马兜铃属植物肾毒性研究进展

目的：综述马兜铃属植物肾毒性研究进展。方法：查阅国内外有关献。结果：内容涉及马兜铃属植物肾毒性的主要症状、病理改变特点、作用机制及其防治。结论：马兜铃属植物作为常用中药，其潜在毒性和对肾脏的损害应引起重视。     

中药的忧伤——由马兜铃属植物毒性谈起

马兜铃事件已事发多年，马兜铃酸的致毒性又有新发现，国际癌症研究中心（IARC）工作组会议最近也认为马兜铃属的某些品种对人类有一级致癌性。马兜铃酸主要存在于马兜铃属某些种的植物中，木通科木通、防已科防已等植物尚未见含有马兜铃酸的报导，但有些国家混淆了广防己、     

马兜铃酸相关中药材的探讨

目的：对关木通等相关中药材马兜铃酸的含有情况进行检测、分析。方法：采用高效液相色谱法。色谱条件：Platinum C18色谱柱；流动相：0．05mol/L磷酸二氢钠（含磷酸1ml/L）－腈（60：40）；检测波长：400nm。结果：17种相关中药材仅马兜铃属6种可检测出马兜铃酸类成分。细辛属（Asarum）、木通属（Akebia）、铁线莲属（Clematis）、风龙属（Sinomenium）、千金藤属（Stephania）、川木香属（Vladimiric）及云木香属（Aucklandic）相关植物中均未检出相应成分。结论：初步认为仅限于马兜铃属植物含有马兜铃酸类成分。木通的品种问题应进一步深入研究。     

绵毛马兜铃化学成分研究——Ⅳ.绵毛马兜铃内酯的化学结构测定

从马兜铃属植物绵毛马兜铃Aristolochia mollissima Hance根茎中分得9种(Ⅰ～Ⅸ)成分,其中结晶Ⅲ为一新倍半萜内酯,用光谱法测定了化学结构,命名为绵毛马兜铃内酯Mollislactone,晶Ⅰ为尿囊素,晶Ⅱ为马兜铃内酯,晶Ⅳ为β-谷甾醇,晶Ⅸ为马兜铃酸,其余成分尚在研究中。     

马兜铃属植物与其替代药材的对比分析

马兜铃属植物由于对肾脏的毒性而遭到否定,故寻求替代药材已经成为迫不及待的任务.本文从本草、功效、化学成分、机制等方面将常用马兜铃药用植物与《中国药典》规定的已有替代药材进行比较,探讨其可行性.同时对马兜铃酸肾病的病理表现做一简要的介绍.     

中草药肾病研究现状

因中草药应用不当导致肾功能损害屡有发生。本文对马兜铃属植物药引起肾损害的有关报道以及相关的研究内容作一综述 ,主要包括马兜铃属植物药物及其成分、马兜铃酸的药代动力学、马兜铃酸属药物的肾脏损害的表现及其发生机制等     

马兜铃酸含量的紫外分光光度测定法及药代动力学研究

马兜铃酸系马兜铃属(Aristolochia)植物的有效成分,其药理作用及临床试用已有文献报告。我所植化室从广西马兜铃植物中分离出马兜铃酸,其结构式如图1 本文报道应用薄层层离及紫外分光光度法     

中药中马兜铃酸肾毒性研究进展

马兜铃酸(aristolochic acid,AA)是一种硝基菲类化合物,是马兜铃属植物如关木通、马兜铃中的主要成分。含有AA的中药或中成药,在临床上曾用于风湿病、毒蛇咬伤和癌症的辅助治疗等。我国也曾将以马兜铃酸I(AAI)为主的总酸称为"增噬力酸",并应用于临床。1993年Van-hei weghemJL等报道了比利时妇女因服用含有广防己的减     

