marked BPE.     

Passive Smoking and Breast Cancer - a Suspicious Link

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women in the world. The disease is causedby infectious and non-infectious, environmental and lifestyle factors. Tobacco smoke has been one of the mostwidely studied environmental factors wiith possible relevance to breast cancer. The purpose of this study wasto assess the impact of tobacco smoking in breast cancer patients in a hospital based cohort and to establishprognostic implications if any. Materials and Methods: A retrospective audit of 100 women with pathologicaldiagnosis of invasive breast cancer was included in this study. The verbal questionnaire elicited information oncurrent and previous history of exposure to smoking in addition to active smoking. All analyses were adjustedfor potential confounders, including stage at presentation, alcohol intake, hormonal replacement therapy, oralcontraceptive intake, obesity and menopausal status. Results: The mean age at presentation of breast cancer was51.4 ± 10.86 years. Mean age of presentation was 53.1±11.5 and 45.7±11.9 years in never smokers and passivesmokers, respectively. Age at presentation varied widely in patients exposed to tobacco smoke for >10 years inchildhood from 40.3± 12.0 years to 47.7± 13.9 in patients exposed for > 20years as adults. Among passive smokers,60.9% were premenopausal and 39.1% of patients were postmenopausal. In never smokers, 71.4% were postmenopausal. Expression of receptors in non-smokers vs passive smokers was comparable with no significantdifferences. Metastatic potential in lung parenchyma was slightlyelevated in passive smokers as compared tonever smokers although statistically non-significant. Conclusions: An inverse relationship exists between theintensity and duration of smoking and the age at presentation and poor prognostic factors. The results stronglysuggest efforts should be taken to prevent smoking, encourage quitting and restrict exposure to second handsmoke in India.     

Core Needle Biopsy of Breast Cancer Tumors Increases Distant Metastases in a Mouse Model

INTRODUCTION: Incisional biopsies, including the diagnostic core needle biopsy (CNB), routinely performed before surgical excision of breast cancer tumors are hypothesized to increase the risk of metastatic disease. In this study, we experimentally determined whether CNB of breast cancer tumors results in increased distant metastases and examine important resultant changes in the primary tumor and tumor microenvironment associated with this outcome. METHOD: To evaluate the effect of CNB on metastasis development, we implanted murine mammary 4T1 tumor cells in BALB/c mice and performed CNB on palpable tumors in half the mice. Subsequently, emulating the human scenario, all mice underwent complete tumor excision and were allowed to recover, with attendant metastasis development. Tumor growth, lung metastasis, circulating tumor cell (CTC) levels, variation in gene expression, composition of the tumor microenvironment, and changes in immunologic markers were compared in biopsied and non-biopsied mice. RESULTS: Mice with biopsied tumors developed significantly more lung metastases compared to non-biopsied mice. Tumors from biopsied mice contained a higher frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accompanied by reduced CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, and macrophages, suggesting biopsy-mediated development of an increasingly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We also observed a CNB-dependent up-regulation in the expression of SOX4, Ezh2, and other key epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes, as well as increased CTC levels among the biopsy group. CONCLUSION: CNB creates an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, increases EMT, and facilitates release of CTCs, all of which likely contribute to the observed increase in development of distant metastases.Abbreviations: CCAC, Canadian Council on Animal Care; CNB, core needle biopsy; CTCs, circulating tumor cells; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; PGE2, prostaglandin E2     

临床触诊阴性的乳腺内微小病灶的外科活检

目的探讨应用乳腺摄片结合定位系统，对临床触诊阴性的乳腺内微小病变进行穿刺定位乳腺活检术的价值。方法回顾性分析总结82例临床触诊阴性、乳腺摄片发现乳腺的微小病变患者，实行穿刺定位引导下行外科切除活检术。结果82例患者均一次性手术切除病灶，金属定位线完整取出，无1例并发症，术后诊断乳腺癌22例（26．50％），余60例为良性病变。结论金属线定位行外科活检，是临床触诊阴性乳腺内微小病变定性诊断的有效方法，安全可靠。术前准确定位，病灶完全切除，术中冷冻准确是其成功关键。     

乳腺癌前哨体淋巴结活检的研究

前哨淋巴结(SLN)的概念和前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)的应用是在1977年被提出的,但由于当时淋巴结检测设备和技术尚不先进,使SLN的研究未能得到足够的重视.乳腺癌SLNB是在20世纪90年代兴起的,现已成为乳腺癌外科领域的研究热点,有望在早期乳腺癌治疗中取代常规的腋窝淋巴结解剖(ALND),降低上肢淋巴水肿和功能障碍的发生率.我国该项目研究起步较晚,目前已逐渐成为人们关注的热点.该项目还将继续进行多中心、大样本、前瞻性研究,最终达成共识,将给乳腺癌病人带来福音.     

