大肝癌患者行 TACE 序贯射频消融的疗效及复发因素

目的：探讨经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）联合序贯射频消融术（RFA）治疗大肝癌患者的疗效及复发因素。方法：选取我院2013年1月－2015年1月肿瘤外科中晚期原发性大肝癌患者110例并分为肝动脉化疗栓塞组（TACE 组）与肝动脉化疗栓塞联合序贯经皮射频消融术组（TACE ＋RFA 组）各55例,TACE 组患者行一次或多次单一肝动脉化疗治疗;TACE ＋RFA 组在肝动脉化疗治疗结束后1～2周再行序贯经皮射频消融术治疗。结果：TACE 组与 TACE ＋RFA 组总有效率分别为63．64％（35／55）、94．54％（52／55）。TACE ＋RFA 组1年生存率为72．7％（40／55）,2年生存率为20．0％（11／55）,而 TACE 组分别为56．36％（31／55）、7．27％（4／55）。Log －rank 检验结果显示肿瘤数量、分期、血清甲胎蛋白水平等为大肝癌患者预后的因素,与患者预后有一定关系。结论：经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）联合经皮射频消融术（RFA）治疗原发性中晚期大肝癌可以有效提高患者生存率,延长患者的生存期。肿瘤数量、直径、分期等是影响患者复发的危险因素。     

Interventionelle Therapie von Lungen- und Lebermetastasen

Objectives

To present interventional oncological therapy concepts for lung and liver metastases.

Material and methods

The different treatment techniques in interventional oncology are presented and include thermal ablation techniques, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), laser ablation (LITT), irreversible electroporation (IRE) and cryotherapy. Furthermore, vascular therapy methods are presented, such as transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), transarterial chemoperfusion (TACP), drug-eluting bead TACE (DEB-TACE), selective internal radiotherapy (SIRT), transpulmonary chemoembolization (TPCE) and chemosaturation.

Results

The interventional treatment techniques, such as RFA, MWA und LITT offer patients, especially those with nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma, an effective therapy option if there are no more than 5 metastases ≤?3 cm in size. Further vascular treatment techniques for liver metastases are integrated in a multimodal approach. This is especially true for SIRT and TACE as a palliative therapy concept in chemotherapy-resistant intrahepatic metastases. For lung metastases the indications for thermal ablation are 3 lung metastases up to 3 cm in diameter per lobe. Here as well the patient is normally in a nonresectable situation and there is no response to systemic chemotherapy.

Discussion

Currently the multimodal approach in liver and lung metastases from colorectal carcinoma needs to be discussed also regarding interventional treatment options. These are either treatment techniques which are strictly localized to the tumor, such as thermal ablation or they are vascular treatment techniques which allow treatment of larger tumor areas or larger tumor volumes.     

放疗在同步转移直肠癌中的应用价值

同步转移直肠癌占新诊断直肠癌的16％～20％,肿瘤负荷较低时,原发灶及转移灶均可切除,术前或术后局部放疗能提高局部控制率,2年局部复发率仅为0～11％,但远处转移仍为主要失败模式（2年远处转移率为56％～75％）,放疗未能提高总生存率（2年生存率为65％～80％）。对于肿瘤负荷高的患者,原发灶及转移灶既不能手术切除也不能通过射频消融、介入等手段消除,盆腔局部放疗能使80％～85％患者的症状（梗阻、出血、疼痛）获得长期缓解,免去造瘘的不便。5×5 Gy的短程放疗具有治疗时间短、副反应小、疗效不低于常规长程放疗、尤其不会使手术或系统化疗延期等优势,应作为同步转移Ⅳ期直肠癌首选放疗方式。     

Treatment outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma using chemoembolization in combination with other therapies

