目标容量控制通气治疗重症新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的：评价目标容量控制通气治疗重症新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）的疗效。方法：将2008年6月至2010年1月收治的84例重症NRDS患儿随机分为3组：同步间歇正压加容量保证通气组（SIPPV+VG,31例）、高频振荡通气组（HFOV,23例）、间歇指令通气组（IMV,30例）。观察各组氧合情况、氧疗时间、呼吸机使用时间及并发症发生情况。结果：SIPPV+VG组、HFOV组患儿在上机12 h时氧合明显改善,P/F值、a/APO2与上机前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而IMV组直至24 h氧合方有改善; SIPPV+VG、HFOV组患儿氧疗时间和呼吸机使用时间均低于IMV组（P<0.05）; SIPPV+VG、HFOV组患儿气漏和呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的发生率均低于IMV组（P<0.05）;HFOV组III级以上颅内出血发生比率高于SIPPV+VG和IMV组。结论：SIPPV+VG和HFOV比IMV能更迅速地改善重症NRDS患儿氧合状况,缩短氧暴露和呼吸机应用时间,减少气漏、VAP的发生。     

Systemic air embolism in an extremely low birthweight infant treated with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation

An extremely low birthweight infant in whom systemic air embolism occurred during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation is reported. He was delivered at 25 weeks and 6 days gestation weighing 600 g. He was diagnosed as having respiratory distress syndrome and had intermittent mandatory ventilation. At 2 days of age, there was pulmonary hemorrhage and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation was begun. The maximum mean airway pressure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation was 22 cmH₂O. At 9 days of age, X-ray film revealed air in the intracardiac cavity and major systemic vessels. Systemic air embolism can occur in an extremely low birthweight infant having high-frequency oscillatory ventilation with a mean airway pressure of 22 cmH₂O or higher.     

无创高频振荡通气与经鼻间歇正压通气作为早产儿拔管后呼吸支持疗效比较的Meta分析

目的 系统评估无创高频振荡通气(non-invasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation,NHFOV)与经鼻间歇正压通气(nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation,NIPPV)作为早产儿拔管后呼吸支持的有效性及安全性。方法 全面检索中国知网、万方数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library等数据库中关于NHFOV与NIPPV作为早产儿拔管后呼吸支持的文献,检索时间从建库至2022年8月31日。采用RevMan 5.4软件及Stata 17.0软件进行Meta分析,比较NHFOV组和NIPPV组拔管后72 h内再插管率、改无创辅助通气后6～24 h的二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of carbon dioxide,PCO₂)及支气管肺发育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasia,BPD)、气漏、鼻损伤、脑室周围白质软化(periventricula...     

鼻塞式呼吸机间歇指令通气联合肺表面活性物质治疗早产儿肺透明膜病的临床研究

目的 观察鼻塞式呼吸机间歇指令通气(NIMV)联合肺表面活性物质(PS)治疗早产儿肺透明膜病(NHMD)的临床疗效,并与常规机械通气及持续气道内正压通气(CPAP)的疗效进行比较.方法 NIMV组25例患肺透明膜病的早产儿经气管内滴入PS[100 mg/(kg·次)],然后拔管,予NIMV支持治疗,并与25例常规机械通气及24例CPAP的患儿进行比较,指标包括患儿的临床症状、体征、血气变化及并发症.结果 治疗后1 h,患儿症状体征明显好转;6、12及24 h,3组患儿的血气较治疗前显著改善,NIMV、常规机械通气及CPAP比较,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).但治疗过程中NIMV组的肺部感染及慢性肺疾病的发生率明显低于机械通气组[(8%vs 36%)、(20%vs 72%)],且NIMV组的反复呼吸暂停和二氧化碳潴留的发生率也明显低于常规CPAP组[(8%vs 36%)、(20%vs72%)].结论 应用NIMV治疗早产儿肺透明膜病既可减少或避免呼吸机相关性肺炎、慢性肺病等并发症,又可治疗早产儿常发生的反复呼吸暂停,避免二氧化碳潴留.     