中草药肾脏损害18例临床探讨

目的探讨中草药肾脏损害的特点。方法对18例中草药肾脏损害患者的临床和病理特点进行回顾性分析。结果 18例中草药肾脏损害患者中马兜铃酸肾病10例,其中急性起病7例,慢性起病3例。急性起病7例患者中2例为广防己中毒,尿糖阴性;5例为关木通中毒,尿糖阳性。急性起病有3种方式:急性肾衰竭伴Fanconi综合征1例,Fanconi综合征4例,急性肾衰竭2例。多为短期内服用大剂量木通。急性马兜铃酸肾病肾外表现为贫血,肝酶升高,胃肠道反应,肾脏表现为肾性糖尿,氨基酸尿,尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)升高,低尿酸血症,肾小管酸中毒。均无高血压。病理表现为急性肾小管坏死。2例肾功能恢复,4例转为慢性肾衰竭,1例正在随访。3例慢性马兜铃酸肾病患者均长期小剂量服用马兜铃属中药,起病隐匿,表现为慢性肾衰竭,1例并发Fanconi综合征。肾功能不全的发生具有滞后性。病理表现为慢性间质性肾炎,细胞浸润少见。3例服用中药不含已知马兜铃属植物的患者和5例所服中药成分不明的患者肾脏损害的起病方式与马兜铃酸肾病相近,均以急性肾衰竭为主,并发Fanconi综合征6例,但肾功能损害较轻。结论短期内大量服用马兜铃酸者表现为急性马兜铃酸肾病,长期小剂量服用马兜铃酸者表现为慢性马兜铃酸肾病。除含马兜铃酸的中药外,另有其他中草药亦可导致肾脏损害,但马兜铃酸肾病的肾功能损害更严重,肾脏预后更差。不含马兜铃属植物或成分不明的中药肾毒性患者,肾功能损害较轻,肾功能恢复的概率增加。     

马兜铃与几种混,伪品的鉴别

马兜铃具有消肺降气、止咳平喘、消肠消痔之功能。近年研究发现马兜铃尚有镇痛、降压、抑菌等作用。《中国药典））1995年版所收载马兜铃的原植物为马兜铃科植物北马兜铃AristolochiacontortaBge或马兜铃AristoloclliadeblllsSiebetZucc．的干燥成熟果实，北马兜铃主产于我国北方的黑龙江、吉林、河北、内蒙古、辽宁等省区，马兜铃主产于江苏、安微、浙江、江西、湖北、湖南等省区。目前，全国各地用作马兜铃的植物多达十几种，为I正确区别，本文从来源、性状、显微特征等方面作了初步比较，以提供鉴别参考依据。马兜铃的来源，正品为《…     

马兜铃酸类成分检测与分析研究进展

马兜铃酸类成分是广泛存在于马兜铃科植物中的硝基菲类化合物,已被证实具有肾毒性、致癌和致基因突变等作用。我国自2003年以来采取一系列风险控制措施,其中马兜铃酸含量高的关木通、广防己和青木香等药材已被禁用。目前,一些马兜铃酸含量低的中药材与中成药仍在使用中,鉴于马兜铃酸成分对人体的严重危害性,有必要进一步加强相关药材与制剂的风险评估。在归纳马兜铃酸类成分结构等基本信息的基础上,对近年来的检测分析方法进展进行了总结,为其风险控制与安全使用提供了科学依据。     

Determination of aristolochic acid I and II in North American species of Asarum and Aristolochia

Wild ginger, Asarum canadense, which has folk uses as a medicinal and food plant, has been reported to contain aristolochic acid I. Rhizomes of North American species of Aristolochiaceae were surveyed for the presence of aristolochic acids by HPLC. Aristolochic acid I (1) and aristolochic acid II (2) were present in Aristolochia species and Hexastylis; 1 alone was detected in multiple accessions of A. canadense and Asarum caudatum, though not in Asarum wagneri. Concentrations in A. canadense were highly variable, reaching as much as 0.037 percent of dry weight.     

Selectively preparative purification of aristolochic acids and aristololactams from Aristolochia plants

A novel method has been developed for the purification of aristolochic acids and aristololactams compounds from Aristolochia plants, a kind of typically toxic traditional Chinese medicine. In this method, Oligo (ethylene glycol) separation column which has “clustering function” for compounds in TCMs was used to produce the fractions containing the compounds with similar structures. A four-channel parallel preparative HPLC with C18 separation column was employed to purify the target compounds. The extraction sample of the blending of Radix Aristolochiae, Fructus Aristolochiae and Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis was used to develop the method. Then, four aristolochic acids and three aristololactams were obtained using this method and the chemical identification was confirmed by Q-TOF-MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR. Thus, this method can deal with more than one traditional Chinese medicine simultaneously. Additionally, the results demonstrated that this method was an effective way to purify target compounds selectively from TCMs.     