BACKGROUND: Although transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) improves survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it is not known if TACE combined with other treatments is beneficial. Aim: To evaluate the evidence for improved outcomes in HCC with a multimodal treatment approach involving TACE. METHOD: PubMed search for all cohort and randomized trials (n=84) evaluating TACE combined with other therapies; meta-analysis performed where appropriate. RESULTS: A meta-analysis involving 4 RCTs showed a significant decrease in mortality favouring combination treatment (TACE plus percutaneous ablation) compared to monotherapy in patients with either small (<3cm) or large HCC nodules (>3cm) (OR, 0.534; 95% CI, 0.288-0.990; p=0.046). TACE combined with local radiotherapy improved survival in patients with tumour thrombosis of the portal vein in 7 non-randomized studies. Two RCTs and 13 non-randomized studies showed that TACE prior to hepatic resection does not improve survival nor tumour recurrence. Conversely, 2 RCTs and 5 comparative studies showed that transarterial injection of chemotherapeutic drugs mixed with lipiodol (TOCE) following hepatectomy confers survival benefit and less tumour recurrence. TACE before liver transplantation is safe and reduces drop-out rate from the waiting list, but there is no current evidence of improvement in subsequent survival or recurrence rate. CONCLUSIONS: A combined approach involving TACE and percutaneous ablation improves survival. Adjuvant TOCE improves outcome after hepatectomy. TACE is useful to control tumours burden while on the waiting list for OLT. Multimodal treatment seems to be the best way to optimize TACE outcomes in HCC.     

载药微球联合碘化油肝动脉化疗栓塞术序贯射频消融术治疗大肝癌的疗效观察

目的 探讨载药微球联合碘化油肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)序贯射频消融术治疗大肝癌的临床观察.方法 选取2017年1月至2019年11月间盘锦市中心医院收治的100例大肝癌患者,根据治疗方式的不同进行分组.其中,采用碘化油TACE序贯射频消融术治疗的58例患者纳入对照组,采用载药微球联合碘化油TACE序贯射频消融术治疗的...     

肝细胞癌的局部联合疗法

肝细胞癌(HCC)是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,由于快速浸润性生长及合并肝硬化因此其预后不良。局部介入疗法的出现,是治疗不能切除HCC的重大突破,局部治疗HCC有许多疗法,包括经肝动脉的化疗栓塞(TACE)疗法,经皮酒精注射(PEI)疗法、射频消融(RFA)疗法、微波凝固疗法(MCT)、激光疗法(LITT)、免疫疗法、基因疗法、血管生成抑制疗法、中医疗法等。肝动脉的化疗栓塞(TACE)是最常用的疗法,每一种疗法都有其优势和不足,而TACE和其他的局部疗法联合能够克服一些不足,提高患者的生存率。     

肝细胞肝癌放射治疗研究进展

肝细胞肝癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）是世界范围内癌症死亡率较高的肿瘤之一。肝切除术（partial hepatectomy）是重要的治疗手段,然而,许多患者因肿瘤分期晚或潜在的慢性肝病和/或肝硬化不能接受肝切除术或肝移植术(liver transplantation)。此类患者,目前可选择肝动脉栓塞化疗（transarterial chemoembolization,TACE）、射频消融（radiofrequency ablation,RFA）、放射治疗、靶向治疗及免疫治疗等方法。肝癌诊断、治疗方式、对肝脏辐射耐受性的生物学理解和放疗技术的进步使得肝癌放射治疗的有效性和安全性都在不断提高,肝癌患者的生存和预后不断改善。     

Chemoembolization of colorectal liver metastases with cisplatin,doxorubicin, mitomycin C,ethiodol, and polyvinyl alcohol

BACKGROUND:

Unresectable colorectal liver metastases have a 1‐ and 2‐year survival of 55% and 33% with current systemic therapies. The authors evaluated response and survival after transarterial chemoembolization.

METHODS:

Chemoembolization with cisplatin, doxorubicin, mitomycin C, ethiodized oil, and polyvinyl alcohol particles was performed at monthly intervals for 1 to 4 sessions. Cross‐sectional imaging and clinical and laboratory evaluation were performed before treatment, 1 month after treatment, and then every 3 months. A second cycle was performed for intrahepatic recurrence. Toxicity was assessed using National Cancer Institute's Common Toxicity Criteria version 3.0. Response was evaluated using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. Progression and survival were estimated with Kaplan‐Meier analysis.