Management of pneumothorax in hemodynamically stable preterm infants using high frequency oscillatory ventilation: report of five cases

Background

Despite an increased use of non-invasive ventilatory strategies and gentle ventilation, pneumothorax remains a common complication in preterm infants. The ventilator management of infants with air leaks remains challenging in terms of both prevention and treatment. Recently the safety and efficacy of expectant management avoiding chest tube drainage to treat large air leak in preterm infants hemodynamically stable has been reported.

Case presentation

In the present study, we report five cases of preterm infants with birth weight?≤?1250 g affected by respiratory distress syndrome and treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure as first intention. They were intubated for worsening of respiratory distress with increasing oxygen requirement and concomitant increase of respiratory rate and P_CO2 values due to occurrence of pneumothorax, and they were successfully treated using high-frequency oscillatory ventilation without chest tube insertion.

Conclusion

In our experience high-frequency oscillatory ventilation provided a conservative management of a significant pneumothorax in preterm newborns hemodynamically stable and requiring mechanical ventilation. This approach allowed us to avoid the increasing of air leak and the insertion of chest tube drainage and all the subsequent associated risks.

     

Comparison of synchronized and conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation in neonates

Between October 1993 and April 1995, a total of 77 neonates requiring mechanical ventilation were enrolled in this study and were randomly divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 31 premature infants (mean birthweight 1.36 ± 0.29 kg) with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and seven neonates (mean birthweight 3.2 ± 0.5 kg) with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). Group B consisted of 31 premature infants (mean birthweight 1.31 ± 0.3 kg) with RDS and eight neonates (mean birthweight 3.3 ± 0.5 kg) with MAS. Infants in group A received synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) and infants in group B received conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation (CIMV) therapy. In premature infants with RDS, our data showed: (i) the duration of ventilation was significantly shorter (P < 0.05) in the synchronized group (156 ± 122 h) compared to the conventional group (242 ± 175 h); (ii) significantly fewer (P <0.05) patients required reintubation in the synchronized group than in the conventional group (three vs 11 patients); (iii) incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grades 3 and 4) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the synchronized group compared to the conventional group (one vs seven patients); (iv) incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the synchronized group than in the control group (one vs seven patients). In neonates with MAS, our data showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) on duration of ventilation, incidence of reintubation, incidence of pneumothorax or mortality rate between synchronized and control groups.     

Relevance of high-frequency ventilation in neonatal surgery

High-frequency ventilation, which we have termed high-frequency positive-pressure ventilation (HFPPV), can serve as an alternative to treatment by standard intermittent positive-pressure ventilation in certain types of acute respiratory distress in the newborn. Its use in the pre-, intra- and/or postoperative period in neonatal surgery is of interest if certain reservations are borne in mind: regarding technological requirements, a ventilator with low internal static compliance must be available; it must be possible to monitor various ventilatory parameters accurately: PaO₂, PaCO₂, airway pressure variations. We shall describe our experience at the Department of Pediatric Surgery of the C. H. U. in NANCY with three cases of esophageal atresia and ten cases of diaphragmatic hernia in children who benefited from this treatment. The indications for HFPPV are defined with regard to the advantages and disadvantages presented by this technique. When treating diaphragmatic hernias, there are benefits with regard to respiratory constants and control of airway pressure: reducing the peak pressure with improvement of PaO₂ and lowering of PaCO₂, which lowers the incidence of regression to fetal circulation (eight of ten infants survived). Then are also advantages in esophageal atresia: reduction of flow at the fistula, if present, and stabilization of the surgical field, thus facilitating surgery. The literature available on the types of procedures in which HFPPV can be beneficial is limited. Most of the studies have focused on the absence movement in the surgical field: open thoracic surgery, tracheal surgery, surgery for patent ductus arteriosus and microneurosurgery are all procedures in which this type of ventilation can be valuable. Offprint requests to: J. Prevot at the above address     

