神经电生理技术在臂丛神经损伤定位诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨神经电生理检查在臂丛神经损伤定位诊断中的应用价值。方法:选择2013年6月至2018年2月就诊于泉州市正骨医院的臂丛神经损伤患者65例,其中男46例,女19例。病程6 d～4年,年龄2个月～85岁,右侧臂丛神经损伤34例,左侧臂丛神经损伤31例,所有患肢分别进行运动传导速度(MCV)、末端潜伏期(LAT)、复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP),感觉传导速度(SCV)、感觉神经动作电位(SNAP)及尺神经运动F波检测,对其异常结果进行分析,观察神经损伤情况。同时用同心针电极对受损神经所支配的肌肉进行肌电图检查。结果:65例患者中,其中全臂丛损伤6例,臂丛(C5+C6根性)损伤7例,臂丛(C5根性)损伤6例,臂丛神经上中干损伤8例,臂丛神经上中下干损伤7例,臂丛神经上干损伤5例,臂丛神经束支部损伤20例,臂丛锁骨上下联合损伤6例。其中合并多发周围神经损害1例,合并尺神经肘段损伤1例,合并副神经损伤3例,膈神经损伤2例。结论:神经电生理检查可以提供臂丛神经五大分支(腋神经、肌皮神经、桡神经、正中神经、尺神经)的功能状态、受损程度及损伤部位,对临床诊断、治疗和预后判断起着重要作用。     

新生儿臂丛神经损伤的神经电生理与临床表现的相关性研究

目的：探讨新生儿臂丛神经损伤的神经电生理特征与临床表现的相关性。方法：对139例臂丛神经损伤患儿进行肌电图及神经传导检查,测定臂丛五大神经主要支配肌肉的运动神经传导速度（MCV）和感觉神经传导速度（SCV）,并对损伤部位和程度进行分类,结合临床表现进行分析。结果：神经电生理检查发现全臂丛神经损伤52例（37．4％）,临床表现为上肢不能动,肩关节不能外展和上举,肘关节不能屈曲、垂腕;上中干型损伤81例（58．3％）,临床表现为上肢不能抬起,肩关节不能外展和上举,前臂内旋,手能抓物;上千型损伤4例（2．9％）,中下干损伤1例（0．7％）,单纯下干损伤1例（0．7％）。结论：肌电图检测对判断分娩性臂丛神经损伤的部位、性质及程度具有重要的临床意义。     

30例腕管综合征患者的神经电生理检测与临床分析

目的:探讨腕管综合征CTS)患者的神经电生理特征.方法:对临床症状、体征符合CTs的30例患者行正中神经、尺神经的运动和感觉传导速度测定,以及拇短展肌、小指展肌的肌电图检测.结果:在30例患者中,双侧病变者为9例,单侧病变者2l例,共有39病变.30例CTS患者中39条正中神经感觉潜伏期均延长和感觉传导速度均减慢,30条正中神经感觉诱发波幅降低,37条正巾神经运动远端潜伏期延长,2条正中神经运动远端潜伏期和诱发波幅正常;29块正中神经支配的拇短展肌呈神经原性损害.结论:神经电生理检查在CTS的诊断与鉴别诊断中有重要的意义.     

209例产瘫患儿的神经电生理分析

目的:介绍分娩性臂丛神经损伤(产瘫)患儿神经电生理检测所见及应用价值.方法:对209例产瘫病例进行肌电图检测,测定息儿臂丛五大神经主要支配肌的肌电情况及运动诱发电位情况,并根据结果进行分类及加做同步兴奋检测.结果:第一型病例为C5、6损伤(肩外展、屈肘不能)共14例,占总病例数的6.7％;第二型病例为C5、6、7损伤(肩外展、屈肘,伸腕不能),共131例,占总病例数的62.7％,第三型病例为C5、6、7、8、T1损伤(单侧上肢瘫痪,但Horner征阴性),共63例,占总病例数的30.1％.另有单纯下干损伤伤(Klumpke麻痹)病例1例(0.5％).209例患儿分别检测正中神经、尺神经、桡神经、肌皮神经、腋神经及其支配肌损伤情况,分别为80例(38.3％)、80例(38.3％)、143例(68.4％)、199例(95.2％)及199例(95.2％).肩外展肌群活动时,肩外展肌群存在同步兴奋的有48例,不存在同步兴奋的有161例.结论:产瘫患儿Ⅰ型6.7％、Ⅱ型62.7％,大部分患儿未经手术均有不同程度的恢复.由于产瘫患儿动作的准确度不高、主动募集反应准确度较低,故正尖波、纤颤电位、峰值宽大电位就成为患儿神经损伤的定性依据.如患儿出现正尖波、纤颤电位,提示损伤较重,对确定是否需要手术探查非常有必要.术后定期进行电生理的复查,有利于恢复及对预后的判断.肩外展肌同步兴奋检测旨在明确患儿的外展障碍类型,以确定治疗方案、指导患儿家属对患肢关节进行被动活动,对进一步预防和减少关节挛缩的发生有重要意义.     

