肾常见上皮性肿瘤53例免疫表型及胶状铁染色的研究

目的 研究肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤和肾细胞癌(RCC)的免疫表型特征及胶状铁染色情况.方法 收集肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤9例、嫌色性肾细胞癌(ChRCC)12例、乳头状肾细胞癌(PRCC)Ⅰ型8例、PRCCⅡ型和透明性肾细胞癌(CCRCC)各12例,共53例,观察组织学特征,并检测免疫组化表达情况和胶状铁染色结果.结果 CK阳性染色在肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤定位于胞质,在ChRCC、PPCC和CCRCC定位于胞膜.CD10阳性染色在肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤和ChRCC定位于胞质,在PRCC和CRCC则定位于胞膜.结论 ①肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤和ChRCC的免疫表型及胶状铁染色结果有差别,这些差别可以帮助二者鉴别诊断.CK(-)或胞质(+)、CK7和胶状铁染色(-)支持肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤,而CK胞膜(+)、CK7(+)和胶状铁染色(+)支持ChRCC.②ChRCC、PRCC和CCRCC的免疫表型和胶状铁染色结果不同,这些差异可实现三者之间的鉴别.CK7和CD117(+)、CD10(-)或胞质(+)、vimentin和Rcc.ma(-)及胶状铁染色(+)支持ChRCC;CK7和CD117(-)、CD10胞膜、vimentin和Rcc.ma(+)及胶状铁染色(-)支持PRCC或CCRCC.③CCRCC和PRCC的免疫表型基本相同,而CD15(+)支持CCRCC.④PRCC-I型和Ⅱ型的免疫表型基本相同,而CK7(+)支持PRCC-Ⅰ型.多数情况下,单凭组织形态学就能做出上述4种肿瘤的病理诊断,因此组织形态学仍然是基础,而免疫组化和胶状铁染色只是辅助鉴别手段,用于少数形态学诊断困难的病例.     

乳头状肾细胞癌的临床病理特征--附5例报告

目的 探讨乳头状肾细胞癌的临床病理特征及诊断标准。方法 收集５例该肿瘤,作常规ＨＥ及免疫组织化学染色并与７０例非乳头状肾细胞癌比较。结果 乳头状肾细胞癌是一种特殊类型的肾细胞癌,临床经过长,生长缓慢,肾动脉造影表现为少血或无血管性,预后较好。巨检肿瘤边界清楚,有出血囊性变。镜检肿瘤组织呈乳头状或管状乳头状排列,乳状轴心及间人有泡沫状巨噬细胞浸润,有明显出血坏血。结论 乳头状肾细胞癌在临床,血管造影     

伴核反转乳头状肾癌1例报道

正伴核反转乳头状肾细胞癌(papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity, PRNRP)是新近命名的乳头状肾细胞癌亚型,文献报道较少,其在病理形态、分子表达、染色体核型、KRAS突变检测等方面与传统Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型乳头状肾细胞癌(papillary renal cell carcinoma, PRCC)存在一定差异。本文通过报道我科近期一例PRNRP,分析其在临床诊疗特别是病理诊断方面的特异性,     

肾黏液管状梭形细胞癌7例临床病理分析

目的探讨肾黏液管状梭形细胞癌(MTSCC)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对7例MTSCC进行临床病理学观察及免疫组化标记,并复习相关文献。结果7例中5例为女性,发病年龄34～80岁,平均49.1岁,多为体检发现。镜检示,肿瘤黏液性基质中大部分为嗜酸性胞质的立方形细胞,呈紧密排列的小管状或乳头状结构,部分为束状排列的梭形细胞,可见成簇的泡沫细胞和慢性炎症细胞浸润。免疫组化示7例CK、CK7、CK19、vimentin和AMACR均(+),6例CK8和34βE12(+),5例CD15、4例CHG和3例RCC(+)。结论MTSCC是低度恶性的肾肿瘤,有其独特的病理形态特征,预后良好。     

肾集合管癌3例临床病理分析

目的探讨肾集合管癌的临床病理特征。方法对3例外科治疗的肾集合管癌进行临床、组织学、免疫组化及超微结构观察，并结合文献复习。结果本病发病年龄35～42岁，临床无特殊症状，影像学检查提示肾细胞癌。病理上肿瘤主要位于肾髓质内，组织学瘤细胞呈管状、管状乳头状结构，胞质透明或颗粒状，核大，核仁清晰，典型的肿瘤细胞呈靴钉样，间质纤维增生，多量淋巴细胞浸润并有肿瘤旁集合管上皮细胞的异型增生。免疫组化显示CK(AE3)、EMA和vimentin( )，CD10、CEA、CK7和CK20(-)。结论肾集合管癌是一种少见的起源于集合管上皮的恶性肿瘤，肿瘤呈管状、乳头状排列，细胞呈靴钉状伴间质的纤维增生和炎细胞反应，确诊本病时应与肾乳头状癌和肾髓质癌鉴别。     