High-frequency jet ventilation in neonatal pulmonary hypertension

To determine if high-frequency jet ventilation is beneficial in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension, we compared the ventilator settings, blood gas concentrations, and outcome of infants who met established criteria for a high predictive mortality. During a six-year period, 14 neonates who had severe respiratory failure and hypoxemia while receiving conventional ventilation were treated with high-frequency jet ventilation. Twenty-three comparable infants meeting the same criteria were treated exclusively with conventional ventilation. After initiation of high-frequency jet ventilation there was a significant reduction in mean airway pressure and partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2). In contrast, neonates treated exclusively with conventional ventilation continued to have higher airway pressures and PaCO2. However, there was no difference in the alveolar-to-arterial oxygen gradient, air leakage, incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or duration of assisted ventilation or oxygen supplementation. Furthermore, mortality was comparable in both groups of infants. These preliminary observations suggest that high-frequency jet ventilation can reduce airway pressure and PaCO2 in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension but does not appear to improve outcome.     

早产儿机械通气不同脱机模式的呼吸力学评价

目的　从呼吸力学的角度评价低出生体重儿机械通气不同脱机模式的优劣及临床意义。方法　通过BicoreCP 10 0呼吸监测仪测定 2 1例早产儿在IMV、SIMV、CPAP模式、脱机拔管前及拔管后 2 0min等条件下的呼吸力学的变化。结果　CPAP 3cmH2 O时WOBp明显高于SIMV、IMV组 ,有显著性差异 ;脱机后患儿每分呼吸功 (WOBp)明显降低 ,与三组比较 ,有显著性差异。CPAP模式下0、1、2、4hWOBp明显改变 ,4h与 0h有显著性差异。 结论　不同脱机模式下WOBp存在差异 ,早产儿呼吸机的撤离以低频率的SIMV、IMV模式较为适宜 ,而CPAP模式不适合早产儿呼吸机的撤离     

Comparison of weaning by patient triggered ventilation or synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants

Forty preterm infants were entered into a randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy and duration of weaning by patient triggered ventilation (PTV) to that of synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). Infants were randomized during recovery from respiratory distress once ventilator rate had been reduced to 40 breaths per minute; weaning during PTV was by reduction in ventilator pressure only, whereas infants randomized to SIMV were weaned by reduction in rate only. Weaning failed in 12 infants, 6 from each group, the 12 infants were more immature than those in whom weaning succeeded ( p < 0.01). Overall, the duration of weaning did not differ significantly between the PTV and SIMV groups.     

Intermittent mandatory ventilation

Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) is a mode of ventilation that allows the patient to make spontaneous breaths during the expiratory phase of mandatory ventilator breaths. There are two types of IMV according to whether respirator breaths are synchronized with the patient's respiratory efforts: Non-synchronized IMV and synchronized IMV (SIMV), and according to whether SIMV is volume- or pressure programmed. The main advantage of SIMV is that the respirator delivers the preset ventilator pressure and rate while allowing the patient to breath spontaneously, thus facilitating progressive weaning from mechanical ventilation. It diminishes the risk of barotrauma, produces less hemodynamic com-promise than control ventilation, reduces atrophy of respiratory muscles and the need for sedation and muscle relaxation and can be associated with pressure support ventilation.     

A European multicenter randomized controlled trial of single dose surfactant therapy for idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome

