改良带蒂胸大肌皮瓣修复头颈部晚期恶性肿瘤术后复杂缺损的临床应用

背景与目的：带蒂胸大肌皮瓣因为具有多种优点一直是头颈部组织缺损修复应用的经典组织瓣。当今,随着显微技术普及和提高,游离组织瓣逐步取代了带蒂组织瓣。然而,临床上并非所有病例均适宜接受游离组织瓣修复手术,邻近带蒂组织瓣更安全可靠。拟通过改进胸大肌皮瓣的制备及修复方法,探讨改良带蒂胸大肌皮瓣在修复头颈部晚期恶性肿瘤术后复杂缺损时的应用。方法：在皮瓣设计方案及制备方法等多方面改进胸大肌皮瓣,修复头颈部晚期恶性肿瘤术后复杂缺损患者51例。结果：51例改良胸大肌皮瓣全部存活,缺损区修复后外形和供区外形情况满意,缺损区功能得到良好的恢复,供区术后功能损伤最小化。结论：胸大肌皮瓣在设计及制备方法等多方面的改良,提高了对头颈部恶性肿瘤术后复杂缺损修复的范围及修复的距离,减少皮瓣坏死的概率,术后供区和受区外形、功能效果满意,目前仍然是头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损的重要修复手段之一。     

应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈部软组织缺损

背景与目的：股前外侧皮瓣（ALT）对供区创伤小,有独特优点,但目前临床应用还不常见。本文探讨应用ALT皮瓣修复头颈部软组织缺损的临床价值。方法：回顾2004年11月至2008年5月期间于中山大学肿瘤医治中心20例应用ALT皮瓣修复重建头颈部软组织缺损的病例资料。总结皮瓣切取的技术细节。报告术中解剖和成功率。结果：20例游离股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈部软组织缺损均获成功。ALT皮瓣血管蒂长介于5～14cm,平均9．9cm。切取的面积介于（4～9cm）×（6～16cm）。皮肤穿支的解剖类型分为肌间隔穿支4例（占20％）,肌皮穿支16例（占80％）。股前外侧皮瓣用于修复的头颈部缺损包括口腔内黏膜缺损14例（其中修复舌体及口底9例、口颊黏膜3例、硬腭1例、以及磨牙后区黏膜1例）．面部及颈部皮肤缺损6例。皮瓣供区除1例以外均可一期缝合。结论：股前外侧皮瓣是头颈部各种软组织缺损修复重建中一个很有价值和应用潜力的供区,具有成功率高,对供区影响小的特点。     

Deep inferior epigastric artery perforator free flaps in head and neck reconstruction

The advantage of free perforator flaps versus free musculocutaneous flaps is the reduced morbidity of the donor site with preservation of nerves, muscles and deep fascia. In this study, we evaluated the reconstruction results of deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP) free flaps in the head and neck. A retrospective review was performed of 12 patients with head and neck tumor ablation defects that were reconstructed with the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP) free flaps between January 2004 and December 2006. Reconstruction outcomes and complications were measured. Recipient sites were subdivided into defects of total or subtotal glossectomy (N=6), three-dimensional defects of midface (N=3), through and through defects of the cheek (N=2), and anterior skull base resection with an external skin component defect (N=1).The overall free flap success rate was 92% (11/12). One DIEAP free flap was lost because the draining jugular vein thrombosed. No complications were observed in the donor site, including abdominal bulge or hernia. Due to the advantage of minimum donor site morbidity, the DIEAP free flap is a new and reliable reconstruction choice for head and neck surgical defects.     

