留守儿童心理健康的最新研究进展

<正>多数研究中将留守儿童界定为父母一方外出打工,也有些研究中定义为父母双方外出。有的学者认为父母双方均外出不在家的才算留守儿童~([1])。有的学者认为留守要持续一段时间才算做留守,并试图做准确的界定,如4个月以上或者6个月以上~([2]),有些研究发现在父母分离1年以上,留守儿童与     

农村留守儿童焦虑的特点及影响因素

目的:了解农村留守儿童焦虑的特点并探讨其影响因素。方法:对取自重庆、贵州两地乡镇的667名中小学生(包括留守及非留守儿童)进行焦虑水平及相关因素的调查。结果:农村留守儿童在状态焦虑水平上要明显地高于父母均在家的儿童,而两者在特质焦虑上没有显著的差异。同时,农村留守儿童个体焦虑水平之间存在着一定差异。首先,父母离开时,儿童的年龄越小,留守儿童的焦虑水平越高。其次,父母与留守儿童的联系频次对其焦虑水平也有重要的影响。结论:父母在儿童的早期最好避免与其长期分离,外出打工后要尽量加强与孩子的联系,将有助于缓解留守儿童的焦虑情绪。     

河南省农村留守儿童安全感现状调查

目的了解河南省农村留守儿童安全感现状,为我省留守儿童心理健康进行针对性的干预提供参考资料。方法自编儿童安全感问卷对河南省3个地区的271留守儿童(研究组)和173名非留守儿童(对照组)进行对照研究,并对40名留守儿童进行了开放式访谈。结果①留守儿童的安全感缺乏极其显著(t=3.844,P<0.05);②留守儿童的安全感现状在性别、留守类型(包括父母都打工、父亲打工、母亲打工)、年龄等方面没有显著差异(P>0.05);③与父母回家间隔在半年左右的留守儿童相比,父母回家间隔在1年以上的留守儿童更缺乏安全感(t=-2.073,P<0.05);访谈发现,留守儿童安全感缺乏极少受到关注。结论留守儿童缺乏安全感,但在性别、留守类型、年龄等方面差异不明显;父母回家间隔1年以上的留守儿童更缺乏安全感。     

农村留守儿童与城市儿童主观幸福感之比较

目的:分析比较农村留守儿童与城市儿童主观幸福感的差异。方法:采用青少年主观幸福感量表对139名儿童进行问卷调查。结果:农村留守儿童的总体生活满意度显著低于城市儿童(F=9.200,P0.01),农村留守儿童体验到的积极情感显著低于城市儿童(F=5.075,P0.05);父母一方外出的农村留守儿童的总体生活满意度(t=2.168,P0.05)、积极情感体验(t=2.05,P0.05)显著高于父母均外出的留守儿童,父母一方外出的留守儿童体验到的消极情感显著低于父母均外出的留守儿童(t=-2.403,P0.05)。结论:农村留守儿童与城市儿童主观幸福感均处于中等偏上水平,且存在显著差异;留守类型影响留守儿童的主观幸福感水平。     

广州留守儿童主观幸福感现况调查研究

目的了解留守儿童的主观幸福感现况,为提升留守儿童的幸福感,培养他们的积极心理品质、促进他们的心理健康提供实证研究基础。方法采用幸福感指数量表对广州增城183名留守儿童及123名非留守儿童进行调查,使用SPSS19.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果①男女留守儿童的幸福感水平不存在显著差异;不同学校类别的留守儿童的幸福感水平不存在显著差异;父母均外出的留守儿童的主观幸福感显著低于父母单方外出的留守儿童(F=10.91,P0.05);②留守儿童的幸福感指数均分为(10.55±2.12),幸福感水平中等偏上,留守儿童与非留守儿童的幸福感水平不存在差异。结论留守儿童的主观幸福感处于中等偏上水平,父母外出务工的类型影响留守儿童的主观幸福感水平。     

父母关爱与留守儿童孤独感:希望的作用

目的:考察父母关爱对留守儿童孤独感的影响以及希望在其中的作用。方法:采用留守儿童父母关爱问卷、青少年孤独感问卷、儿童希望量表对1037名湖南农村儿童进行入户调查。结果:在控制性别的作用后,父母关爱对留守儿童孤独感有显著负向预测性;希望对此预测关系既起部分中介作用,也具有调节效应,具体表现为,随着希望水平的提高,父母关爱对孤独感的负向预测力明显减弱。结论:希望可以有效的抵消与缓解父母关爱缺失对留守儿童孤独感的不利影响。     