桡神经损伤的神经电生理检测与医源性损伤预防

目的：探讨桡神经损伤的神经电生理检测方法及其医源性桡神经损伤的预防。方法：测定40例桡神经损伤病人的桡神经运动神经传导速度（MCV）及感觉神经传导速度（SCV）。根据桡神经损伤定位诊断和鉴别诊断的需要,按不同阶段分布选择肌肉进行肌电图（EMG）检查。结果：40例患者桡神经肘以上完全性（或严重）损伤20例,不全性损伤9例;桡神经肘以下完全性（或严重）损伤7例,不全性损伤3例;桡神经腋部严重损伤1例。医源性桡神经损伤11例,占总病例的28％。结论：桡神经损伤诊断应用神经电生理检查很重要,EMG在桡神经损伤的定位诊断与鉴别诊断中有着重要价值,其中肱桡肌、肱三头肌、三角肌是重要的鉴别诊断及定位肌肉。医源性桡神经损伤难以回避且发生率较高,应用术中持续肌电监测可以提高手术的准确性与操作的精确性,减少神经损伤的发生。     

臂丛神经损伤的神经电生理研究

目的：研究神经电生理检查在臂丛神经损伤中的应用价值。方法：对84例臂丛神经损伤患者患肢分别进行MCV、末端潜伏期、CMAP、SCV及F波检测,观察神经损伤情况。同时用同心针电极对受损神经所支配的肌肉进行肌电图检查。必要时与健侧手进行对比。结果：本组患者84例,多见于男性青壮年患者。其中全臂丛损伤25例,臂丛神经上中干损伤37例,臂丛神经下干损伤22例,臂丛神经节前损伤22例,臂丛神经节后损伤28例。结论：神经电生理检查可以提供臂丛神经五大分支的功能状态、受损程度及损伤部位,对临床诊断、治疗和预后判断起着重要作用。     

臂丛神经损伤患者膈神经移植肌皮神经的电生理观察

目的：评估膈神经功能测定在臂丛神经损伤神经移植前的应用价值,术后电生理观察神经移植恢复状况。方法：对50例臂丛神经损伤患者术前进行了膈神经功能测定,对其中10例膈神经功能正常者,行同侧膈神经移植肌皮神经手术,术后神经电生理随访观察肱二头肌肌电图及肌皮神经运动传导功能状况。结果：臂丛神经损伤患者约28％伴膈神经损伤,损伤的膈神经不能选择为移植动力神经。隔神经移植肌皮神经后,最早3个月出现再生电位,6个月后出现运动单位电位,12个月后运动单位电位明显增多。术后肱二头肌肌力18个月后恢复优良占80％。7例术后12个月肌皮神经引出运动神经传导电位。结论：膈神经功能测定在臂丛神经损伤患者术前可评估选择移植神经,术后电生理可随访观察神经功能恢复状况,对臂丛神经损伤患者的手术治疗有一定指导作用。     

神经电生理检查对外伤性臂丛神经损伤的诊断价值

目的：分析冲经电生理检测对外伤性臂从神经损伤的诊断作用。方法：对40例外伤性臂扶冲经损伤患者进行神经传导检测和对该神经所支配的肌肉进行针极肌电图检查并结合分析。结果：全臂丛伸经损伤13例（其中10例完全损伤）;臂丛上干损伤21（其中完全损伤6例）;臂丛下干损伤3例（其中完全损伤1例）;束支平面损伤3例;合并神经根撕脱伤15例。结论：神经电生理检查对臂丛神经损伤有指导治疗和评价预后的重要作用。     

骨间前神经卡压综合征的神经电生理分析

目的:探讨骨间前神经卡压综合征的神经电生理诊断方法.方法:对2008-2012年间17例临床初诊为骨间前神经卡压综合征患者进行正中神经运动传导功能、感觉传导功能检测及靶肌肉静息状态和重收缩时的肌电图检测.结果:所检17例患者的拇长屈肌、旋前方肌静息状态见自发电活动,重收缩募集反应减弱;而旋前圆肌、桡侧屈腕肌、拇短展肌静息状态下无自发电活动,重收缩募集反应为混合相;正中神经的运动神经传导、感觉神经传导的潜伏期(Lat)、神经传导速度(NCV)、复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)、感觉神经动作电位(SNAP)波幅均在正常范围.结论:神经电生理检测对骨间前神经卡压综合征有重要的诊断及鉴别诊断价值,为临床诊断提供可靠依据.     