Island Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap: An Indian Perspective

The aim of this study is to conceive a method of raising an island PMMC flap, so as to circumvent its drawbacks of bulk, flap length and the difficulty of developing this flap in female patients. And to consider island PMMC flap as a viable reconstructive option in head and neck surgeries, especially in peripheral centres. Ours is an experimental case series. The study was done at Sri Devaraj URS Medical college, Tamaka, Kolar. Between 2009 and 2010, head and neck reconstruction was performed using this method in 20 patients who had oral cancer (18), carcinoma supraglottis (1) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma parotid (1). The patients age ranged from 16 to 75 years, and there were 15 women and 5 men. Nineteen of our patients underwent primary surgery and one patient was operated for residual disease. In (16) patient, island pmmc flap was used for intra oral closure. In (4) patients the flap was spiraled for providing skin cover. Four patients developed complications. Three were minor complications of margin necrosis and wound dehiscence, which were managed conservatively. One patient developed orocutaneous fistula, which required secondary suturing. None of our patients had a total necrosis of the flap. Island PMMC flap is still a very useful and viable option for reconstruction in head and neck surgeries, especially in lateral gingivo buccal tumours and other head and neck tumours. In institutions where microvascular expertise is not available, island PMMC flap can be an alternative with results comparable to that of free tissue transfer.     

The free vastus lateralis flap for reconstruction in ablative oncologic head and neck surgery.

AIMS: The vastus lateralis muscle is an accessory extensor for the knee suitable as a free myocutaneous flap in reconstructive head and neck surgery. We report the use of this muscle as a flap. METHODS: We have used the free myocutaneous vastus lateralis flap for reconstruction following ablative head and neck tumour surgery in six patients. The clinical outcome, time of surgery for flap preparation and anatomosis, follow-up and functional outcome were analysed. RESULTS: Five of our patients showed a very satisfactory functional and cosmetic outcome. Post-operatively, there was no prolonged immobilisation and no limitation of movement to the hip and knee. No unfavourable side-effects at the donor side were noted. CONCLUSIONS: We find this flap a very useful addition to our free myocutaneous flap armamentarium. It has a specific suitability for replacing large defects.     

Upper limb free flap reconstruction after tumor resection

Free tissue transfer is the autologous transplantation of composite tissue and its arterial and venous blood supply to a distant site. Free tissue transfers, also called free flaps, may include skin, fascia, muscle, or bone. Free flaps were once considered highly complex procedures; now they are frequently used as the reconstructive option of choice. While several variables must be considered when one plans a free tissue transfer, the most important consideration is the size and location of the defect created by the tumor resection. Free tissue transfer is a multistep procedure, including preparation of the recipient site, harvesting of the flap, and transfer and revascularization of the flap. For upper extremity reconstruction, the gracilis muscle flap has been particularly useful, as has the lateral arm fasciocutaneous flap. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 19:246-254, 2000.     

Oral squamous cell cancer: early detection and the role of alcohol and smoking

Defects in head and neck after tumor resection often provide significant functional and cosmetic deformity. The challenge for reconstruction is not only the aesthetic result, but the functional repair. Cancer may involve composite elements and the in sano resection may lead to an extensive tissue defect. No prospective randomized controlled studies for comparison of different free flaps are available. There are many options to cover defects and restore function in the head and neck area, however we conclude from experience that nearly all defects in head and neck can be closed by 5 different free flaps: radial forearm flap, free fibula flap, anterior lateral thigh flap, lateral arm flap and parascapular flap.     

Clinical applications of free medial tibial flap with posterior tibial artery for head and neck reconstruction after tumor resection

Tumor resection causes damage in the head and neck which creates problems in swallowing,chewing,articulation,and vision,all of which seriously affect patients' quality of life.In this work,we evaluated the application of a free medial tibial flap in reconstruction of head and neck defects after tumor resection.We discussed the anatomy,surgical technique,and the advantages and disadvantages of the flap.We found several benefits for the flap,such as,it is especially effective for the defects that require thin-layer epithelium to cover or the separated soft tissue defect;a two-team approach can be used because the donor site is far away from the head and neck;and the flap is easy to integrate because of the subcutaneous fat layer of the free medial tibial flap is thin and the flap is soft.Thus,the medial tibial flap could replace the forearm flap for certain applications.     

