骨髓和脂肪来源间充质干细胞的免疫调节作用

背景：脂肪来源的间充质干细胞是否具有和骨髓来源间充质干细胞类似的免疫调节作用? 目的：观察骨髓来源和脂肪来源间充质干细胞的免疫学特征。 方法：分离骨髓和脂肪来源的间充质干细胞,分别检测它们对T细胞周期、活化、抑制和增殖的作用情况。 结果与结论：骨髓来源和脂肪来源的间充质干细胞同样具有抑制T细胞增殖的能力,在有丝分裂原刺激和混合淋巴细胞反应的T细胞增殖中这种作用都是具有剂量依赖性的,在1︰2时有极强的抑制作用,但是在1︰100时这种作用基本消失,在共培养时骨髓来源和脂肪来源的间充质干细胞都可以使更多的T细胞被抑制在G0/G1期,同时也可以抑制T细胞的早期活化,但是上述作用脂肪来源的间充质干细胞均较骨髓来源间充质干细胞弱,且脂肪来源的间充质干细胞并不具有抑制T细胞凋亡的作用。     

间充质干细胞免疫调节作用及其在自身免疫病中的意义

本文综述了近年来间充质干细胞在树突状细胞、T细胞、自然杀伤细胞、B细胞中的免疫调节作用的机制及其在自身免疫病中的有关进展。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞和免疫调节作用

目的 研究一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)在骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)的免疫调节作用.方法 贴壁筛选法分离培养Lewis大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞.以刀豆蛋白A(concanavalin A,ConA)作为刺激因素,SD大鼠外周血分离的T淋巴细胞作为反应细胞,采用CCK-8法检测T淋巴细胞与MSCs共培养后其增殖能力的变化.然后采用RT-PCR、Western blot检测MSCs诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)mRNA与蛋白的表达;Griess法检测上清液亚硝酸盐含量;ELISA检测上清液Th1细胞因子IFN-γ和Th2细胞因子IL-4的水平.结果 MSCs明显抑制ConA诱导的T淋巴细胞增殖,抑制作用因细胞比例的不同而有所区别.当实验组MSC:T为1:10时最明显,增殖率为(33.83±2.10)%,而1:80组[(78.62±3.80)%]与不含MSCs的阳性对照组[(79.03±1.70)%]差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).实验组MSCs的iNOS mRNA与蛋白的表达以及上清液中亚硝酸盐含量均较阳性对照组明显上调,1:10～1:40的范围内呈明显递增趋势,但1:80组与1:40组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).在加入iNOS特异性抑制剂2-甲基-2-巯基硫酸脲(S-methylisothiourea sulfate,SMT)后,各组T淋巴细胞增殖率基本恢复.实验组IFN-γ含量随MSCs所占比例的降低而增加,各组IL-4含最差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 MSCs对同种异体外周血T淋巴细胞的增殖有免疫调节作用,机制可能与其分泌的可溶性因子NO影响了 Th1/Th2平衡有关.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the role of nitric oxide(NO) in the immune regulatory effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs). Methods Bone marrow MSCs were isolated from Lewis rats by adherence screening. Concanavalin A (ConA) was adopted as the stimulator and T-lymphocyte isolated from peripheral blood of SD rats as the reactive cells. The changes of the ability of T-lymphocyte proliferation, when co-cultured with MSCs, were measured by CCK-8 assay. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein expression on MSCs and were detected by RT-PCR, Western blot. The contents of nitrites and the levels of Th1 type cytokine IFN-γand Th2 type cytokine IL-4 were measured by Griess test and ELISA respectively, in the co-cultured supernatant. Results T-lymphocyte proliferation was inhibited by co-cultured MSCs, which was concentration-dependent. In this study, the inhibition was most obviously group[ (79.03 ± 1.70)% ] (P ＞ 0.05 ). The I NOS mRNA expression, protein and nitrite levels were signifigroups, the proliferation rate of T-lymphocyte recovered. The content of IFN-γwas increased with the ratio decline of MSCs in the experimental group and IL-4 in each group has no significant difference( P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion MSCs inhibited T-lymphocyte proliferation by influencing Th1/Th2 balance, and the secretion of soluble factor NO, which secreted by MSCs, may plays an important role in the immune regulation.     