正中神经鱼际肌支功能束定位显微外科解剖

目的 :为臂丛损伤后正中神经及其手内在肌支的定位提供显微外科解剖学基础。方法 :在较新鲜的上肢标本上 ,按照自然分束、醋酸浸滴法逆行显微解剖分离各功能束组 ,分段观察手内肌束组在神经干中的走行分布方位和与其他功能束的交错混合情况。结果 :(1)正中神经鱼际肌支 83 %自神经干掌桡侧汇入 ,至 5 /16平面 86%的鱼际肌支已分散到神经干截面积的 1/2以上。 (2 )正中神经鱼际肌支汇入神经干平面距尺桡骨茎突连线之间距离为 5 .3± 0 .7cm。结论 :.臂丛损伤修复正中神经手内在肌支时 ,以选择在前臂远端 (或以远 )直接修复为宜。     

臂丛神经的临床解剖及其意义

根据臂丛神经损伤684例的术前检查,术中发现,术后复查,综合分析了臂丛神经的机能解剖及其临床意义,提出臂丛神经根单根损伤,由于相邻神经根的代偿而不产生临床症状,相邻二根联合损伤时产生组合损伤症状。并详细描述了各神经根的肌肉支配,为临床诊断和治疗提供了解剖学依据。     

产瘫的神经电生理诊断

目的：探讨神经电生理在诊断产伤中的作用。方法：对28例产瘫患儿进行SEP、NAP及EMG测定。并根据电生理结果做出损伤位置，程度及预后判断，结果：28例产瘫电生理结果经长期观察和手术证实与临床符合率89．3％（25／28），结论：神经电生理是判断产瘫所致神经损伤位置，程度的可靠方法，为临床诊断和治疗方案选择提供十分有利依据。     

神经电生理检查对臂丛神经损伤的诊断价值研究

目的：探讨多项神经电生理指标改变对臂丛神经损伤程度的诊断价值。方法：对23例患臂丛神经的损伤不同时间段进行了测试。结果：不同的电生理参数在不同的时间段内其诊断价值有明显的差异。结论：不同的神经电生理指标，对臂丛神经损伤诊断及预后具有较高的诊断价值。     

Intersegmental origin of the axillary artery and accompanying variation in the brachial plexus

The wide anatomical variation of the brachial plexus and the axillary artery has been thoroughly explored in previous studies. However, there has been little information reported on the variation in the relationship between the brachial plexus and the axillary artery. The principal feature of this relationship is the passage of the axillary artery through the loop of the median nerve, which occurs in normal arteries derived from the seventh intersegmental artery. In this study, we analyzed the abnormal position and course of the axillary artery related to the brachial plexus in 607 axillae of 306 cadavers. We found 12 unusual axillary arteries that did not pass through the median loop. Eleven arteries were determined to be ninth intersegmental arteries and one as the sixth intersegmental artery. All ninth intersegmental arteries ran caudally to the brachial plexus. In six cases of this type, abnormal connections interfering with the normal arterial position were observed in the brachial plexus. In another five cases of this type, the lateral and medial cords merged and the axillary artery passed anteromedial to the plexus. The sixth intersegmental axillary artery pierced the musculocutaneous nerve which is from the unified lateral and medial cords. This study discussed the how the anomalous structure of the brachial plexus could involve the deterioration of the course of the axillary artery. Clin. Anat. 22:586–594, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

锁骨下肌的临床解剖学观测

目的:为临床治疗锁骨下肌因素引起臂丛神经血管受压征提供解剖学资料。方法:26具常规防腐保存的尸体,重点观察锁骨下肌的形态、神经支配。结果:锁骨下肌缺如7.7％(4/52侧),肌性部长9.3±0.8cm,宽1.1±0.2cm,厚1.0±0.3cm,锁骨下肌的神经成分来源于颈5、6神经根,偶有发自膈神经或颈丛(4％),多见在于水平发出(32.5％)。发出平面为锁骨上2.3±1.0cm,外径约0.9cm。结论:锁骨下肌异常可影响到臂丛神经血管。行锁骨下神经切断术时,应在臂丛上干与肌的内1/3之间区域内寻找,防止损伤内侧的膈神经。     

Non-Stimulation Needle with External Indwelling Cannula for Brachial Plexus Block and Pain Management in 62 Patients Undergoing Upper-Limb Surgery