Assessment of herbal medicinal products: Challenges, and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment

Although herbal medicinal products (HMP) have been perceived by the public as relatively low risk, there has been more recognition of the potential risks associated with this type of product as the use of HMPs increases. Potential harm can occur via inherent toxicity of herbs, as well as from contamination, adulteration, plant misidentification, and interactions with other herbal products or pharmaceutical drugs. Regulatory safety assessment for HMPs relies on both the assessment of cases of adverse reactions and the review of published toxicity information. However, the conduct of such an integrated investigation has many challenges in terms of the quantity and quality of information. Adverse reactions are under-reported, product quality may be less than ideal, herbs have a complex composition and there is lack of information on the toxicity of medicinal herbs or their constituents. Nevertheless, opportunities exist to capitalise on newer information to increase the current body of scientific evidence. Novel sources of information are reviewed, such as the use of poison control data to augment adverse reaction information from national pharmacovigilance databases, and the use of more recent toxicological assessment techniques such as predictive toxicology and omics. The integration of all available information can reduce the uncertainty in decision making with respect to herbal medicinal products. The example of Aristolochia and aristolochic acids is used to highlight the challenges related to safety assessment, and the opportunities that exist to more accurately elucidate the toxicity of herbal medicines.     

A novel pre-column fluorescent derivatization method for the sensitive determination of aristolochic acids in medicinal herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a family of structurally related nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acids existing in Aristolochia, Bragantia, and Asarum species. AAs have been proven to have nephrotoxic and carcinogenic toxicity. In this study, a novel pre-column fluorescence derivatization procedure followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) is developed for the analysis of AAs in medicinal herbs. The nitro group in the phenanthrene ring of AAs was removed by NaBH₄ in water–THF (2:1, v/v), resulting in the corresponding aristolic acids. The analysis of AAs in medicinal herbs was based of the sensitive fluorescence detection of aristolic acids after the chemical derivatization. Because the produced aristolic acids are highly fluorescent the limit of detection (LOD) of AAI and AAII were lowered to 0.06 and 0.04 ng/mL, respectively, which is at least an order of magnitude lower than those in the reported HPLC and LC–MS methods. Good linearity with correlation coefficients higher than 0.997 were obtained for AAI and AII in the calibration ranges of 0.2–800 ng/mL. The derivatization conditions such as reaction temperature, time and the amount of NaBH₄ were optimized. The developed method provided satisfactory intra-day and inter-day precisions with RSDs less than 1.4% and 3.8%, respectively. The relative analytical error was less than 7% for the analysis of AAI and AAII in spiked matrix samples.     

18种马兜铃属药用植物根和根茎的形态与组织比较

作者对本属18种药用植物的根和根茎进行了形态组织学的研究,描述其鉴定特征,并制定鉴定用的检索表。     

几种国产药用紫草中萘醌色素的分析

从新疆软紫草石油醚提取物中分离出六个化合物。根据其理化常数、光谱数据(MS,IR,¹HNMR)鉴定为去氧紫草素(deoxyshikonin),β,β-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁(β,β-dimethylacryalkannin),乙酰紫草素(acetylshikonin),β-乙酰氧基异戊酰阿卡宁(β-acetoxyisovalerylalkannin),紫草素(shikonin),β-羟基异戊酰阿卡宁(β-hydroxyisovalerylalkannin)。用高效薄层层析扫描方法,分析了我国不同种类、不同产地的紫草根,均含萘醌类色素,但种间含量差异甚大。     

Ethnopharmacological use of plants by Sisala traditional healers in northwest Ghana

Context and objective: The Sisala traditional healers of northwest Ghana have a rich ethnomedical tradition. The purpose of this study was to collect and analyse data on medicinal plants commonly used by Sisala traditional healers.

Methods: A total of 30 traditional healers were interviewed using a mixture of open- and closed-ended questionnaires after obtaining prior-informed consent. Plant materials of each species of medicinal plant mentioned being used were collected and processed as voucher specimens following standard ethnobotanical methods.

Results: The majority (65%) of traditional healers were males, age ≥ 38, and their knowledge about medicinal plants was acquired orally largely from their parents (81.3%). A total of 35 species of plants were reported used to treat 24 diseases. Most (55%) of the plant materials were harvested from the bush and about half (54.8%) of the healers collected plant materials in the morning. Leaf (20%) and root (17.5%) plant materials were most commonly used in the preparation of 27 herbal remedies for treatments. The modes of administration of the herbal remedies were both through internal and external routes.

Conclusion: The results of this study show that Sisala traditional healers possess rich traditional knowledge about medicinal plants and new therapeutic use claims for 34 medicinal plants used in Ghana and widely within Africa are documented for the first time.     

Acretoside,a new sucrose ester from Aristolochia cretica *

A new sucrose ester, acretoside, has been isolated from the roots of the Greek endemic species Aristolochia cretica and identified as 6-O-p-coumaroyl-β-d-fructofuranosyl-(2 → 1)-α-d-glucopyranoside (1). In addition, a known sucrose ester, identified as arillatose B, two phenylpropanoid glucose esters, and five derivatives of aristolochic acids have been isolated. Their structures have been elucidated on the basis of MS and NMR data.