人脂肪间充质干细胞的免疫调节作用

背景：脂肪间充质干细胞的免疫调节作用及其机制如何,目前了解甚少。 目的：观察人脂肪间充质干细胞体外对淋巴细胞增殖、细胞亚群和分泌细胞因子水平的影响,以了解其免疫调节作用。 方法：分离培养成人脂肪间充质干细胞,流式细胞仪鉴定细胞表型,分别成骨、成心肌细胞诱导,免疫细胞化学染色对诱导后的细胞进行鉴定。分离培养人外周血淋巴细胞,按不同浓度(1∶1,1∶10,1∶100)与脂肪间充质干细胞共培养,并添加植物血凝素刺激,同时设立对照组,3 d后收集上清。 结果与结论：脂肪间充质干细胞与淋巴细胞共培养后检测3种浓度组淋巴细胞的A值明显低于阳性对照组,其中1∶1浓度组最低(P < 0.05);CD4⁺CD25⁺Tregs亚群比例明显高于阳性对照组,且1∶1浓度组最高;细胞因子白细胞介素2、白细胞介素4、γ-干扰素水平明显减低,但白细胞介素10水平升高,且具有一定的浓度依赖性(P < 0.05)。提示脂肪间充质干细胞在体外能明显抑制淋巴细胞的增殖,这种抑制作用可能与其增加CD4⁺CD25⁺Tregs亚群数量,以及改变淋巴细胞分泌细胞因子的水平有关。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对异体外周血B淋巴细胞的免疫调节作用

目的 探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSC)在体外对异体外周血B淋巴细胞的免疫调节作用.方法 用密度梯度离心法从骨髓中分离、培养MSC,从外周血中分离单个核细胞,L-亮氨酸甲酯去除单核细胞,以2-氨乙基硫脲溴化物(AET)处理绵羊红细胞(SRBC)的花环形成法,去除T淋巴细胞获得纯化的B淋巴细胞.用羊抗人IgM单克隆抗体(anti-IgM)刺激与或未与MSC或其培养上清共培养3d的B淋巴细胞,应用MTT法测8淋巴细胞的增殖,ELISA法测培养上清中免疫球蛋白IgG、lgM的产生,应用流式细胞术分别检测与MSC共培养24、48h后B淋巴细胞的凋亡.结果 MSC及其培养上清抑制由anti-IgM诱导的B淋巴细胞的增殖和分泌IgG、IgM,且随着MSC细胞数量及其培养上清浓度的增加,这种抑制越明显.流式细胞术结果显示,与MSC共培养不同时间的B淋巴细胞的凋亡变化无统计学意义,MSC抑制B淋巴细胞的增殖存在暂时性和可逆性.结论 MSC对异体外周血8淋巴细胞存在免疫调节作用,并且这种调控机制是复杂的,不仅与MSC细胞数量有关,还与细胞间的相互作用和MSC分泌的细胞因子有关.     

异基因间充质干细胞对T淋巴细胞的免疫调节作用

间充质干细胞(MSC)不仅具有多系分化潜能,而且具有免疫调节功能,对树突状细胞,T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞等多种免疫活性细胞的增殖、分化和功能发挥调节作用。近年来,有关MSC的免疫调节尤其对T淋巴细胞的调节作用研究颇受关注,现就近年来异基因MSC对细胞毒性T淋巴细胞、辅助性T细胞、Th17细胞和调节性T细胞的免疫调节作用进行综述。     