重庆市农村留守儿童亲子疏离状况及影响因素

目的:探讨重庆市农村留守儿童亲子疏离状况及影响因素。方法:采用自编一般情况调查表、青少年亲子疏离感问卷(IAP)、父母与同伴依恋量表(IPPA)中文简表、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、青少年心理弹性量表(RSCA)对1099名儿童进行便利抽样调查。结果:留守儿童亲子疏离总分、母子疏离及父子疏离得分均显著高于非留守儿童(t=8.04,7.93,5.54;P0.001)。多元线性回归结果显示,亲子依恋、心理弹性、父母未离异、与母亲高频率沟通(每天)是留守儿童亲子疏离的保护因素(β=-0.08～-0.78,P0.05);而生活事件、家庭居住条件拥挤、父母强制型教养方式、与父母沟通时间短(每次5分钟以内)、父母中有人令孩子非常害怕是留守儿童亲子疏离的危险因素(β=0.06～0.72,P0.05)。结论:留守儿童亲子疏离水平高于非留守儿童。因此,增强留守儿童亲子依恋和心理弹性,减少父母离异发生,提高留守状态下亲子沟通的频率和时间,帮助其有效应对生活事件,改善家庭居住条件,改变父母强制型教养方式以及减少其对父母的畏惧感均可能减少留守儿童亲子疏离的发生。     

相对剥夺感与留守儿童外化问题行为的关系：越轨同伴交往的中介和父母情感温暖的调节

目的：考察相对剥夺感对留守儿童外化问题行为的影响及内在机制。方法：采用相对剥夺感量表、越轨同伴交往量表、父母情感温暖量表和外化问题行为量表对952名留守儿童进行调查。结果：(1)相对剥夺感显著正向预测留守儿童外化问题行为;(2)越轨同伴交往在相对剥夺感与外化问题行为关系间起中介作用;(3)父母情感温暖显著调节相对剥夺感与留守儿童越轨同伴交往和外化问题行为的关系,即在父母情感温暖水平较低的留守儿童中,相对剥夺感对越轨同伴交往和外化问题行为的影响更大。结论：相对剥夺感通过影响留守儿童越轨同伴交往进而影响其外化问题行为,相对剥夺感对低父母情感温暖留守儿童的越轨同伴交往和外化问题行为影响更大。     

小学留守儿童社会支持的特点及其与孤独感的关系

目的 探讨小学留守儿童社会支持的特点及其与孤独感的关系.方法 采用社会支持问卷和儿童孤独量表(CLS)对99名小学留守儿童和68名对照组儿童进行测查.结果 小学留守儿童的社会支持主要来自父母,但在陪伴维度上老师的支持高于父母;与对照组儿童和仅父亲外出打工的儿童相比,父母均外出打工的儿童感受到来自母亲的陪伴支持较少;小学留守儿童在社会支持方面不存在显著的性别差异,但在同学的情感支持、陪伴、肯定价值以及父母的工具性支持和肯定价值方面存在显著的年级差异(F值:3.09～5.07,P＜0.05);老师的陪伴支持是影响小学留守儿童孤独感的重要因素(β=-0.37,P＜0.01).结论 小学留守儿童与对照组儿童在大部分社会支持因子上不存在显著性差异,但在社会支持与孤独感的关系模式上却存在不同.     

农村留守儿童自我意识状况及影响因素分析

目的探讨留守儿童自我意识的影响因素。方法以小学1～6年级农村留守和非留守儿童各116名为对象,使用儿童自我意识量表进行测试。结果1留守儿童"行为"、"智力与在学校情况"、"合群"、"幸福与满足"得分及总分均低于非留守儿童;2父母外出年限越长、回家次数越少,代理监护人文化程度越低、健康情况越差,留守儿童自我意识越低。结论父母外出年限和回家频率、代理监护人文化程度和健康情况对留守儿童自我意识的不同侧面和总体水平有显著的预测作用。     

