超声心动图在经导管主动脉瓣置换术中的应用进展

近年来经导管主动脉瓣置换术（TAVR）快速发展,其已成为外科主动脉瓣置换术禁忌、高中风险主动脉狭窄患者的一线治疗方案。影像支持是该术式成功实施的重要保证,超声心动图具有实时、无创、无辐射等优点,在TAVR患者术前评估、术中监测及术后随访中均发挥着重要作用。本文就超声心动图在TAVR中的应用进展进行综述。     

An unusual complication after aortic valve replacement

Pseudoaneurysm of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa, though rare, can occur after aortic valve replacement. We report an asymptomatic patient who developed this unusual complication and describe the use of transesophageal and 3-dimensional echocardiography to help confirm the diagnosis.     

Fungal endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR): Case report and review of literature

The reported number of transcatheter aortic valve replacement-associated infective endocarditis (TAVR-IE) cases has been increasing worldwide, but information about the incidence and clinical features of fungal TAVR-IE is quite limited. We present a patient who acquired TAVR-IE caused by Candida parapsilosis four month after TAVR, who was successfully treated redo-aortic valve replacement and prolonged antifungal therapy.     

A rare complication of mitral valve replacement: Iatrogenic aortic valve perforation

Iatrogenic aortic valve injury after mitral valve surgery is a well-known but rare complication. Herein, we report a 62-year-old male patient who underwent mitral valve replacement surgery 12 years ago and developed moderate to severe aortic regurgitation immediately after surgery.     

Phasic disappearance of left circumflex coronary artery from an early complication of mitral valve surgery

LV pseudoaneurysm can be a late complication of mitral valve replacement. In our case, it was an early postoperative complication. This pseudoaneurysm was causing compression of LCX artery during systole, leading to presentation of NSTEMI two weeks after the surgery.     

Dynamic obstruction, an unusual complication after aortic valve replacement with a stentless porcine valve

In the early nineties, the stentless porcine aortic bioprosthesis has been reintroduced successfully. Because of the limited experience, knowledge of clinical complications is limited. Therefore, we describe an unusual complication of dynamic obstruction after aortic valve replacement with a stentless porcine valve in a 70 year old man 18 months after implantation. We discuss the complications of stentless aortic prostheses known so far, describe operative techniques used and their characteristic two dimensional echocardiographic images.     

Changes in cerebral oxygen saturation during transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO₂) is a non-invasive monitor used to monitor cerebral oxygen balance and perfusion. Decreases in rSO₂ >20 % from baseline have been associated with cerebral ischemia and increased perioperative morbidity. During transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), hemodynamic manipulation with ventricular pacing up to 180 beats per minute is necessary for valve deployment. The magnitude and duration of rSO₂ change during this manipulation is unclear. In this small case series, changes in rSO₂ in patients undergoing TAVR are investigated. Ten ASA IV patients undergoing TAVR with general anesthesia at a university hospital were prospectively observed. Cerebral oximetry values were analyzed at four points: pre-procedure (baseline), after tracheal intubation, during valve deployment, and at procedure end. Baseline rSO₂ values were 54.5 ± 6.9 %. After induction of general anesthesia, rSO₂ increased to a mean of 66.0 ± 6.7 %. During valve deployment, the mean rSO₂ decreased <20 % below baseline to 48.5 ± 13.4 %. In two patients, rSO₂ decreased >20 % of baseline. Cerebral oxygenation returned to post-induction values in all patients 13 ± 10 min after valve deployment. At procedure end, the mean rSO₂ was 67.6 ± 8.1 %. As expected, rapid ventricular pacing resulting in the desired decrease in cardiac output during valve deployment was associated with a significant decrease in rSO₂ compared to post-induction values. However, despite increased post-induction values in all patients, whether related to increased inspired oxygen fraction or reduced cerebral oxygen consumption under anesthesia, two patients experienced a significant decrease in rSO₂ compared to baseline. Recovery to baseline was not immediate, and took up to 20 min in three patients. Furthermore, baseline rSO₂ in this population was at the lower limit of the published normal range. Significant cerebral desaturation during valve deployment may potentially be limited by maximizing rSO₂ after anesthetic induction. Future studies should attempt to correlate recovery in rSO₂ with recovery of hemodynamics and cardiac function, provide detailed neurological assessments pre and post procedure, determine the most effective method of maximizing rSO₂ prior to hemodynamic manipulation, and provide the most rapid method of recovery of rSO₂ following valve deployment.     