骨髓间充质干细胞免疫调节机制的实验研究

目的:研究骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)上的吲哚胺2,3-过氧化酶(IDO)活性对异基因T淋巴细胞增殖的影响,进而探讨MSCs的免疫调节机制。方法:从人骨髓中分离培养MSCs,并通过其形态的均一性及流式细胞术检测表面标志以鉴定其纯度。经200U/ml IFN-γ作用后的MSCs以RT-PCR和Western blot分别检测IDO mRNA和IDO蛋白表达。有或无1-甲基色氨酸(1-MT)存在下,分别以1×105、5×104、1×104、5×103个MSCs与5×105个外周血异基因T淋巴细胞(MSCs∶T数量比为1∶5、1∶10、1∶50、1∶100)建立混合淋巴细胞培养体系(MLR),以单独培养T淋巴细胞为对照组,MTT法检测T淋巴细胞增殖率,反相高效液相色谱法检测各MLR体系上清中IDO活性。结果:IFN-γ作用后的MSCs出现IDO mRNA和IDO蛋白的表达。当MSCs为1×105、5×104、1×104(即MSCs∶T为1∶5、1∶10、1∶50)时,与对照组比较,T淋巴细胞的增殖率显著降低,IDO活性显著升高;加入1-MT后,T淋巴细胞的增殖率及IDO活性均恢复。当MSCs为5×103(即MSCs∶T为1∶100)时,与对照组比较,T淋巴细胞的增殖率轻度升高(P>0.05),IDO活性无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:MSCs通过IDO活性在体外发挥免疫抑制作用。     

人脐血间充质干细胞对T淋巴细胞旁分泌的免疫调节作用

背景：相关研究表明脐血间充质干细胞具有一定的免疫调节作用,但具体机制不详。 目的：观察脐血源间充质干细胞通过旁分泌机制对T淋巴细胞增殖的影响。 方法：分离正常分娩产妇脐血间充质干细胞和健康志愿者外周血T淋巴细胞,按不同比例建立脐血间充质干细胞与T淋巴细胞非接触共培养体系,以单独培养T淋巴细胞作为对照组。 结果与结论：脐血间充质干细胞形态学呈现成纤维梭型细胞样,呈旋涡状团集生长。流式细胞仪检测脐血间充质干细胞表面标记物：CD29(+),CD44(+),CD34(-),CD45(-),HLA-DR(-);与对照组相比,共培养组可明显抑制植物血凝素刺激T淋巴细胞的增殖作用(P < 0.05),且呈剂量依赖性;ElISA法检测共培养组分泌的白细胞介素10水平较对照组明显升高(P < 0.05);中和试验后脐血间充质干细胞对T淋巴细胞增殖的抑制作用明显减弱。结果说明脐血间充质干细胞可明显抑制异体外周血T淋巴细胞的增殖,可能是通过旁分泌白细胞介素10达到负向免疫调节作用。     

骨髓和脂肪来源的间充质干细胞免疫调节作用的比较

目的比较脂肪源间充质干细胞(AMSCs)和骨髓来源间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的免疫调节能力的差异。方法用流式细胞仪分析AMSCs和BMSCs的表型。通过MSCs和淋巴细胞共培养体系,检测MSCs对T细胞增殖、周期、活化、凋亡以及Th细胞分化的影响。结果表型分析结果显示AMSCs和BMSCs的表型基本一致。AMSCs和BMSCs都能抑制T细胞的增殖和早期活化,并在调节辅助性T细胞亚群的分化上作用类似。但在MSC对活化后T细胞的凋亡影响方面,BMSCs能够抑制活化T细胞的凋亡,而AMSC没有这种作用。结论 AMSCs和BMSCs对T淋巴细胞的影响基本类似,其对活化T细胞凋亡影响的差异还有待进一步的机制研究。     