带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣移植在头颈癌放疗后手术中的运用

目的:探讨头颈癌放疗后因肿瘤复发进行挽救性手术,带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣修复手术切除后软组织缺损的可行性和价值。方法:7例头颈部恶性肿瘤进行了根治性放疗后局部复发或颈淋巴结转移,通过手术切除病灶,颈淋巴结清扫,同侧带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣移植修复软组织缺损创面。结果:7例移植的带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣全部成活,有2例出现切口裂开,愈合困难。结论:在头颈癌放疗后手术中,带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣移植是修复手术切除后软组织缺损的有效方法。     

Reconstruction of maxillectomy and midfacial defects with free tissue transfer

The maxillary bones are part of the midfacial skeleton and are closely related to the eyeglobe, nasal airway, and oral cavity. Together with the overlying soft tissues, the two maxillae are responsible to a large extent for facial contour. Maxillectomy defects become more complex when critical structures such as the orbit, globe, and cranial base are resected, and reconstruction with distant tissues become essential. In this article, we describe a classification system and algorithm for reconstruction of these complex defects using various pedicled and free flaps. Most defects that involve resection of the maxilla and adjacent soft tissues may be classified into one of the following four types: Type I defects, Limited maxillectomy; Type II defects, Subtotal maxillectomy; Type III defects, Total maxillectomy; and Type IV defects, Orbitomaxillectomy. Using this classification, reconstruction of maxillectomy and midfacial defects may be approached considering the relationship between volume and surface area requirements, that is, addressing the bony defect first, followed by assessment of the associated soft tissue, skin, palate, and cheek-lining deficits. In our experience, most complex maxillectomy defects are best reconstructed using free tissue transfer. The rectus abdominis and radial forearm free flap in combination with immediate bone grafting or as an osteocutaneous flap reliably provide the best aesthetic and functional results. A temporalis muscle pedicled flap is used for reconstruction of maxillectomy defects only in those patients who are not candidates for a microsurgical procedure.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损重建中的应用

背景与目的:晚期头颈肿瘤外科治疗时,留下的完全或者不完全的组织缺损,是目前头颈外科的一个难点。胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损重建中仍起着不可替代的作用。本研究旨在探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈缺损重建中的适应指征,提高胸大肌肌皮瓣修复的成功率。方法:中山大学肿瘤防治中心2004年1月至2007年1月间共22例行胸大肌肌皮瓣重建头颈肿瘤术后缺损患者,其中颈部大面积皮肤缺损8例,口咽缺损4例,舌缺损5例,口底缺损3例,下咽缺损2例;13例患者采用血管蒂穿行锁骨下,9例经锁骨上转移至颈部;重建的最大面积为15cm×12cm,最小面积为8cm×5cm。结果:无手术死亡病例,1例出现皮瓣坏死,1例出现部分皮瓣坏死,皮瓣重建成功率为95.5%;手术后并发症伤口积血1例,口底瘘1例,并发症发生率为9.1%(2/22)。结论:胸大肌肌皮瓣是头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损重建的良好供区皮瓣,是颈部大面积皮肤缺损重建的首选皮瓣;血管蒂穿行锁骨下可以增加胸大肌肌皮瓣的修复半径,且有利于保护血管蒂不受压迫。     

颏下岛状皮瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损的临床研究

 目的 探讨颏下岛状皮瓣在口腔颌面部肿瘤切除后软组织缺损修复中的应用. 方法 回顾分析应用颏下岛状皮瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除后软组织缺损12例,观察其近期临床效果,分析颈淋巴结转移和放疗对皮瓣的影响. 结果 应用该皮瓣修复12例,11例全部成活,1例出现部分坏死,其中5例切除原发灶同时行颈淋巴结清扫,6例接受术后放疗,无皮瓣坏死,功能与外观满意. 结论 颏下岛状皮瓣具有距离近、操作方便、切口隐蔽、厚薄适中、成活率高等优点,是修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除后软组织缺损的一种理想选择.术后常规剂量放疗不影响皮瓣成活,选择好适应症,不影响肿瘤手术治疗的彻底性.     