RESULTS:

A total of 245 treatments were performed over 141 cycles on 121 patients. Ninety‐five of 141 treatment cycles were evaluable for response: 2 (2%) partial response, 39 (41%) stable disease, and 54 (57%) progression. Median time to disease progression (TTP) in the treated liver was 5 months, and median TTP anywhere was 3 months. Median survival was 33 months from diagnosis of the primary colon cancer, 27 months from development of liver metastases, and 9 months from chemoembolization. Survival was significantly better when chemoembolization was performed after first‐ or second‐line systemic therapy (11‐12 months) than after third‐ to fifth‐line therapies (6 months) (P = .03). Presence of extrahepatic metastases did not adversely affect survival (P = .48).

CONCLUSIONS:

Chemoembolization provided local disease control of hepatic metastases after 43% of treatment cycles. Median survival was 27 months overall, and 11 months when initiated for salvage after failure of second‐line systemic therapy. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

Hepatectomy plus intraoperative radiofrequency ablation and chemotherapy to treat technically unresectable multiple colorectal liver metastases

BACKGROUND: Results and indications of intra-operative radiofrequency (RF) ablation of liver metastases (LM) are not well defined in the literature. AIM: To appreciate the survival rate of patients with strictly unresectable LM (defined on technical but not oncological criteria) when undergoing liver resection plus RF, along with optimal systemic chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty three patients with technically unresectable LM (either >5, or bilateral with no sparing of at least one sector of the liver, or with tumor proximity to central major vascular structures) were treated. Extrahepatic metastases were also resected in 27% of patients. All patients received perioperative chemotherapy. The median follow-up was 27.6 months (range: 15-74). RESULTS: There was no postoperative mortality and the morbidity rate was 27%. The 2-year overall survival rate of the 63 patients was 67% with a median survival of 36 months. The local recurrence rates were similar for the three types of local treatments: 7.1% for the 154 RF ablations, 7.2% for the 55 wedge resections, and 9% for the 44 segmental anatomic resections (P = 0.216). Hepatic recurrences occurred in 71% of patients. CONCLUSION: The combination of anatomic segmental and wedge resections, RF ablation, and optimal chemotherapy in patients with technically unresectable LM results in a median survival of 36 months.     

CalliSpheres载药微球经肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗全身化疗失败的不可切除结直肠癌肝转移的疗效及预后因素分析

目的 观察CalliSpheres载药微球经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(drug?eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization,DEB?TACE)治疗全身化疗失败的不可切除结直肠癌肝转移的疗效与安全性.方法 回顾性分析2018年6月—2020年6月山东省临沂市肿瘤医院收治的42例至少接...     

原发性肝透明细胞癌1例临床分析及文献复习

目的:探讨原发性肝透明细胞癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法:分析我科收治的1例肝透明细胞癌治疗效果以及文献的相关报道.结果:1例54岁男性患者,表现为肝占位病变,经穿刺活检证实为肝透明细胞癌.经射频消融、经肝动脉介入治疗和γ刀治疗,患者生存27.0 个月.结论:肝透明细胞癌的诊断须经病理免疫组化确诊,手术联合射频消融、经肝动脉介入化疗有助于提高肝透明细胞癌的治疗效果.     

A long-term survival case of recurrent pancreatic vipoma with liver metastases treated by a combination of surgical resection and loco-regional therapies

We report a case of recurrent pancreatic VIPoma with liver and peritoneal metastases who has been surviving over 7 years by a successful treatment with a combination of surgical resection and loco-regional therapies. A 59-year-old female underwent distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic endocrine tumor. Five years after pancreatectomy, she had a recurrence of liver and peritoneal metastases with the symptoms by hypersecretion of VIP, and she underwent hepatectomy and peritoneal tumor resection. Seven months later, multiple liver metastases appeared and were treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Additionally radiofrequency ablation( RFA) for remnant viable lesion was performed. Seven years and eight months after primary panceatectomy and two years and six months after resection of the liver and peritoneal recurrences, she is now disease-free with good quality of life. The progression of well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma is usually slow. It is potentially useful in controlling of liver metastases to combine the loco-regional therapy like TACE and RFA with surgical resection.     