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of a non-stimulation needle with an external indwelling cannula for upper-limb surgery and acute postoperative pain management. Methods: 62 patients undergoing either scheduled or emergency upper-limb surgery received brachial plexus block of modified interscalene or axillary brachial and then postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with local analgesics using a specially designed non-stimulation needle with an external indwelling cannula. The outcome measurements included anesthetic effect, acute or chronic complications, postoperative analgesic effect and patient''s satisfaction. Results: The success rate of anesthesia was 96.8%. The single attempt placement with the external indwelling cannula was achieved in 85.2% of patients with axillary brachial plexus block and 78.8% with modified interscalene brachial plexus block. The incidence of severe intoxication was 3.7% with axillary brachial plexus block and 3.0% with modified interscalene brachial plexus block. No hematoma at the injection site, Horner''s syndrome, hoarseness or dyspnea was observed. Postoperative analgesic effect was achieved in 100% and activities were slightly lowered in 91.7%. The incidence of nausea and vomit was 8.3%; patient''s satisfaction was 9.1 on a 10-point scale system. Infection, nerve injury and respiratory depression were absent during the catheter indwelling. The indwelling time of external indwelling cannula was 30.5 h on average. There was no nerve injury related complication after withdrawing the external indwelling catheter. Conclusions: Brachial plexus block using a non-stimulation needle with an external indwelling cannula has favorable intra-operative anesthetic benefit and provides an excellent postoperative analgesic outcome. The low incidence of complications and favorable patient''s satisfaction suggest that non-stimulation needle with an external indwelling cannula is a useful and safe anesthetic tool in brachial nerve block and acute postoperative pain management.     

3D Computerized Model for Measuring Strain and Displacement of the Brachial Plexus Following Placement of Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis

The aim of the present study was to develop a method for three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the brachial plexus to study its morphology and to calculate strain and displacement in relation to changed nerve position. The brachial plexus was finely dissected and injected with contrast medium and leaden markers were implanted into the nerves at predefined places. A reverse shoulder prosthesis was inserted in a cadaveric specimen what induced positional change in the upper limb nerves. Computed tomography (CT) was performed before and after this surgical intervention. The computer assisted image processing package Mimics® was used to reconstruct the pre‐ and postoperative brachial plexus in 3D. The results show that the current interactive model is a realistic and detailed representation of the specimen used, which allows 3D study of the brachial plexus in different configurations. The model estimated strains up to 15.3% and 19.3% for the lateral and the medial root of the median nerve as a consequence of placing a reverse shoulder prosthesis. Furthermore, the model succeeded in calculating the displacement of the brachial plexus by tracking each implanted lead marker. The presented brachial plexus 3D model currently can be used in vitro for cadaver biomechanical analyses of nerve movement to improve diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathies. The model can also be applied to study the exact location of the plexus in unusual upper limb positions like during axillary radiation therapy and it is a potential tool to optimize the approaches of brachial plexus anesthetic blocks. Anat Rec, 291:1173‐1185, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Modified grant method protocol for dissecting and identifying the brachial plexus

Dissection of the brachial plexus is an important part in the anatomical course, but it is difficult for medical students to identify individual nerves of the brachial plexus due to its complexity and numerous variations. We have recently adopted the Grant method (1991) to guide students in the successful identification of this plexus. However, according to the Grant method the part of the upper limb including the brachial plexus is dissected before the neck part, which makes it impossible to identify the roots, trunks, and cords of the brachial plexus, and to identify the nerve branches extending from the brachial plexus. Here, we propose of anatomical dissection protocol of the brachial plexus a modified Grant method for medical students and instructors. The points of the modified protocols are: (1) to dissect the brachial plexus after the dissection of the neck part, (2) to identify the nerve trunks at the scalenus gap after dissecting the lateral, medial and posterior cords. The modified Grant method can be adapted to any other dissecting protocol of the brachial plexus, and will allow students to cope with many variations of the brachial plexus when they occur.     

肌电图与MRI检查结合诊断臂丛神经损伤的研究

目的：评价肌电图和MRI检查以及两者结合在臂丛神经损伤诊断治疗中的价值。方法：对27例臂丛神经损伤患进行术前肌电图、MRI和术中肌电图检查,并与手术探查中的发现进行比较;比较术前肌电图与MRI检查同术中体感诱发电位（SEP）在确定神经完全性损伤中的作用。结果：术前肌电图检查对臂丛损伤定性、定位诊断的完全符合率为70．37％,符合率为96．3％术前肌电图和MRI检查对臂丛神经根撕脱诊断的符合率分别为55．56％和68．52％,术前肌电图检查和MRI检查结合可提高诊断符合率至85．19％;SEP对完全性臂丛损伤的诊断率高于肌电图和MRI,但差异无显著性。结论：肌电图检查和MRI检查可明显提高完全5和基本符合率,是一种有前途的辅助诊断、指导治疗臂丛神经损伤的途径,术中进行SEP检查更加有利于手术方式的选择。