We performed a multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy and safety of the surfactant preparation, Survanta (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, USA), for 750–1750 g infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, (IRDS) receiving assisted ventilation with 40% or more oxygen. One hundred and six eligible infants from the eight participating centers were randomly assigned between March 1986 and June 1987 to receive either surfactant (100 mg phospholipid/kg, 4 ml/kg) or air (4 ml/kg) administered into the trachea within 8 h of brith (median time of treatment 6.2 h, range 3.2–9.1 h). The study was stopped before enrollment was completed at the request of the United States Food and Drug Administration when significant differences were observed in incidence of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIH), between the surfactant treated and control infants. Surfactant treated infants had larger average increases in the arterial-alveolar oxygen ratio, (a/A ratio) (P<0.0001), and larger average decreases in FiO₂ (P<0.0001) and mean airway pressure, (MAP) (P<0.017) than controls over the 48 h following treatment. The magnitude of the differences between the surfactant and control groups were 0.19 (SE=0.03) for a/A ratio, –0.28 (SE=0.04) for FiO₂ and –1.7 cm H₂O (SE=0.70) for MAP. The clinical status on days 7 and 28 after treatment was classified using four predefined ordered categories: (1) no respiratory support; (2) supplemental O₂ with or without continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP); (3) intermittent mandatory ventilation; and (4) death. There were no statistically significant differences in the status categories on days 7 or 28 between surfactant and control infants. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing entero-colitis, air leaks or death. There was a statistically significant difference between treated and control infants in the frequency and severity of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIH) (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel ²adj=6.36,P=0.01). Hemorrhages occurred in 59.6% of surfactant treated infants and 26.9% of controls. Severe hemorrhages (grades 3 or 4) occurred in 38.5% of surfactant treated infants and 15.4% of controls ( ²adj=4.01,P=0.045). We conclude that the intratracheal administration of Survanta prior to 8 h of age to infants with IRDS receiving assisted ventilation with 40% or more oxygen results in a reduction in the severity of respiratory distress during the 48 h after therapy. Because of the difference in incidence of PIH between surfactant and control infants in this study, we recommend that future clinical trials of surfactant include more frequent prospective serial ultrasound evaluations for diagnosis of hemorrhage.     

High frequency ventilation in the neonatal period

There are three forms of high frequency ventilation, high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV, up to 400/min), high frequency oscillation (HFO, up to 40 Hz), and high frequency positive pressure ventilation (HFPPV, rates between 60 and 150/min). The first two forms of ventilation are still experimental and have been used only in critically ill children where respiratory failure has been unresponsive to more conventional therapy. Unfortunately, however, HFJV has already been associated with a high incidence of tracheal lesions. High-frequency positive pressure ventilation, on the other hand, using conventional ventilators, has been used and studied widely. Certain neonatal ventilators function suboptimally at increased rates, resulting in a reduction in tidal exchange with a consequent clinical deterioration. Using appropriate ventilators, arterial oxygen tensions improve and carbon dioxide tensions are reduced at fast rates in non-paralysed infants. Air-trapping, however, may be a problem in infants paralysed and ventilated at fast rates. HFPPV have been associated with a reduced incidence of pneumothoraces, but there is no knowledge of the effect of this form of ventilation on subsequent lung growth.Abbreviations IPPV intermittent positive pressure ventilation - I:E inspiratory:expiratory - HFPPV high frequency positive pressure ventilation - HFJV high frequency jet ventilation - HFO high frequency oscillation - VLBW very low birthweight - PEEP positive end expiratory pressure - RDS respiratory distress syndrome - BDP bronchopulmonary dysplasia - FiO₂ inspired oxygen concentration - PIE pulmonary interstitial emphysema     

Early randomized intervention with high-frequency jet ventilation in respiratory distress syndrome

To determine whether early use of high-frequency jet ventilation reduces neonatal mortality or pulmonary morbidity rates, we randomly selected 42 infants with clinical and radiographic evidence of severe respiratory distress syndrome to receive either high-frequency jet ventilation or conventional ventilation. Separate sequential analyses (two-sided, alpha = 0.05, power = 0.95 to detect 85:15 advantage) were performed for mortality rates, air leaks, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, and assignment crossover, and a combined analysis was performed, with death overriding other outcome variables. Enrollment was completed when the combined analysis reached the sequential design boundary indicating no treatment difference. Mortality rates (19% among infants receiving high-frequency jet ventilation vs 24% among infants receiving conventional ventilation), the incidence of air leaks (48% vs 52%), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (39% vs 41%), and intraventricular hemorrhage (33% vs 43%), and assignment crossovers (14% vs 24%) did not differs significantly between the treatment groups. We conclude that early use of high-frequency jet ventilation does not prevent or substantially reduce mortality or morbidity rates associated with assisted ventilation.     