乳腺癌哨位淋巴结临床意义的研究

目的 :探讨一种在不降低乳腺癌分期准确性的前提下缩小手术的范围的腋窝淋巴结手术方法。方法 :使用专利蓝和美蓝对 1999年 4月～ 2 0 0 0年 4月我院外科收治的 73例临床查体腋窝淋巴结阴性的乳腺癌患者进行哨位淋巴结活检术 (sentinellymphnodebiopsy ,SLNB)。结果 :共成功地确定了 71例( 97.7% )患者的哨位淋巴结 (SLN) ,SLNB的假阴性率为 11.5% ,准确率为 95.8%。患者的年龄、肿瘤大小、肿瘤部位、注射的染料类型及是否活检和术前化疗对成功率和假阴性率无影响。术中印片细胞学检查的准确率为 92 .1% ,假阴性率为 10 % ,假阳性率为 7.1% ;术中快速病理检查准确率为 98 7% ,假阴性率为 5% ,假阳性率为 0 %。免疫组化未发现常规病理检查阴性的SLN有阳性结果。结论 :SLNB能够准确的预测腋窝淋巴结的转移状况 ,在缩小手术范围、减轻患者术后并发症的同时 ,保证了腋窝淋巴结分期的准确性 ;美蓝与专利蓝相比同样可以成功地确定SLN ;术中快速病理检查和印片细胞学检查可以准确的判断SLN的病理状态 ,但也存在一定的假阴性率     

Normal Breast Lobular Architecture in Breast Biopsy Samples From Breast Cancer Cases and Benign Disease Controls

Rodent studies suggest a relationship between lobular maturation and breast cancer risk. Human data are sparse, and were developed using whole mounts of mastectomy or mammoplasty samples, without consideration of menstrual phase in premenopausal women. We studied normal breast lobules in relation to cancer risk in 284 women, using surgical biopsy material (mean two sections and 43.2 lobular structures per subject): 167 were premenopausal; 89 with breast cancer (cases) and 78 undergoing benign breast biopsy (controls). Of 117 postmenopausal women, 67 were cases and 50 were controls. Normal lobular type was classified based on size, and was designated predominant if it constituted 60% or more of the total lobules classified. The control group showed 66% type I, 34% type II and 1% type III lobules while cases showed 69% type I, 31% type II and 7% type III structures. Predominant lobule type showed no association with cancer (p = 0.9). Postmenopausal women had a substantially higher proportion of type I lobules compared to premenopausal women, irrespective of the parity or cancer status (p < 0.001). Lobule type was not associated with menstrual phase classified by dates; however, when menstrual phase was classified using breast morphological characteristics, type I lobules were more abundant in follicular phase and type II in the luteal phase (p < 0.001). In conclusion, we did not observe a relationship between lobular architecture and breast cancer susceptibility when using smaller breast samples usually available in epidemiological studies, but these data highlight the need for menstrual phase stratification in future investigations.     

Encor微创旋切系统对乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的分析超声引导下EnCor乳腺真空辅助旋切系统对乳腺癌的诊断价值。方法对120例经术后病理组织学检查确诊的乳腺癌患者,术前超声引导下行Encor微创旋切活检术和空心针穿刺活检术(core needle biopsy,CNB),比较2种方法的诊断符合率、漏诊率以及不同肿块大小和病理类型的诊断符合率。结果 120例乳腺癌Encor微创旋切活检术和CNB诊断符合率分别为97.5%和80.8%(P<0.05),漏诊率分别为2.5%和10.8%(P<0.01);肿块直径≤1.0 cm、1.1～2.0 cm的两种检查方法诊断符合率分别为83.8%、100.0%和44.4%、69.4%(P<0.01);肿块直径2.1～5.0 cm、>5.0 cm以及除浸润性导管癌外其他病理类型乳腺癌诊断符合率,2种检查方法比较无统计学意义。结论超声引导下Encor微创旋切活检术对乳腺癌的诊断,具有高确诊率、低漏诊率、安全、微创等优势。     

乳腺微小钙化定位切除的临床应用

目的 探讨乳腺微小钙化定位切除手术的应用及在乳腺癌早期诊断和治疗中的作用.方法 对126例乳腺微小钙化患者行X线检查确定钙化灶位置,采用金属线定位和手术切除活检,确定钙化区乳腺的病理类型.结果 126例临床触诊阴性乳腺微小钙化病例中,乳腺癌37例（27.2%）,其中0期乳腺癌11例（29.7%）,Ⅰ期乳腺癌20例（54.1%）,Ⅱ期乳腺癌6例（16.2%）.对乳腺癌病例采用保乳手术、乳腺单纯切除术和改良根治术等治疗,术后中位随访时间为36个月,只有1例（2.7%）Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者出现远处转移,其余患者无瘤生存.结论 乳腺微小钙化定位切除具有组织损伤小,可靠性高等特点,对提高乳腺癌的早期诊断率具有一定的临床应用价值.     