经皮主动脉瓣置换的最新研究进展

背景:外科手术是主动脉瓣狭窄的主要治疗方法,但是对于高龄、多重合并症及高手术风险的患者,经皮主动脉瓣置换是最好的选择.目的:总结经皮主动脉瓣置换在在心血管疾病中的应用进展.方法:由第一作者检索2000/2010PubMed数据(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed)及万方数据库(http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn)有关主动脉瓣狭窄外科手术治疗、药物治疗及介入治疗等方面的文献,英文检索词为"aroticstenosis,percutaneous aortic valve replacement,valve stent",中文检索词为"主动脉瓣狭窄;经皮主动脉瓣置换;瓣膜支架;器官移植".排除重复性研究.计算机初检得到63篇文献,根据纳入标准保留25篇进一步归纳总结.结果与结论:自2002 年首例在人体实施经皮主动脉瓣置换手术后,近8年得到了极大的发展,不论是新的心脏瓣膜开发还是手术方式的改善都发展的相当迅速.但是就目前的技术而言还有很多缺陷,比如瓣膜支架不能很好地固定导致瓣膜移位和瓣周漏,血栓形成及主动脉瓣关闭不全也有一定的风险,并且手术操作较复杂在全球范围内普及较低,在中国进行的手术例数更是屈指可数.相信随着手术技术的改良和瓣膜支架的开发以及对手术的更深入研究,经皮主动脉瓣膜置换必将得到更好的发展,使得更多的患者能够获得很好治疗.     

Thrombotic occlusion of Bjork-Shiley prosthetic aortic valve

Thrombotic occlusion of a prosthetic Bjork-Shiley valve is a potentially fatal complication. We present the case of a male, 62 years of age, diagnosed with thrombotic occlusion of prosthetic Bjork-Shiley aortic valve approximately 17 years post implantation. A brief review of the literature focusing on potential risk factors associated with the development of this condition and currently available diagnostic modalities used for evaluation and treatment are presented.     

Feasibility of sheathless transfemoral aortic valve implantation in patients with small access vessel diameters

Objectives

We intended to show feasibility of sheathless transfemoral aortic valve implantation in patients with small access vessel diameters.

Background

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as a valid treatment option in patients with aortic valve stenosis who are poor candidates for surgical aortic valve replacement. Few patients, who cannot undergo transfemoral or transsubclavian aortic valve implantation due to small access vessel diameters, are not suitable for transapical or direct aortic valve implantation, either.

Methods

In more than 700 transcatheter aortic valve implantations since 2008 we identified 17 patients who had to be excluded from transfemoral valve implantation due to vessel diameters <6 mm and who were no candidates for transapical or direct aortic implantation. We performed CoreValve? implantations in these patients without the required 18F sheath to cross the vessels despite their small size (4.6–5.9 mm).

Results

Sixteen sheathless implantations were successful. In all 17 patients, bleeding during the procedure due to the smaller delivery catheter was minimal. Sixteen patients had a successful access site closure at the end of the procedure.

Conclusions

Sheathless implantation of a self-expanding aortic valve can be safely considered in selected patients with access vessel diameters below 6 mm, if transapical or direct aortic implantation is not suitable.     

心脏瓣膜置换术后并发症的观察及护理

回顾性总结102例心脏瓣膜病行瓣膜置换术的护理资料,发现心脏瓣膜病术后主要并发症有出血、心律失常、感染、低心排综合征等。一般出现在手术后早期。认为完善术前准备、加强术后监护,可预防或减少并发症的发生,从而挽救患者生命。     

Quadricuspid aortic valve and anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery in a young man with Down syndrome

The Authors present the case of an asymptomatic 36‐year‐old man, affected by Down syndrome, with an unexpected quadricuspid aortic valve coupled with the anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from the proximal right coronary artery. This is the first report of the concomitant presence of these three conditions.     

老年钙化性主动脉瓣病变外科治疗围手术期的观察和护理

对46例老年钙化性主动脉瓣病变患者实施了人工瓣膜置换术外科治疗围手术期的观察和护理,针对老年钙化性主动脉辩患者的特点,制定了围手术期的护理流程,包括做好术前护理评估、老年心理护理、术后合并症的观察和护理;使89.1%的患者安全、顺利地渡过了围手术期,恢复满意.认为对于老年钙化性主动脉瓣病变实施人工瓣膜置换术的患者,建立有效的围手术期护理流程是提高手术安全性、保证手术疗效、减少并发症发生的重要环节.     

Concomitant decalcification of the anterior mitral leaflet via the aortic annulus during aortic valve replacement for significant aortic and mitral stenoses

An 82‐year‐old man undergoing regular hemodialysis with substantial aortic and mitral valve stenoses underwent aortic valve replacement with concomitant mitral decalcification via the aortic annulus. Postoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed reduced mitral stenosis. The patient was discharged on the 14th postoperative day uneventfully.     