脐血间充质干细胞移植与免疫调节

背景：近年研究显示,脐血间充质干细胞的自我更新和多向分化潜能为细胞移植治疗提供了基础条件,而其免疫调节功能也极大地拓展了细胞治疗的方向和范围。 目的：就近期脐血间充质干细胞的免疫调节和细胞移植研究进行回顾分析。 方法：应用计算机以“umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells”为关键词检索Pubmed数据库,以“脐血间充质干细胞”为关键词检索知网数据库,时间限定为2008-01/2011-06,语言种类为“English”和汉语。通过阅读标题和摘要进行初筛,排除研究内容与此文无关的文献、重复性研究及Meta分析,选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志的30篇文献进行综述。 结果与结论：脐血间充质干细胞具有与骨髓间充质干细胞相似的自我更新和多向分化潜能。通过细胞移植技术,脐血间充质干细胞在糖尿病、神经退化性疾病如阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病等以及神经损伤后的修复治疗方面显示出很强的潜力。同时,脐血间充质干细胞又具有免疫调节作用,其可通过下调T细胞的增殖,降低免疫反应。利用该特点,脐血间充质干细胞在一些免疫性疾病,如移植物抗宿主病和狼疮性肾炎等疾病的细胞治疗方面也取得了积极的进展。     

Immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells combats the foreign body response to cell-laden synthetic hydrogels

The implantation of non-biological materials, including scaffolds for tissue engineering, ubiquitously leads to a foreign body response (FBR). We recently reported that this response negatively impacts fibroblasts encapsulated within a synthetic hydrogel and in turn leads to a more severe FBR, suggesting a cross-talk between encapsulated cells and inflammatory cells. Given the promise of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in tissue engineering and recent evidence of their immunomodulatory properties, we hypothesized that MSCs encapsulated within poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels will attenuate the FBR. In vitro, murine MSCs encapsulated within PEG hydrogels attenuated classically activated primary murine macrophages by reducing gene expression and protein secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, most notably tumor necrosis factor-α. Using a COX2 inhibitor, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was identified as a mediator of MSC immunomodulation of macrophages. In vivo, hydrogels laden with MSCs, osteogenically differentiating MSCs, or no cells were implanted subcutaneously into C57BL/6 mice for 28 days to assess the impact of MSCs on the fibrotic response of the FBR. The presence of encapsulated MSCs reduced fibrous capsule thickness compared to acellular hydrogels, but this effect diminished with osteogenic differentiation. The use of MSCs prior to differentiation in tissue engineering may therefore serve as a dynamic approach, through continuous cross-talk between MSCs and the inflammatory cells, to modulate macrophage activation and attenuate the FBR to implanted synthetic scaffolds thus improving the long-term tissue engineering outcome.     

Aging of mesenchymal stem cells

The role of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in tissue maintenance and regeneration has received significant attention of late. Questions arise to what extent these cells are either subject to, or causes of aging; whether age-related changes in these cells are due to intrinsic factors or induced by the somatic environment. This review collates and examines recent data in support of these different theories. By means of introduction, a brief overview is given of current MSC definitions and their basic role in tissue regeneration followed by a comparative analysis of gerontological studies involving MSC. Evidence for extrinsic aging and various aging markers relating to morphology, proliferation, signalling, senescence markers, telomeres and telomerase, and other indicators is discussed. We observe that while the literature might often appear to conflict, many apparent discrepancies are attributable to inconsistent methods of extracting and isolating MSC which in fact contains various subsets of adult stem cells, varying not only in their differentiation potential but also in their vulnerability to senescence--ranging from quasi-somatic lifespan to perennial vigour. Thus, mesenchymal stem cells emerge as both subject to and key mediators of organismal aging.     

Immunoregulatory function of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a rare subset of stem cells residing in the bone marrow where they closely interact with hematopoietic stem cells and support their growth and differentiation. MSC can differentiate into multiple mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal lineages, providing a promising tool for tissue repair. In addition, MSC suppress many T cell, B cell and NK cell functions and may affect also dendritic cell activities. Due to their limited immunogenicity, MSC are poorly recognized by HLA-incompatible hosts. Based on these unique properties, MSC are currently under investigation for their possible use to treat immuno-mediated diseases. However, both their condition of immunoprivilege and their immunosuppressive function have recently been challenged when analyzed under particular experimental conditions. Thus, it is likely that MSC effects on the immune system may be deeply influenced not only by cell-to-cell interactions, but also by environmental factors shaping their phenotype and functions.     

