38例白大衣高血压患者血清TNF-α、sL-2R、L-6水平临床分析

目的 对白大衣高血压患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、可溶性白细胞素-2受体(sL-2R)与白细胞介素-6(L-6)水平的水平进行观察,评价其临床意义.方法 采用酶标法(EL ISA)测定原发性高血压组(EH组,36例)、白大衣高血压组(38例)及正常血压组(38例)血清TNF-α(ng/L)、sL-2R(kIU/L)、L-6(ng/L)水平,并测量诊室血压及24h动态血压(ABPM)值.结果 (1)诊血压参数:EH组及白大衣高血压组收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)明显高于正常血压组(P＜0.01).ABPM参数,EH组平均日间、平均夜间、平均24h DBP及平均24h DBP均明显高于白大高于白大衣高血压组及正常血压组(P＜0.01),EH组平均日间、平均夜间DBP高于白大衣高血压组及正常血压组(P＜0.05).(2)EH组血清TNF-α,sL-2R,L-6水平均高于白大衣高血压组(P＜0.05)和正常血压组P＜0.05),白大衣高血压组sL-2R,TNF-α吨及L-6水平明显高于正常血压组(P＜0.01).结论 白大衣高血压患者血清细胞因子水平介于EH者与正常血压者之间,反映白大衣高血压时机体己产生免疫调节与自身保护,提示白大衣高血压是介于高血EH者与正常血压之间,反映白大衣高血压时机体已产生免疫调节与自身保护,提示白大衣高血压是介于高血压与正常血压之间的临床状态,应视为EH早期的表现之一.     

动态血压监测在老年高血压人群中的应用

在老年人群中,高血压是导致心血管疾病(充血性心力衰竭、卒中、冠心病、主动脉病)的重要危险因素,严重影响老年人的生活质量。传统高血压的诊断、治疗及降压药物的疗效评估都是根据诊室血压,但越来越多证据表明,诊室血压数据较少,以至于错误评估患者的真实血压水平及心血管风险。因此,动态血压监测(ABPM)在临床及研究上的应用越来越广泛,ABPM与诊室偶侧血压相比,可全面反映不同环境下血压及心率的变化,是目前为止唯一能排除白大衣高血压的工具。2011年英国的高血压指南(NICE)指出,诊室血压在140/90mm Hg以上患者,都必须行动态血压监测进一步确诊高血压。这一重要推荐进一步推进了动态血压监测在高血压诊断中的应用。     

血压的时间变化率对左心室质量的影响

目的:与血压正常的个体相比,高血压患者的血压变化曲线较陡,而血压波动率增加与中等程度的颈动脉肥厚相关。本研究评估了由动态血压监测(ABPM)数据分析得出的血压变化率与左心室质量(LVM)的相关性。方法:对365例血压正常个体、185例白大衣高血压(WCH)个体和448例无并发症的高血压患者行ABPM和超声心动图LVM测量。     

非高血压病患者中的白大衣高血压研究

近 2 0年来 ,国外关于白大衣高血压 (whitecoathypertension ,WCH)在成人高血压病中的流行病学和临床意义已有较多研究报道 ,但有关WCH在非高血压病患者中的状况的研究于近几年才有了较好的开端。1.青少年中的白大衣高血压 :青少年中的WCH大样本研究还很罕见 ,早些时候Koch等[1] 仅仅报道 6例青少年WCH ,提出在青少年高血压中也应该注意白大衣高血压研究。Vaindirlis等[2 ] 研究了 36例青少年偶测血压 (casualblood pressure,CBP)和动态血压监测 (ambulatorybloodpressuremonitoring ,ABPM )的结果 ,14例CBP升高而ABPM正常的WC…     

白大衣高血压在不同类型人群中的发生率

通过诊室血压测量和24 h动态血压监测,将患者分为白大衣高血压组和持续性高血压组,分别观察白大衣高血压在初诊高血压人群中的发生率,在各年龄组中的发生率,收缩期高血压、舒张期高血压和双期高血压中白大衣高血压的发生率。结果:白大衣高血压的发生率为28％,女性高于男性;单纯收缩期高血压中,白大衣高血压发生率较高。提示:白大衣高血压的发生率较高;对于初诊的高血压患者,尤其是女性、单纯收缩期高血压者,应注意鉴别发生白大衣高血压的可能性。     