3例肾嫌色细胞癌的临床病理学特点报告并文献复习

【目的】探讨嫌色细胞癌的临床病理学特点。【方法】回顾性分析3例肾嫌色细胞癌患者的临床表现及病理学资料。【结果】3例患者均为女性,行肾癌根治术。术后病理诊断为肾嫌色细胞癌,免疫组织化学染色：Hale胶体铁染色均为阳性,Vimentin（波型蛋白）阴性,EMA阳性,CK7阳性,CK10染色阴性。【结论】肾嫌色细胞癌是一种低度恶性的肾细胞癌,影像学检查对其诊断有重要帮助,确诊有赖于组织病理学检查,手术治疗后预后较好。     

未分类肾细胞癌10例临床病理分析

目的 探讨未分类型肾细胞癌（URCC）的临床病理特征,以提高对其认识.方法 收集2001年～2009年苏州大学附属第一医院常规外检肾细胞癌（RCC）422例,对10例未分类型肾细胞癌,作光镜和免疫组化染色观察,结合临床资料进行分析.结果 10例URCC患者年龄55～81岁（平均年龄67岁）,男性5例,女性5例,肿瘤最大径6～12cm（平均直径8cm）,5例伴有肾包膜侵犯,2例伴有肾门淋巴结转移,1例伴有远处肺转移.组织学：各例均未伴有透明细胞癌,乳头状癌,嫌色细胞癌,集合管癌等细胞学特征,10例肿瘤瘤细胞均显示出多形性,部分区域排列成腺管状,滤泡状,条索状,或呈实性片状,可见梭形瘤细胞区域及瘤巨细胞.瘤细胞胞浆丰富,核仁明显.同时伴有不同程度的出血、坏死.免疫组织化学：瘤细胞均Vimentin（＋）,CK、EMA、CD10、CK7部分阳性,CK20、34βE12均阴性,P53阳性率30%～70%.随访8例,均死亡.结论 未分类肾细胞癌为目前现有WHO组织学标准难以分类的一组肾细胞癌,具有形态的多形性及临床高侵袭性特点,预后多不佳.其发病率低,文献资料少,尚有待于更大样本的临床病理及分子遗传学研究总结.     

肾嫌色细胞癌19例临床病理分析

目的 探讨肾嫌色细胞癌的临床病理特征、免疫学表型、鉴别诊断及预后。方法对19例肾嫌色细胞癌进行光镜观察、免疫组化研究及随访10～102个月，并复习相关文献。结果 19例中男性9例，女性10例；年龄30—72岁，平均47．9岁。肿块直径3～18cm。镜下肿瘤由嫌色细胞和嗜酸细胞构成，呈片状、梁状和腺状分布。嫌色细胞体积较大、多角形，胞膜清晰，胞质半透明细网状，胞核皱缩，可见核沟及核异型，核仁不明显；而嗜酸细胞胞质嗜酸，可见明显的核周空晕。免疫表型中的表达率分别为：EMA和Ksp-cadherin100％，CD1047％，vimentin 0，CK7 73．7％，P504S21．1％，CD11794．7％。结论 肾嫌色细胞癌是一种少见的肾肿瘤，预后好于透明细胞癌，与乳头状肾细胞癌相当。其特征性的组织形态、免疫表型、电镜及遗传学改变有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

膀胱癌脆性组氨酸三体FHIT蛋白表达缺失及其意义

目的探讨膀胱癌中脆性组氨酸三体(FHIT)基因蛋白表达状况及其与临床病理的关系。方法采用兔抗人FHlT蛋白抗体和枸橼酸-微波-SP免疫组化方法，检测膀胱移行细胞癌、癌旁组织、乳头状增生病变和正常膀胱组织标本中FHIT的表达状况，并分析其与组织学分级的关系。结果5l例膀胱移行细胞癌组织FHIT表达20例( )，31例(-)；51例癌旁组织FHIT表达48例( )，3例(-)；15例乳头状增生病变和10例膀胱正常组织FHIT均为( )；乳头状增生的移行上皮细胞FHIT均为( )，而Ⅰ级乳头状癌则阳性和阴性细胞混合存在。FHIT阳性表达癌Ⅰ级53．3％，Ⅱ级50％，Ⅲ-Ⅳ级20％；Ⅰ-Ⅱ期癌46．7％，Ⅲ-Ⅳ期癌28．6％。结论FHIT表达可能与膀胱癌的发生和分化有关，FHIT阴性表达可能成为膀胱癌诊断的一项辅助性新指标。     

肾髓质癌1例并文献复习

目的 探讨肾髓质癌的临床病理特征。方法 对1例肾髓质癌进行临床，病理组织学和免疫组织化学观察，并结合文献探讨其临床表现，病理形态及鉴别诊断。结果 本病好发于中青年，肿瘤呈不规则实性，生长于肾髓制裁内；瘤细胞呈片块状弥漫分布，少数呈网状或巢状排列，细胞以圆形，卵圆形或不规则形居多，胞浆嗜酸，泡状核，核仁明显；间质纤维组织增生，多量中性粒细胞，嗜酸性粒细胞浸润，肿瘤细胞vimentin、CK（ ），EMA、desmin、Syn及S-100（-）。结论 肾髓质癌是一种罕见的起源于肾盏上皮的高度恶性肿瘤，预后差。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.