间充质干细胞与自身免疫病研究进展

间充质干细胞(MSCs)是干细胞家族的重要成员,其源于发育早期的中胚层和外胚层.MSCs最初在骨髓中发现,因其具有多向分化潜能、造血支持和自我复制等特点而日益受到人们的关注.近年来,因其低免疫原性和免疫调节作用的研究发现,进而揭开了MSCs在治疗自身免疫性疾病中的广阔前景.因而研究MSCs、表面标志、诱导分化、免疫调控作用以及在自身免疫性疾病中的应用和机制具有重要意义.     

体外定向诱导人骨髓间质干细胞分化为成骨细胞的研究

目的:建立体外定向诱导成人骨髓间质干细胞(MSC)分化为成骨细胞的模型。方法:采用Ficoll-Paque淋巴细胞分离液分离成人MSC,体外扩增,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面抗原的表达,应用地塞米松、β-甘油磷酸钠、vitaminC定向诱导MSC分化为成骨细胞,检测碱性磷酸酶(AP)活性、钙沉积、骨桥蛋白的表达鉴定成骨细胞,比较P3和P10代MSC成骨分化的能力。结果:MSC在体外扩增原代可获得(5-6)×10⁵个细胞,10代可获得2×10¹⁰个细胞。流式细胞仪检测结果显示CD29、CD44、CD59、CD105、CD166表达阳性,CD11a、CD14、CD33、CD34、CD45、CD38、CD80、CD86、CD117表达为阴性。加入成骨诱导剂,细胞形态发生变化,AP活性增强,骨桥蛋白表达阳性,钙沉积逐渐出现。P3和P10代的MSC均有良好的分化为成骨细胞的能力。结论:成人骨髓间质干细胞在体外可分化为成骨细胞。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞对T细胞免疫活性的影响

目的:探讨大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stemcells,MSCs)对脾脏T细胞的免疫调节作用。方法:从大鼠骨髓中分离培养间充质干细胞,通过瑞氏-姬姆萨染色观察细胞形态,并用流式细胞术(Flowcytometry,FCM)检测其细胞表面特征分子表达情况。MTT法测定经刀豆蛋白A(ConA)刺激后,不同数量MSCs对T细胞增殖能力的影响;ELISA法检测MSCs对T细胞分泌IFN-γ和IL-4水平的影响。FCM检测MSCs对脾脏T细胞凋亡水平的影响。MTT法测定MSCs对细胞毒性T细胞(Cytotoxic Tcells,CTL)杀伤活性的影响。结果:经不同数量MSCs作用后,脾脏T细胞增殖水平明显低于阳性对照组(P<0.01),而且MSCs比例越高,其抑制作用越强(P<0.01)。经MSCs作用后,T细胞分泌IFN-γ的水平明显降低,而分泌IL-4的水平明显升高,且这种作用随MSCs比例的增加而增强(P<0.01)。MSCs能够抑制在体外培养过程中T细胞的自发凋亡。与MSCs共培养后,T细胞对L1210细胞的杀伤活性和单独培养组相比明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:MSCs能够抑制T细胞增殖反应和CTL活性,该作用可能与MSCs改变T细胞分泌细胞因子水平有关,但与诱导T细胞凋亡无关。     