诊室外血压测量(2):家庭自测血压的认识与理解

家庭自测血压(HBPM)是诊室外血压测量的又一种方式,HBPM是当前高血压相关专业的权威防治指南推荐应用的血压测量的方法之一。它可获取高血压患者日常生活状态的血压信息,帮助排除白大衣高血压(WCH)、检出隐性高血压(MH),更好的预测靶器官及心血管事件,改善患者的治疗依从性。电子血压计问世以来,以其操作便捷、可重复性好、价廉等特点越来越广为高血压患者所接受和使用,极大的推动和支持了HBPM的开展和普及,从而使广大患者获益。     

白大衣高血压的近代研究

近年来,随着无创性动态血压监测(AmbulatoryBlood Pressure Monitoring,ABPM)技术的广泛研究和临床应用,补充了单纯诊所血压(Clinic BloodPressure,CBP)或办公室血压(Office Blood Pressure,OBP)的不足,提高了对白大衣高血压(White CoatHypertension)的认识,本文就近代白大衣高血压研究已取得的成果和争议之处综述如下.     

青少年高血压病动态血压及其与血浆内皮素、一氧化氮的相关性

目的 :探讨青少年高血压病的血压与内皮素 (ET)、一氧化氮 (NO)及血脂的相关关系。方法 :3 2例 14～ 2 5岁轻中度高血压病患者 (男 2 3例、女 9例 ) ,2 0例性别、年龄及体重指数匹配的志愿者作为对照 ;行2 4h动态血压监测 (ABPM ) ,测定ET、NO及血脂。结果 :青少年原发性高血压诊所血压与ABPM具有较好的相关性 ;ABPM勺型节律者 69 7% ,非勺型者 3 1 3 % ;检出白大衣高血压 3 1 3 % ,高血压组ET明显大于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,ET与收缩期平均血压、白天、夜间收缩期血压及最大收缩血压呈正相关。结论 :动态血压监测适用于青少年原发性高血压 ,青少年高血压存在内皮功能紊乱 ,且与收缩在水平明显相关     

基层高血压的诊断及治疗亟需推广24小时动态血压监测

我国现有高血压患者2亿,其中80%分布在基层[城镇社区和(或)乡村],基层是高血压防治的主战场,基层医生是高血压防治的主力军.现在基层医院均采用诊室血压作为高血压的诊断标准,其实诊室血压诊断的准确性受影响、对高血压治疗疗效了解不全面、不能连续了解高血压患者血压动态变化及与各种因素的关系,存在着严重的"白大衣效应";采用动态血压可以避免"白大衣效应"、发现"隐匿性高血压"、"单纯夜间高血压"、"晨起高血压"及高血压患者控制效率,更全面的评估患者心血管风险,指导合理降压治疗.动态血压监测是诊断高血压和高血压是否得到有效控制的可靠标准.目前高血压患者对动态血压的知晓率、基层医生知识和技能的欠缺,基层医疗机构对动态监护仪器的缺乏导致高血压诊断及控制率仍低.因此,基层推广使用动态血压监测对高血压的防治是十分必要的.     

动态血压监测的临床应用

动态血压监测在临床应用中能够较好的反映高血压患者24 h真实的血压变化情况。较其它血压监测方法具有很多优点：能够发现＂白大衣性＂高血压、隐匿性高血压、24 h血压变异及晨峰现象等。对高血压的诊断、治疗、疗效评定、预后及对靶器官损害的判断等方面具有非常重要的价值。     