Outcome and Cost Effectiveness of Ultrasonographically Guided Surgical Clip Placement for Tumor Localization in Patients undergoing Neo-adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer

Background: To determine the outcome and cost saving by placing ultrasound guided surgical clips for tumor localization in patients undergoing neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross sectional analytical study was conducted at the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from January to December 2014. A sample of 25 women fulfilling our selection criteria was taken. All patients came to our department for ultrasound guided core biopsy of suspicious breast lesions and clip placement in the index lesion prior to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. All the selected patients had biopsy proven breast cancer. Results: The mean age was 45 ± 11.6 years. There were no complications seen after clip placement in terms of clip migration or hemorrhage. The cost of commercially available markers was approximately PKR 9,000 (US$ 90) and that of the surgical clip was PKR 900 (US$ 9). The cost of surgical clips in 25 patients was PKR 22,500 (US$ 225), when compared to the commercially available markers which may have incurred a cost of PKR 225,000 (US$ 2,250). The total cost saving for 25 patients was PKR 202,500 (US$ 2, 025), making it PKR 8100 (US$ 81) per patient. Conclusions: The results of our study show that ultrasound guided surgical clip placement in index lesions prior to neo-adjuvant therapy is a safe and cost effective method to identify tumor bed and response to treatment for further management.     

活检枪在乳腺疾病定性诊断中的应用

目的 :探讨经济、实用、有效的早期诊断乳腺肿块的方法。方法 :对 56例乳腺肿块进行自动活检枪取材病理检查 ,结合手术后病理切片进行分析对照。结果 :活检枪取材对乳腺癌的诊断符合率为10 0 % (16 / 16 ) ,对一般良性疾病诊断符合率为 97.5% (39/ 4 0 ) ,总的诊断符合率达 98.2 % (55/ 56 )。结论 :活检枪操作简单 ,容易掌握 ,取材成功率高 ,正确诊断率高 ,尤其对早期诊断乳腺癌更有价值。     

Incidence Data for Breast Cancer among Yemeni Female Patients with Palpable Breast Lumps

Purpose: To estimate the incidence of breast cancer in Yemeni female patients presenting with a breast mass.Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out with 595 female patients with palpable breastlumps, attending to Alkuwait university hospital, Sana’a, Yemen. Triple assessment, including breast examination,mammography and biopsy (FNAC, core needle, or excision), for all patients were performed. Results: Theincidences of benign and malignant lesions was calculated. Some 160 (26.9%) of 595 patients had malignancies;213 (35.8%) were fibroadenomas; 12 (2.0%) were fibrocystic change; 143 (24.03%) were inflammatory lesions(including mastitis and ductectasia); 62 (10.4%) were simple cysts, while 5 (0.8%) were phyllodes tumors. Themean age of patients with malignant lumps was 44.3 years. Conclusions: Among Yemeni female patients withpalpable breast lumps, the rate of breast cancer is high, with occurrence at an earlier age than in Westerncountries. Improving breast cancer awareness programs and increasing breast cancer screening centers inbdifferent areas of Yemen are needed to establish early diagnosis and offer early and optimal treatment     

超声引导下粗针活检术诊断不可触及乳腺病变的研究

目的：评价超声引导下粗针活检术（US－CNB）对不可触及的乳腺病变（NPBL）的诊断意义。方法：对138例女性患者的162处NPBL进行US－CNB和切除活检,以切除活检病理结果为诊断标准。结果：NPBL大小为3－24mm(平均11．1mm）。在US－CNB标本中,142处为良性,3处为可疑恶性,14处为恶性,3处取材不当,在手术切除标本中,18处为恶性,144处为良性。US－CNB取材不当的3处均为良性。US－CNB诊断阳性率为94．44％（17／18）,特异性为100．00％（141／141）,正确率为99．37％（158／159）。结论：US－CNB诊断NPBL安全、创伤小、准确率高。