Influence of ventilation mode on neonatal cerebral blood flow and volume

Background

Cerebral hemodynamics is supposed to be influenced by the different ventilation approach. Ventilation support can be classified as non-invasive (N-CPAP) or invasive (SIMV and HFV), the last known to induce endotrauma. Our aim was the non-invasive NIRS assessment of neonatal absolute cerebral blood flow (CBF) and relative cerebral blood volume changes (ΔCBV) during synchronized intermittent ventilation (SIMV), or high frequency ventilation (HFV) and nasal continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP).

Methods

An observational study in a tertiary referral NICU. CBF and ΔCBV changes were assessed in 41 preterm newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome treated using mechanical ventilation or the CPAP device.

Results

Basal chromophore traces enabled ΔCBV (mL/100 g) changes to be calculated. CBF was calculated in mL/100 g/min from the saturation rise integral and rate of rise [O₂Hb-HHb]. Median ΔCBV was 0.07 (range 0.01-0.13) in SIMV group, 0.07 (0.01-0.19) in HFV group and 0.13 (0.10-1.28) in CPAP group. Median CBF was 14.44 (2.70-32.10), 9.20 (2.94-19.58) and 31.69 (13.59-34.93) respectively. A multiple regression model showed a significant correlation between ΔCBV or CBF and ventilation approach.

Conclusion

In the light of our results, we might speculate that, assuming that hemodynamic autoregulation is safe and arterial blood pressure is preserved, ventilation per se influences brain circulation.     

经鼻间歇正压通气在初始治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征中的临床应用

目的 探讨经鼻间歇正压通气（NIPPV）在初始治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）中的临床有效性及安全性,探索NIPPV参数的初始设置。方法 采用随机对照研究方法,将100例NRDS早产儿随机分为NIPPV组（n=50）和经鼻持续气道正压通气（NCPAP）组（n=50）,比较采用NIPPV或NCPAP初始呼吸支持治疗NRDS时,在改善CO2潴留、改善氧合、减少再次气管插管率和再次使用肺表面活性物质（PS）率、减少有创呼吸支持时间,减少需氧时间以及并发肺气漏、腹胀、呼吸机相关性肺炎之间有无差异。结果 在给予无创呼吸支持1 h和6 h时,NIPPV组在减轻CO2潴留、改善氧合方面明显优于NCPAP组（P2>0.21时间（均PPP>0.05）。结论 初始即予NIPPV呼吸支持治疗早产儿NRDS,临床有效、安全,值得推广。     

High frequency oscillatory ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

We report on 50 term and near-term neonates (birth weight > 1800 g, gestational age > 33 weeks) with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), referred to us from January 1987 to July 1991 after failure of maximum conventional treatment. All infants had paO₂<45 mm Hg when ventilated with peak inspiratory pressure >38 cm H₂O and FiO₂=1.0, hence meeting entry criteria for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) was tried in all patients. If sufficient oxygenation could not be achieved (paO₂<40 mm Hg for at least 2 h), ECMO therapy was begun, which was the case in 25 children. Neonates responding to HFOV (n=25) were of a slightly younger gestational age (37.0 weeks vs 38.8 weeks,P<0.05), had higher Apgar scores and were less hypoxaemic before HFOV (paO₂ 36.6 mm Hg vs 28.8 mm Hg,P<0.01); during HFOV there was a significant rise in paO₂ (> 150 mm Hg;P<0.001) and a fall in pCO₂ to 21.6 mm Hg (P<0.001). Due to air leaks, which was the main complication of HFOV (52%), ECMO therapy had to be begun in two additional infants after an initial positive effect. HFOV tended to be successful in cases of primary PPHN, meconium aspiration and sepsis, but not in infants with lung hypoplasia as a result of diaphragmatic hernia or other reasons. Success or failure of HFOV could not be reliably predicted by any parameter. Mean duration of HFOV was 37.8 h vs 84.9 h of ECMO. PPHN could be overcome in 88% of the HFOV-treated and in 76% of the ECMO-treated infants; overall survival rate was 74% (predicted probability of survival using maximum conventional treatment <10%). There were no significant differences between HFOV/ECMO groups with regard to duration of ventilation following HFOV/ECMO, total time in hospital, rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and neurological complications (intracranial haemorrhage, brain infarction). Among the survivors, the rate of mentally handicapped children was equal in both groups (overall 18.9%). Our analysis shows that about 50% of neonates with PPHN who fail to respond to conventional ventilatory support and maximum treatment can be treated successfully with HFOV, thus avoiding ECMO. By applying both forms of therapy, the survival rate of infants with severe PPHN can be increased from an estimated rate of <10% up to 80%.     