Treatment for synchronous and metachronous carcinomas of the head and neck and esophagus

In the past 27 years, 75 patients were found to have separate primary carcinomas of the head and neck and the esophagus. Head and neck tumor was discovered first in 41 patients, synchronously with esophageal tumors in 17 patients, and esophageal tumors were recognized first in 17 patients. Reconstruction by graft after resection of head and neck cancer was necessary in 18 patients and esophagectomy was performed in 62 patients. In eight patients, pharyngeal and esophageal reconstruction was necessary after resection of synchronous and metachronous pharyngeal and esophageal carcinoma. The combined procedure with free tissue transfer was useful for surgical treatment for synchronous or metachronous carcinomas of the head and neck and the esophagus.     

Head and neck skin involvement by non-cutaneous head and neck cancers: free flap reconstruction.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with skin involvement from head and neck cancer have a poor prognosis, with a median survival time of 2 months. METHOD AND RESULTS: During a 9 year period, 31 patients with skin involvement above the clavicle by non-cutaneous malignant tumours of the head and neck were treated. In 19 males and 12 females with a mean age of 62 years, the parotid gland (32%) and the oral cavity (29%) were the commonest sites of primary disease and 77% of the cases were squamous cell carcinomas. Twenty-six had recurrent disease, 20 had received previous radiotherapy and all underwent surgical resection with free flap reconstruction, the commonest being the radial forearm (78%). Complete histological clearance was achieved in 53% of the cases, and adjuvant post-operative irradiation was given to 60%. With this form of management, palliation was extended to a mean survival of 23 months. Six patients are currently alive and disease free at a mean follow up of 4.5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with head and neck skin involvement by non-cutaneous head and neck malignancies have a very poor prognosis, but surgical resection combined with free microvascular flap reconstruction and planned post-operative radiotherapy, can offer good long-term palliation.     

Assessment of the perforators of anterolateral thigh flaps using 64-section multidetector computed tomographic angiography in head and neck cancer reconstruction

Background

The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is a frequent choice for free flap transfer in head and neck cancer reconstruction because of its versatility. Preoperative mapping of the perforator pedicles of an ALT flap is still a challenge because of variations in vasculature. Although computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is used increasingly to evaluate the peripheral vasculature, the use of this method for evaluating the perforators of an ALT flap has not been described in detail.

Methods

From September 2008 to March 2009, 32 patients underwent preoperative CTA before free ALT flap transfer for head and neck cancer reconstruction. The perforators were marked on a 64-section multidetector CT image for each patient. The preoperatively mapped perforators were compared with the actual intraoperative findings. Flap success rates and associated morbidity and complications were recorded.

Results

Preoperative CTA identified major variations in perforators. Eighty-four were found by preoperative CTA; 64 of these were mapped to be explored during the operation, and 13 additional perforators were identified during surgery. The accuracy rate of identifying the branching origin of the ALT perforators was 98% (63/64). All of the ALT flaps survived except for one with necrosis (survival rate 97%). There was no donor site morbidity.

Conclusions

Preoperative mapping of perforators by CTA proved valuable in free ALT flap transfer and shortened the operation time significantly. This modality provides useful information for head and neck cancer reconstruction in difficult cases, especially in patients with large or through-and-through defects that might need multiple perforators in flap design.     

A simplified technique of free flap pedicle transfer for reconstruction of defects following head and neck cancer ablation

Free flaps are being widely used for reconstruction of defects following head and neck cancer ablation. The pedicle of the flap is usually tunneled into the neck wound for anastomosis to the neck vessels. This transfer of the pedicle can be technically difficult to execute and associated with difficulties of torsion and kinking. No effective method has been so far reported to make this procedure easy and safe. A very easy and effective method for the pedicle transfer is described in this report, which has been practiced successfully in our head and neck service in more than 175 free flaps.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣用于咽喉晚期肿瘤术后一期修复