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

End-organ damage associated with hypertension is more closely related to ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) than clinic or casual blood pressure measurements. ABP measurements give better prediction of clinical outcome than clinic or casual blood pressure measurements. The technique of ABP monitoring (ABPM) is specialised; validated monitors and appropriate quality control measures should be used. Interpretation of ABP profile should include mean daytime, night-time (sleep) and 24-hour measurements, and consideration of diary information and time of drug treatment. Reports may also include ABP "loads" (percentage area under the blood pressure curve above set limits) for daytime and night-time periods. Normal blood pressure values for adults are < 135/85 mmHg for daytime, < 120/75 mmHg for night-time, and < 130/80 mmHg for 24 hours. ABPM is indicated to exclude "white coat" hypertension and has a role in assessing apparent drug-resistant hypertension, symptomatic hypotension or hypertension, in the elderly, in hypertension in pregnancy, and to assess adequacy of control in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease. White coat hypertension requires continued surveillance; patients who display this phenomenon may, in time, develop established hypertension. Appropriate use of ABPM may result in cost savings. Randomised controlled trials comparing management based on clinic or casual versus ABP measurements are needed.     

Cost analysis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in initiating antihypertensive drug treatment in Australian general practice

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) with the putative savings made through treatment avoided by identification and non-treatment of those with "white coat" hypertension. DESIGN: A cost analysis based on a model of four alternative strategies (no ABPM, yearly, two-yearly, or three-yearly monitoring) over a seven-year period applied to a case series from Australian general practice. PARTICIPANTS: 62 patients newly diagnosed by their GPs as having hypertension and requiring drug treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The proportion of patients shown to not need treatment. The discounted costs to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, Medical Benefits Scheme and patients. RESULTS: 16 of 62 patients (26%; 95% CI, 15%-37%) were normotensive on ABPM and did not require treatment. All monitoring strategies are more expensive in the first year, but the initial costs are offset by year 3 and the monitoring strategies are cost saving thereafter. Sensitivity analysis shows that this result holds across a range of costs of pharmacotherapy and proportion of patients with white coat hypertension. CONCLUSION: The additional costs of 24-hour ABPM in the first year are offset by savings associated with patients with white coat hypertension who would otherwise have been treated.     

老年高血压病的临床特点分析(附170例报告)

目的:探讨24h动态血压监测对老年高血压病诊断及预后判断的意义。方法:对170例于本科门诊或病房经观察偶测血压,按1999年WHOISH高血压分类标准,确诊为高血压病老年患者实施24h动态血压监测,根据动态血压结果,剔除白大衣性高血压〔1〕,及诊断依据不充分的患者。将确定无疑的高血压病患者动态血压指标进行分析研究。结果:老年单纯收缩期高血压病占全部高血压病的12.5%。单纯收缩期高血压病患者的靶器官损害发生率明显高于非单纯收缩期高血压病患者,非单纯收缩期高血压病例中,血压昼夜节律消失组靶器官损害发生率亦显著高于血压昼夜节律存在组。结论:动态血压监测是正确诊断高血压病的必要选择,老年高血压病中单纯收缩期高血压病患者及血压昼夜节律消失者占较大比例,并有更加严重的靶器官损害。     

原发性高血压患者的动态血压及临床意义

观察了６４例原发性高血压（Ｉ、Ⅱ期）患者,发现其诊所血压值明显高于动态血压（Ｐ〈０．００１）,诊所血压亦明显高于白天动态血压（Ｐ〈０．００１）。除白天收缩压外,性别之间无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。血压曲线呈“杓型”。６４例病人中有１２例（１９％）为白衣性高血压。     

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for the management of hypertension

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has become indispensable in the current management of hypertension. ABPM is particularly useful in the accurate diagnosis of hypertension. Its diagnostic thresholds had been recently established based on hard clinical outcomes. Cross-classification of patients according to office and ambulatory blood pressure identifies white-coat, masked, and sustained hypertension. ABPM is also useful in cardiovascular (CV) risk assessment. It provides information on...     

The diabetic patient with hypertension.