Neonatal high-frequency jet ventilation

Ten neonates with intractable respiratory failure were treated with high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV). Nine had progressive pulmonary air leaks with either bronchopleural fistulas or pulmonary interstitial emphysema as the primary cause of their respiratory failure. Following HFJV, x-ray film evidence of pulmonary air leaks decreased in seven of the nine neonates. PaO2/FIO2 increased in eight of the ten patients (P less than .05), and PaCO2 values decreased in nine of the ten patients (P less than .01). Five patients survived. Three of the six patients exposed to HFJV for more than 20 hours developed significant tracheal obstruction. From this experience, it may be concluded that HFJV can successfully ventilate certain neonates with intractable respiratory failure secondary to progressive pulmonary air leaks. In its present form, long-term neonatal HFJV carries a risk of airway obstruction and/or damage.     

两种不同通气模式在呼吸窘迫综合征早产儿撤机阶段的应用对比

目的 比较同步间歇指令通气（SIMV）与压力支持加容量保证通气（PSV+VG）两种模式在呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）早产儿撤机阶段的应用效果。方法 选择2016年3月至2017年5月入住新生儿重症监护室、胎龄小于32周,且需要机械通气的40例RDS早产儿作为研究对象。40例患儿从进入撤机阶段开始被随机分为SIMV组和PSV+VG组,每组各20例。比较两组间呼吸机参数、动脉血气、撤机时间（从进入撤机阶段到拔管时间）、拔管后经鼻持续气道正压通气（NCPAP）使用时间以及拔管失败率;比较两组病死率及气胸、动脉导管未闭（PDA）、支气管肺发育不良（BPD）的发生率。结果 与SIMV组比较,PSV+VG组的平均气道压、撤机时间、撤机后NCPAP使用时间、拔管失败率均明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。而两组在动脉血气、病死率及气胸、PDA、BPD发生率等方面的比较差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 在RDS早产儿撤机阶段,PSV+VG模式可能是一种相对安全有效的通气方式,但仍需要大样本、多中心的临床试验来证实。     

芬太尼在机械通气新生儿镇痛中的临床应用分析

目的 探讨芬太尼对机械通气新生儿的镇痛效果及安全性。方法 将2010 年12 月至2011 年2月接受机械通气的30 例新生儿随机分为芬太尼组和对照组,每组均为15 例,两组除常规治疗外,芬太尼组加用芬太尼镇痛治疗。记录两组患儿在用药前及用药后30 min、2 h、4 h 的心率、呼吸频率、血压的变化及PIPP评分。患儿出院后进行随访,分别在3、6、9 和12 月龄时用CDCC 婴幼儿智能发育量表测定两组患儿智力发育指数(MDI)和精神运动发育指数(PDI)。结果 芬太尼组使用芬太尼后,其呼吸频率和心率均较对照组下降(PPP>0.05)。结论 芬太尼能有效缓解机械通气患儿的疼痛反应,且对患儿远期神经发育情况无影响。