萍乡市某医院ICU收治的60例重症感染患者病原菌分布及耐药状况

目的了解萍乡市某医院重症感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性状况。方法选取2017年7月-2019年6月该院ICU收治的重症感染患者60例,对分离出的82株病原菌进行鉴定及药敏试验。结果 60例重症感染患者中,以下呼吸道、泌尿系统感染为主(共40例,占66.67%)。分离出的82株病原菌中,革兰阴性菌占75.61%,革兰阳性菌占24.39%。革兰阴性菌以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌为主,革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、肠球菌属为主。药敏试验显示,4种主要革兰阴性菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感度较高,其中肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南未出现耐药性,铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林耐药率均≥80%,铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、头孢西丁耐药率均达100.00%。3种主要革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺均敏感,金黄色葡萄球菌对利福平及左氧氟沙星敏感度较高,对青霉素耐药率均≥80%,溶血葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素耐药率均>80%。结论该院重症感染患者病原菌主要以革兰阴性菌为主,多发于下呼吸道、泌尿系统;病原菌耐药性普遍较高,应加强抗菌药物的合理应用。     

儿童呼吸道感染革兰阴性菌的分布及药敏分析

目的了解该地区儿科呼吸道感染革兰阴性菌分布和耐药情况。方法对2009年1~6月入住医院儿科420例呼吸道感染患儿的痰液标本,做菌株分离培养鉴定和药敏试验,并进行分析。结果分离培养出病原菌212株,检出率50.5%,其中革兰阴性菌148株,占69.8%,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血菌、铜绿假单胞菌分别占33.1%、26.4%、13.5%和8.1%,占革兰阴性菌的前4位;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟和庆大霉素等敏感;嗜血菌属对头孢噻肟、头孢呋辛、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、氯霉素、环丙沙星和亚胺培南等敏感,对复方新诺明、氨苄西林耐药率高;铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗菌药物耐药,对亚胺培南敏感。结论该地区儿童呼吸道感染以革兰阴性菌感染为主,其中大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血菌、铜绿假单胞菌的感染率较高,临床治疗应根据药敏指导合理使用抗菌药物。     

乳腺癌术后切口感染病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的探讨乳腺癌术后切口感染常见病原菌分布和耐药性,以期提高临床治疗水平。方法随机选取2003年3月-2013年3月医院收治210例乳腺癌手术患者为研究对象,对其中发生切口感染的65例患者进行病原菌和耐药性分析,采用PPMS软件进行统计分析。结果 210例乳腺癌手术患者发生切口感染65例,感染率30.95%;检出病原菌71株,其中革兰阴性菌47株占66.20%,革兰阳性菌24株占33.80%;革兰阴性菌中以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、变形菌属为主,分别占21.12%、18.31%、12.68%;革兰阴性菌耐药率最高的为青霉素,在88.89%¹00.00%,最低的是美罗培南和亚胺培南,耐药率均为0。结论乳腺癌患者术后切口感染常见的病原菌是铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌等革兰阴性菌,要加强无菌操作和合理使用抗菌药物。     

某医院患者呼吸道感染的菌种分布及其耐药情况

目的了解某医院呼吸科患者呼吸道感染的菌群分布特点及耐药情况,指导临床合理用药。方法采用VITEK-2鉴定细菌,按照NCCLS标准采用纸片扩散(Kirby-Bauer)法对临床分离菌株进行药敏试验。结果共分离革兰阴性菌527株,占全部分离菌的58.8%。以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和大肠埃希菌多见。药敏试验结果表明,肠道杆菌主要对碳青霉烯类敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌等对头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率高,铜绿假单胞菌、肠杆菌等呈现多重耐药。结论呼吸道感染病原体中以革兰阴性菌为主,革兰阴性菌的耐药问题严重且出现多重耐药,定期进行病原菌耐药性监测,对指导临床合理应用抗菌药物具有重要意义。     

2016-2020年热带地区医院呼吸道感染病原菌及其耐药性

目的 明确热带地区呼吸道感染检出病原菌及耐药情况,为指导合理选择抗菌药物治疗医院呼吸道感染提供参考。方法 收集2016-2020年某医院发生呼吸道感染住院患者检出的病原菌,并对主要病原菌耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果 2 857例次医院呼吸道感染患者共分离出病原菌2 992株,其中革兰阴性菌1 839株占61.46%,以鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌为主;革兰阳性菌527株占17.61%,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主(其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌12株);真菌626株占20.92%,以白假丝酵母为主;近5年鲍氏不动杆菌、白假丝酵母和热带假丝酵母检出率显示下降趋势(P<0.05)。肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别为12.40%、77.90%和28.46%。结论 热带地区检出病原菌主要是革兰阴性菌,以鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主;检出菌对广谱青霉素类抗菌药物的耐药性较高,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物及β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的耐药率相对较低,近5年鲍氏不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药趋势逐年下降,但仍处于较高状态,应加强呼吸道感染耐药菌...     