胎盘组织——间充质干细胞的新来源

间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stemcells,MSC）是最早分离自人骨髓组织的一类具有多向分化潜能的干细胞,随后陆续在人脂肪组织、外周血、肌肉和结缔组织中也发现了MSC。目前MSC是临床研究最普遍的细胞来源,在组织工程研究、创伤修复和肿瘤治疗等领域应用广泛,但MSC在骨髓、外周血等组织中的含量极低,并且有研究表明MSC含量会随着人年龄的增长而逐渐降低,同时细胞的增殖分化能力也大大下降因此国内外学者们开始探索在更为幼稚的组织如胚胎、胎盘组织中是否含有MSC。     

Induction of mice adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into functional motor neuron-like cells

The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into acetylcholine secreted motor neuron-like cells, followed by elongation of the cell axon, is a promising treatment for spinal cord injury and motor neuron cell dysfunction in mammals. Differentiation is induced through a pre-induction step using Beta- mercaptoethanol (BME) followed by four days of induction with retinoic acid and sonic hedgehog. This process results in a very efficient differentiation of BM-MSCs into motor neuron-like cells. Immunocytochemistry showed that these treated cells had specific motor neural markers: microtubule associated protein-2 and acetylcholine transferase. The ability of these cells to function as motor neuron cells was assessed by measuring acetylcholine levels in a culture media during differentiation. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the differentiated cells were functional. Motor neuron axon elongation was then induced by adding different concentrations of a nerve growth factor (NGF) to the differentiation media. Using a collagen matrix to mimic the natural condition of neural cells in a three-dimensional model showed that the MSCs were successfully differentiated into motor neuron-like cells. This process can efficiently differentiate MSCs into functional motor neurons that can be used for autologous nervous system therapy and especially for treating spinal cord injuries.     

Mesenchymal stem cells play an important role in host protective immune responses against malaria by modulating regulatory T cells

Plasmodium spp. parasites, the causative agents of malaria, survive and replicate in human hosts by modulating host protective immune responses. In a rodent model, malaria manifests as a severe splenomegaly, with infiltration of cells and lympho‐proliferation as major contributing factors of the immunopathology. However, the cellular contents and the functions of these cells have not been well studied. Here, we report that Plasmodium berghei infection of mice leads to massive recruitment of mesen‐chymal stem cells (MSCs) in secondary lymphoid organs. Infusion of these cells into naïve mice was able to confer host resistance against malaria. Furthermore, MSCs augmented interleukin (IL)‐12 production but suppressed IL‐10 production in recipient animals. In addition, we observed dramatic reductions of regulatory T (Treg) cells in animals that received MSCs. Taken together, our findings have identified recruitment of MSCs as a novel host protective mechanism adopted by the host to combat malaria by modulating Treg‐cell responses.     

Treatment of osteoarthritis with infrapatellar fat pad derived mesenchymal stem cells in Rabbit

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressively debilitating disease that affects mostly cartilage, with associated changes in the bone. Increasing incidence of OA and the aging population coupled with insufficient therapeutic choices has led to focus on the potential of stem cells as a novel strategy for cartilage repair. In this study, we used scaffold free mesenchymal stem cells obtained from infrapatellar fat pad in an experimental animal model of OA by direct intraarticular injection. Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from a 2.8 kg White New Zealand rabbit. The cells were expanded and grown in vitro. OA was induced by unilaterally anterior cruciate ligament transection of knee joints. Twelve weeks after operation, a single dose of 1 million cells suspended in 1 ml of medium was delivered to the injured knee by direct intraarticular injection. Control group received 1 ml of medium without cells. The knees were examined after sixteen and twenty weeks from the surgery. Repairing was investigated radiologically, grossly and histologically using haematoxylin and eosin, Safranin-O and toluidine blue staining. Radiological assessment confirmed development of OA changes after 12 weeks. Rabbits receiving mesenchymal stem cells showed lower degree of cartilage degeneration, osteophyte formation, and Subchondral sclerosis than control group at 20 week after surgery. The quality of cartilage was significantly better in cell-treated group compared with control group after 20 weeks. In conclusion, infrapatellar fat pad derived mesenchymal stem cells could be the promising cell sources for the treatment of OA.