[目的]探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在咽喉晚期肿瘤术后一期修复中的应用价值.[方法]对1996年6月到2004年6月55例咽喉晚期肿瘤根治术后一期应用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复的资料进行分析总结.其中舌根癌19例、扁桃体癌10例、喉咽癌9例、喉癌9例、鼻咽癌8例.术前放疗21例,术后放疗25例.胸大肌肌皮瓣修复咽喉部黏膜及黏膜下软组织缺损40例,修复颈部皮肤缺损15例.[结果]55例胸大肌肌皮瓣均一期修复完成.1例肌皮瓣皮肤完全坏死失败,3例肌皮瓣远端皮肤少许坏死重新清创缝合,修复成功率为98.2%(54/55).40例修复咽喉部黏膜缺损病人有3例进食轻度呛咳,1例进食吞咽不畅外均恢复吞咽功能,除全喉切除病人外均基本恢复语言功能.15例修复颈部皮肤缺损病人切口均愈合.3、5年存活率舌根癌为4/8,2/5;扁桃体癌为3/6,2/4;喉咽癌为2/4,1/3;喉癌为2/3,1/2;鼻咽癌为2/4,1/3.[结论]胸大肌肌皮瓣血供可靠,组织容量大,在咽喉部晚期肿瘤手术中应用可以提高存活率及病人术后生存质量,成功率高,是一期修复的理想材料.     

Severe atherosclerosis of the radial artery in a free radial forearm flap precluding its use

The free radial forearm flap is the most frequently used free flap for head and neck reconstructions. Survival of free flaps is dependent on adequate blood supply. A 69-year old woman was scheduled for excision of a T3N0M0 oropharyngeal carcinoma, neck dissections and reconstruction with a free vascularized radial forearm flap. During the operation it appeared that the entire radial artery was almost completely obstructed by atherosclerotic plaques precluding microvascular anastomosis. Despite systemic risk factors certain artery types are more prone to develop clinically manifest atherosclerosis. There are no reports on the pathology of the radial artery in free flap reconstructions. In head and neck cancer patients severe atherosclerosis of the radial artery is very rare, but if present makes free radial forearm flap reconstruction impossible. Therefore, in patients with risk factors for peripheral vascular disease screening for radial artery stenosis should be considered.     

Free flap reconstruction in the treatment of tumors involving the hard palate.

AIM: To report our experience in free flap reconstruction of the hard palate after malignant tumor resection, in terms of reconstruction method, immediate post-operative course and subjective functional results. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Files from 1988 to 1999 were reviewed for patients having undergone microvascular reconstruction of the hard palate. The immediate post-operative course (during the first month) was reviewed to determine the occurrence of complications. The surgeon's evaluation 1 year post-operatively was used to determine the intelligibility of speech, type of diet and the quality of nasal permeability. RESULTS: Thirty eight patients (28 men and 10 women) with malignant tumors involving the hard palate had undergone surgical reconstruction using microvascular free flap techniques: free radial forearm flap (13 cases), scapular flap (24 cases) or fibular flap (five cases). Two different flaps were employed in two cases (scapula plus fibula). A second flap was used with success in two cases of failure of the first flap, for a total of 42 free flaps for 38 patients. Complications occurred in seven cases, with two cases of flap necrosis. At 1 year, 33 patients achieved a normal diet and 35 normal or easily intelligible speech. CONCLUSIONS: Microsurgical reconstruction using free tissue transfer allows reconstruction of large defects of the hard palate, with low morbidity and an excellent functional outcome. We propose criteria for free flap reconstruction and choice of flap.     

下颌骨缺损不同重建方法在口腔肿瘤中的应用

目的从各个方面分析下颌骨连续性缺损不同重建方法的效果.方法1973年4月～2003年7月,应用不同的方法进行下颌骨缺损的重建72例,分析不同方法的成功率、修复长度、并发症发生率、输血量、住院时间及手术时间.结果游离腓骨瓣2例失败(成功率92.5%),游离髂骨瓣2例失败(成功率90.0%),胸锁乳突肌锁骨瓣5例均成功,其他重建手段成功率较低.与游离髂骨瓣相比较,游离腓骨瓣提供骨组织最长22cm,并可携带皮瓣.结论游离骨瓣移植的成功率较高,游离腓骨皮瓣是一较理想的下颌骨重建组织瓣,其他骨瓣也有一定的应用价值.