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: the changing paradigm of aortic stenosis treatment

Aortic stenosis is the most common cause for valvular surgery in the USA. For nearly 50 years, surgical aortic valve replacement has been the standard of care for symptomatic patients; unfortunately, a significant number of patients are not referred to surgery owing to advanced comorbidities and age. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement has emerged as an effective therapy for patients at high risk for surgery. Through device innovations and accumulated experience, the safety and efficacy of the procedure has improved since its inception. Transcatheter valve replacement has been found superior to medical therapy in inoperable patients with aortic stenosis, yet many questions remain as to which patients are appropriate for this exciting and novel therapy.     

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: the changing paradigm of aortic stenosis treatment

Aortic stenosis is the most common cause for valvular surgery in the USA. For nearly 50 years, surgical aortic valve replacement has been the standard of care for symptomatic patients; unfortunately, a significant number of patients are not referred to surgery owing to advanced comorbidities and age. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement has emerged as an effective therapy for patients at high risk for surgery. Through device innovations and accumulated experience, the safety and efficacy of the procedure has improved since its inception. Transcatheter valve replacement has been found superior to medical therapy in inoperable patients with aortic stenosis, yet many questions remain as to which patients are appropriate for this exciting and novel therapy.     

超声心动图评估主动脉瓣置换术后早期并发症的临床应用

主动脉瓣置换术(AVR)是目前治疗有症状的主动脉瓣病变的标准手术。AVR可明显改善主动脉瓣狭窄或反流患者的临床症状及血流动力学,手术效果好,远期生存率高。尽管经导管主动脉瓣置入术(TAVI)也被认可为治疗主动脉瓣病变的有效手段,但目前AVR仍然是最可靠的手术方式。超声心动图是主动脉瓣狭窄或反流最重要的诊断方法,是一种安全可靠的无创检测技术,在术前评估、明确手术指证、选择手术方式、判断预后等方面有重要的价值。AVR术后30d内发生的早期并发症影响患者预后,目前主要依靠超声心动图来检测和诊断。常规超声心动图的应用最为广泛,近年来超声心动图新技术如组织多普勒显像(TDI)、二维或三维斑点追踪显像、负荷超声心动图的应用也得到越来越多的临床医师重视。然而,超声心动图对AVR术后早期并发症的预测价值尚无充分的证据证明。笔者对AVR术后主要早期并发症及超声心动图检测方法进行系统回顾,以期为探究超声心动图指标预测术后早期并发症的价值提供参考。     

超声心动图在经导管主动脉瓣置换术中的应用价值

目的探讨超声心动图在主动脉瓣膜病变患者经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)的术前评估、术中监测及术后随访中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院收治的32例行TAVR的主动脉瓣膜病变患者的临床资料,分为单纯主动脉狭窄患者13例(Ⅰ组),单纯主动脉瓣反流患者6例(Ⅱ组),主动脉瓣狭窄合并反流患者13例(Ⅲ组)。分析各组术前多层计算机断层扫描(MSCT)对主动脉根部结构测值、术前及术后1个月超声心动图参数的差异,以及术中情况、术后并发症发生情况。结果32例患者术中均经股动脉植入瓣膜,并应用经食管超声心动图(TEE)监测,其中2例于TEE引导下行房间隔穿刺逆行跨主动脉瓣,4例采用瓣中瓣手术。术前实时三维经食管超声心动图(RT-3D TEE)与MSCT测得的主动脉瓣环最大径、最小径、面积、周长,以及左、右冠状动脉开口高度比较,差异均无统计学意义。术后即刻TEE评估:少至中量瓣周漏4例,少量瓣周漏9例,微量瓣周漏5例,无瓣周漏14例。经胸超声心动图结果显示,与术前比较,Ⅰ组术后1个月主动脉瓣峰值流速(AV Vmax)、主动脉瓣平均跨瓣压差(AVPGmean)、室间隔厚度(IVST)、左室后壁厚度(PWT)均减小,左室射血分数(LVEF)增大,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);Ⅱ组术后1个月主动脉瓣反流面积(AR area)、主动脉瓣缩流径(AR width)及左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)均减小,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);Ⅲ组术后1个月AV Vmax、AVPGmean、AR area、AR width、IVST、PWT、LVEDD均减小,LVEF增大,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。术后随访死亡1例,行永久起搏器植入4例。结论超声心动图在不同类型的主动脉瓣膜病变患者TAVR的术前评估、术中监测及术后随访中均具有重要作用,可为TAVR的疗效评估及预后判断提供依据。     

Prognostic value of mild-to-moderate pulmonary hypertension in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis undergoing aortic valve replacement

Background  

Optimal timing of elective aortic valve replacement (AVR) for severe aortic stenosis (AS) is challenging. Hence, a sensitive marker in AS patients indicating increasing risk after AVR would be of great clinical value. In the present study, we hypothesized that mild-to-moderate pulmonary hypertension (PH) assessed prior to AVR is a sensitive marker for adverse events in patients after successful AVR.