2016年原发性肝癌放疗共识

随着技术进步,放疗对原发性肝癌的有效性和安全性都在不断提高,但国内至今仍无相关共识。因此,肝癌放疗的相关协会,包括中华医学会放射肿瘤学分会、中国生物医学工程学会精确放疗分会肝癌学组与消化系统肿瘤专家委员会、中国研究型医院学会放射肿瘤学分会肝癌学组共同讨论,最终形成原发性肝癌放疗共识。主要内容包括:对早中期肝癌患者,如不能进行手术切除或射频消融可考虑局部放疗,特别是SBRT;对中晚期肝癌患者,放疗可以和TACE或肝动脉灌注化疗或全身药物治疗联合,以提高治疗效果;对于晚期伴有远处转移的肝癌患者,放疗可以作为姑息减征手段,提高患者生活质量,延长生存期。虽然放疗是肝癌有效治疗手段之一,但仍需前瞻、随机、对照的Ⅲ期研究,以获得更高级别的临床证据,进一步确立放疗在肝癌治疗中的地位。     

Extended survival in a patient with recurrent and metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma by aggressive transarterial embolization--a case report

The prognosis of inoperable recurrent or metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma is poor due to lack of effective treatment modalities. We report a case of recurrent and metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma in which prolonged survival of 58 months was achieved with aggressive three sequential transarterial embolization. It is probably the first reported case with the longest survival by transarterial embolization in the literature to date. A 60-year-old man received operation for left adrenal cortical carcinoma. Liver metastases, tumor bed recurrence, and spleen metastasis were noted during follow-up. Three sequential transarterial embolization for metastatic liver tumors, tumor bed recurrence, and metastatic spleen tumor were performed and resulted in relief of symptoms and prolonged survival of 58 months after recurrence verified. Aggressive transarterial embolization seems to be a safe and effective procedure for symptoms relief, and may prolong survival in the management of inoperable adrenal cortical carcinoma. It can be considered in any patient with inoperable adrenal cortical carcinoma if not contraindicated.     

Prognosis of patients with intrahepatic recurrence after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective study

Aims

Hepatic resection is the most effective therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, intrahepatic recurrence is common. Predictors of survival after intrahepatic recurrence have not been fully investigated. To clarify the prognosis and choice of treatment of intrahepatic recurrence after hepatic resection, we conducted a comparative retrospective analysis of 147 patients with HCC who underwent hepatic resection.

Methods

We retrospectively examined the relations between clinicopathologic factors, including the number of recurrent intrahepatic tumors and long-term prognosis after recurrence in 147 HCC patients who underwent resection. We also examined long-term survival after recurrence based on treatment types and recurrence pattern.

Results

Patients with multiple tumors (n = 83) showed less tumor differentiation, more frequent portal invasion, a higher alpha-fetoprotein level, and larger tumors than did patients with solitary tumor (n = 64). In the solitary tumor group, local ablation therapy and repeat hepatic resection were performed in 25 and 10, respectively. In the multiple tumor group, 59 were treated by transarterial chemoembolization. Multivariate analysis showed intraoperative blood transfusion and multiple tumors to be independent risk factors for poor cancer-related survival after recurrence. By subset analysis based on treatment types and recurrence pattern, survival after recurrence was significantly better in patients treated by local ablation therapy than those treated by other therapies in both solitary and multiple tumor groups.

Conclusions

For patients with solitary recurrence, a good prognosis is predicted. Local ablation therapy is a best candidate for treatment of solitary and multiple intrahepatic recurrences after hepatic resection.     

86例大肠癌肝转移的综合治疗经验

目的总结86例大肠癌肝转移的综合治疗经验。方法对1996年1月至2007年6月收治的86例大肠癌肝转移患者的临床资料、治疗方法及治疗效果进行回顾性对比分析。分组：病灶切除＋全身或者局部化疗（A组）31例;射频消融（RF）＋全身化疗（B组）20例;肝动脉栓塞化疗（HACE）＋全身化疗（C组）18例;单纯全身化疗（D组）11例;拒绝上述任何治疗措施而仅仅中医中药治疗（E组）6例。结果A、B、C、D、E各组的6mo生存率分别为100％、100％、88．9％、72．7％、66．7％;12mo生存率分别为90．3％、50％、50％、45-4％、33．3％;24mo生存率分别为4814％、10％、11．1％、0％、0％;36mo生存率分别为6．5％、0％、0％、0％、0％。A、B、C、D、E各组的中位生存率分别为19mo、12mo、12mo、8mo、4mo。结论大肠癌肝转移的治疗效果依旧不乐观,积极治疗、综合治疗及“个体化治疗”是作者的主要诊治经验。在选择大肠癌肝转移的治疗方法时,应当首先考虑病灶切除加全身或者局部化疗,其次考虑RF或者HACE加全身化疗,不要轻易选择单纯全身化疗,单纯中医中药治疗不应该被推荐。     