雷公藤甲素抗肿瘤血管新生的研究进展（英文）

雷公藤甲素(triptolide,TPL)是从中草药雷公藤中提取的一种有效活性物质,已被用来治疗多种疾病,包括系统性红斑狼疮,类风湿性关节炎,肾病综合征等,TPL甚至有很强的抑制肿瘤的活性。近些年的研究显示,TPL具有抗血管新生的能力,TPL不仅可以抑制肿瘤的增殖,诱导细胞的凋亡,还可以抑制肿瘤的转移,可以增加其它化疗药物的抗肿瘤活性。本综述将讨论TPL在抗肿瘤血管新生方面的研究进展,以及初步探讨其潜在的作用机制。     

Changes in activity of neutral proteases in tissues of ground squirrels in the dynamics of hibernation

Total activities of neutral proteases in the cerebral, hepatic, and myocardial tissues of ground squirrel vary during hibernation: in autumn (before hibernation) activities of the enzymes in the brain and myocardium start increasing, while in the liver they do not change. A common feature for all tissues is minimum activity of active neutral proteases in the middle of hibernation month 1 bout, while the maximum activity is recorded before awakening. Translated from Byulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 146, No. 9, pp. 278–280, September, 2008     

Kinetics of decline of maternal measles virus-neutralizing antibodies in sera of infants in France in 2006

The optimal age for measles vaccination is an important health issue, since maternal antibodies may neutralize the vaccine antigen before a specific immune response develops, while delaying vaccination may increase the risk of complicated diseases in infants. However, measles vaccination impacts the duration of protection afforded by transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies: vaccination-induced maternal antibodies disappear faster than disease-induced antibodies. In order to maintain protection against measles in infants, it is important to monitor the dynamics of this phenomenon in vaccinated populations. To assess the current situation in France, a multicenter, prospective seroepidemiological study was conducted in seven French hospitals between October 2005 and January 2007. Maternal measles antibody concentrations from 348 infants 0 to 15 months old were measured using the plaque reduction neutralization assay. Geometric mean concentrations and the percentage of infants with maternal measles antibody concentrations above the protection threshold (≥120 mIU/ml) were assessed according to age. Results show that after more than 20 years of routine measles vaccination in France, maternal measles-neutralizing antibodies decrease dramatically in French infants by 6 months of age, from 1,740 mIU/ml for infants 0 to 1 month old to 223 mIU/ml for infants 5 to 6 months old, and that 90% of infants are not protected against measles after 6 months of age. Infant protection against measles could be optimized both by increasing herd immunity through an increased vaccine coverage and by lowering the age of routine vaccination from 12 to 9 months.     

Effect of vitamin C in reducing the toxicity of endosulfan in liver in rabbits

In this study, the effect of endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, and the ameliorating effect of vitamin C on the livers of New Zealand white rabbits were studied. Livers of the rabbits were examined grossly and histopathologically, and caspase-3 activity was detected by immunohistochemical methods. A total of twenty-four rabbits were divided into four groups (n=6). Rabbits in Group I (END) were daily given a sublethal dose of endosulfan (1 mg/kg bw) in corn oil by oral gavage for 6 weeks. Group II (END+C) received the same dose of endosulfan and additionally Vit C (20 mg/kg bw) every other day during this period. Group III (OIL+C) received corn oil daily by oral gavage and vitamin C every other day for 6 weeks. Group IV (OIL), the control group, received only corn oil daily, by oral gavage throughout the experiment. The concentration of α-endosulfan in the END group was higher in livers (0.102±0.012 ppb) than the β-endosulfan (0.072±0.001 ppb). Decreased accumulation of α and β endosulfan was observed in the END+C group (0.025±0.003 and 0.016±0.002 ppb, respectively) (p<0.0001). The most prominent gross findings at the necropsy were seen in the END group, in which swollen and pale livers were commonly observed. Hemorrhages, degenerations, necrosis, and in some rabbits bile duct hyperplasia were the marked histopathological findings of the END group. Caspase-3 positive reaction was more severe in this group than in the others. An ameliorating effect of Vit C on gross, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings was observed in the END+C group. The results revealed that endosulfan is highly toxic for rabbit livers. However, toxicity was decreased by Vit C treatment, which reduced the accumulation of endosulfan in livers four-fold.