Hypertension and diabetes co-exist more commonly than would be expected from their individual prevalences. Elevated blood pressure is most commonly due to coexisting essential hypertension, or diabetic renal disease. Early stages of diabetic renal disease can be identified by detecting microalbuminuria. Standard measures of blood pressure are not necessarily raised, but 24-hour ambulatory measures frequently identify a loss of nocturnal drop in blood pressure. Treating hypertension aggressively is important in slowing the inexorable decline in glomerular filtration rate. In diabetes there appears to be no ''J''-shaped relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular events, thus removing any concern about attaining low blood pressures as long as the patient is asymptomatic. Morbidity and mortality in these patients is usually associated with cardiovascular events, and it is important to assess the effect of drugs on left ventricular hypertrophy and metabolic parameters. Many drugs are effective at lowering blood pressure, but angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors may have an additional renoprotective action. alpha-Adrenergic antagonists may improve lipid profiles and calcium antagonists are probably lipid neutral, making these drugs useful alternatives. Dihydropyridine calcium antagonists (eg, nifedipine) may augment protein-uria, and hence non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists (eg, verapamil, diltiazem) would be preferred. beta-Blockers and thiazide diuretics have the disadvantage of causing a deterioration in glycaemic and lipid profiles, but can be useful on occasions.     

动态血压监测评价高血压病靶器官损害的进展

动态血压监测（ABPM）诸指标与高血压病病人心、脑、肾损害有较好的相关性，可作其预测因子和研究工具。大量研究证明：24h平均动态血压，日间血压无均值，夜间血压均值与心血管并发症的相关性较偶测血压为优；夜间血压降低减弱或消失的高血压病人与较高的心血管意外发生率相关；血压变异性与心血管损坏的严重性相关，而不依赖于血压水平；血压负荷是比血压水平更为精确的心血管危险预测指标；ABPM在预测高血压无症状脑血管损害方面较诊室随测血压为优；微量清蛋白尿是原发性高血压早期肾脏结构和功能改变的标志，尿清蛋白分泌率与24h收缩压和舒张压及24h日间，夜间平均血压显著相关。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病合并高血压患者血压昼夜节律的临床分析

目的：探讨Ⅱ型糖型糖尿病合并高血压（ＨＤＭ）患者动态血压水平,昼夜节律改变及与尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）的关系。方法：行２４ｈ动态血压监测（ＡＢＰＭ）,测ＵＡＥＲ。结果：ＨＤＭ组夜间血压明显高于原发性高血压组（对照组）（Ｐ〈０．０５）,昼夜血压变化差值百分率明显小于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,昼夜节律异常;ＨＤＭ组夜间血压与ＵＡＥＲ成正相关（Ｐ〈０．０５）,昼夜血压变化差值百分率与ＵＡＥＲ成负相关（Ｐ     

How common is white coat hypertension?

Twenty-one percent of 292 patients with untreated borderline hypertension (clinic diastolic blood pressures persistently between 90 and 104 mm Hg) were found to have normal daytime ambulatory pressures (defined from a population of normotensive subjects). These patients were defined as having "white coat" hypertension, and they were more likely to be female and younger, to weigh less, and to be more recently diagnosed than patients whose pressure was elevated both in the clinic and during ambulatory monitoring. Patients with white coat hypertension did not show a generalized increase of blood pressure lability, nor an exaggerated pressor response while at work. The phenomenon is more pronounced when blood pressure is measured by a physician than by a technician. In such patients, the pressor response may be relatively specific to the physician's office and lead to significant misclassification of hypertension.     

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A pediatric review

Hypertension is one of the major contributors to cardiovascular, renal and central nervous system morbidity and mortality. Although it is more prevalent in the adult population, hypertension and its sequelae are being seen in the pediatric population with increasing frequency. Blood pressure (BP) is not a static phenomenon. It is highly variable, changing constantly in response to various activities, stimuli, and stresses. Consideration of all of these factors make intermittent clinic BP measurements less effective in accounting for BP rhythmicity so ambulatory BP monitoring has emerged as a useful tool to give a detailed analysis of BP patterns during the day and night. It is becoming more and more evident that ABPM could be a useful tool in evaluation of white coat hypertension, apparent drug resistant hypertension, to evaluate efficacy of medications for control of hypertension, in evaluation of borderline hypertension, to further elaborate on chronology of hypertension and above all to assess the end organ damage risk as measurement of 24 hour BP parameters do correlate with hypertensive end organ injury.