Is it necessary to carry out hepatic resection and pulmonary resection to obtain a cure for liver and lung metastases from colorectal cancer ?

If hepatic or pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer are resectable, we perform the operation, and the 5-year survival rate is 40-50%. Median survival time is over 20 months recently for systemic chemotherapy. However, surgical treatment is the only way to obtain a cure. RFA has the advantage of being minimally invasive. But the local recurrence rate is slightly high. It is important to detect a local recurrence early and perform repeated RFA. Repeated RFA improve the prognosis and get the same overall survival rate of liver resection. If both the hepatic and pulmonary metastases are resectable, we perform both resections, with a good surgical outcome. If we cannot perform a second metastasectomy after first metastasectomy, the prognosis is very poor compared to the prognosis for liver metastasis only or lung metastasis only. It is necessary to add many cases to decide the surgical indication for such cases of both liver and lung metastases.     

Radio-frequency ablation therapy for metastatic liver tumors from colorectal carcinoma

Radio-frequency ablation therapy (RFA) as a treatment for metastatic liver tumors from colorectal carcinoma was examined. METHODS: Ten patients with a total of 30 liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma were treated using a Cool-tip RF system from March 2003 to December 2004. RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 69.8 years and the mean diameter of the metastatic lesions was 29.5 mm (range, 5-82). Two patients had received RFA therapy 2 times, and another 2 patients had received 3 times. Critical complications were not seen, though 5 therapies were performed using CT-guided trans-pulmonary puncture. The rate of partial recurrence was 23.1% and the average observation period was 14.8 months. The partial recurrence had occurred within the mean period of 6.2 months. Although after multimodal therapy was given, it is suggested that repeated RFA for the liver metastasis would improve survival rates. CONCLUSION: RFA is a safe and effective treatment for metastatic liver tumors from colorectal carcinoma as multimodal therapy.     

Liver-directed therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is a significant global health issue with over 1 million cases diagnosed annually throughout the world. 15% of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer will have liver metastases and 60% will develop liver metastases if they have metastatic disease. Oligometastatic colorectal cancer confined to the liver represents an intermediate state in the evolution of metastatic capacity that opens the opportunity for local interventions.

Areas covered: The literature supports long-term survival if patients undergo liver resection of colorectal metastases. This article reviews the liver-directed therapeutic strategies available for the management of metastatic liver disease including hepatic arterial infusion therapy, radiofrequency ablation, radiation therapy and transarterial chemoembolization.

Expert commentary: Great advances have been made with the use of liver directed therapies. In the USA using hepatic arterial infusions with FUDR and Decadron along with systemic therapy, 5 year survivals after liver resection have improved. In Europe with the use of HAI of Oxaliplatin, more patients have been able to get to resection and have obtained higher survival rates, even in second line therapy. New advances in ablative therapy have improved results to get all disease treated at resection for the treatment of reccurrence     

Stereotactic body radiation therapy for primary liver tumors: An effective liver-directed therapy in the toolbox

The use of radiation for primary liver cancers has historically been limited because of the risk of radiation-induced liver disease. Treatment fields have become more conformal because of several technical advances, and this has allowed for dose escalation. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), also known as stereotactic ablative radiotherapy, is now able to safely treat liver tumors to ablative doses while sparing functional liver parenchyma by using highly conformal therapy. Several retrospective and small prospective studies have examined the use of SBRT for liver cancers; however, there is a lack of well-powered randomized studies to definitively guide management in these settings. Recent advances in systemic therapy for primary liver cancers have improved outcomes; however, the optimal selection criteria for SBRT as a local therapy remain unclear among other liver-directed options such as radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, and radioembolization.