神经外科患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的探讨神经外科患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布特点及对抗菌药物的耐药性,为神经外科预防医院感染及合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集医院2012年1月-2013年6月收治的972例神经外科下呼吸道感染患者的痰标本,对其进行病原菌检测及药敏试验,数据采用WHONET5.3软件进行统计分析。结果 972份痰培养标本检出病原菌286株,检出率为29.42%,其中革兰阴性菌173株占60.49%,革兰阳性菌82株占28.67%,真菌31株占10.84%,前4位病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌,分别占20.63%、14.33%、12.24%、9.79%;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林的耐药率为100.00%,肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为0,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶耐药率较低,其中金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为0,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素的耐药率为100.00%。结论神经外科住院患者下呼吸道感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性菌,主要病原菌的耐药形式较为严峻,应根据药敏试验结果严格使用抗菌药物,采取有效措施,控制医院感染的发生。     

神经内科住院患者合并下呼吸道感染的病原菌谱及耐药性分析

目的调查和分析神经内科患者合并下呼吸道感染的病原菌谱和耐药性,为预防医院感染和指导抗菌药物的合理使用提供依据。方法回顾性分析2013年-2015年并发下呼吸道感染的神经内科住院患者中分离的病原菌谱及其耐药性。结果共收集332份痰液,检出550株病原菌;革兰阴性菌364株(66.2%),以肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌为主;革兰阳性菌31株(5.6%),以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌155株(28.2%),以白色念珠菌为主;肺炎克雷伯菌对除氨苄西林外的抗菌药物敏感性均较高;鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对大部分抗菌药物耐药性较高;大肠埃希菌对部分抗生素保持敏感;金黄色葡萄球菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素敏感;未发现耐药真菌。结论神经内科住院患者下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌最常见,监测感染的病原菌谱及耐药性,对医院感染的防治非常重要。     

2009-2015年泌尿系感染病原菌种类构成及耐药性变迁

目的了解泌尿系感染常见病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床抗菌药物使用及医院感染控制提供可靠依据。方法收集医院2009年1月-2015年12月分离的泌尿系感染病原菌4296株,采用Microscan Walkway 40分析系统和VITEK-2compact全自动药敏鉴定分析仪对菌株进行鉴定及药敏试验,并对结果进行分析。结果 4296株病原菌中,革兰阴性菌2476株占57.64%,革兰阳性菌1169株占27.21%,真菌651株占15.15%;分离率占前五位的分别为大肠埃希菌1098株(25.56%)、屎肠球菌570株(13.27%)、肺炎克雷伯菌380株(8.85%)、铜绿假单胞菌349株(8.12%),粪肠球菌300株(6.98%);碳青霉烯类对大肠埃希菌保持了较好的抗菌活性,但对铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌出现了较高的耐药性,其耐药率分别为2.0%、41.2%、39.47%;屎肠球菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌,耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌检出率分别为38.9%、3.3%。结论医院泌尿系感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,细菌耐药性监测能够对临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。     

烧伤创面感染的病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的分析烧伤创面感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床选取适宜的抗菌药物提供理论依据。方法随机选取医院2012年6月-2014年6月150例烧伤感染患者作为研究对象,从其送检创面分泌物标本使用法国生物梅里埃公司Bact/Alert3D血培养仪进行细菌培养,并行药敏试验,数据采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析。结果烧伤感染患者分离出217株病原菌,以革兰阴性菌为主,共141株占65.0%,其中以鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌居首,分别占17.5%、17.1%、13.4%;革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率低,对一代头孢菌素的耐药率较高,鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为78.9%、24.3%、0。结论导致烧伤患者感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,且现在主要病原菌的耐药性已发生变化,临床应监测病原菌及其耐药性,依据药敏试验结果,选取适宜的抗菌药物,以增加疗效,减少多药耐药菌的产生。     

老年患者下呼吸道感染病原菌构成及耐药性分析

目的了解老年患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药特点。方法回顾性分析2003年1月-2005年12月,460例老年下呼吸道感染患者痰标本细菌培养及药敏试验结果。结果共分离出病原菌315株,其中革兰阴性杆菌245株(77.8%),革兰阳性球菌70株(22.2%);检出依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌;真菌136株,以白色念珠菌为主,占60.3%;肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的ESBLs阳性率分别为50.7%和75.7%,对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的耐药率>50.0%,部分达80.0%~100.0%;碳青酶烯类抗菌药物对肠杆菌科细菌仍保持100.0%的抗菌活性;铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗菌药物的敏感性下降,部分耐药率达100.0%。结论老年患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌以肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌为主,鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌等非发酵菌以及真菌感染日趋增加,值得关注。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.