经内镜胆道内支架放置术在老年急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎中的应用价值

目的　评估经内镜胆道内支架放置术（endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage,ERBD）治疗老年急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎（acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis,AOSC）的安全性和有效性。方法　回顾性分析新疆医科大学第一附属医院2018年1月—2020年1月期间收治的AOSC患者的临床资料。年龄在75岁及以上的患者设为老年组（n=49）,75岁以下的患者设为对照组（n=63）,比较两组患者一般资料、美国麻醉医师协会（American Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA）分级、基础疾病伴随情况、手术相关情况、术后并发症发生率及死亡率等指标。结果　老年组和对照组患者在年龄［（82.6±5.1）岁比 （64.6±4.5）岁,t=19.98, P<0.001］、白蛋白水平［（29.1±5.9）g/L 比 （34.6±8.8）g/L,t=-3.94,P<0.001］、ASA分级（χ²=8.37,P=0.015）方面差异有统计学意义。老年组伴随更多的基础疾病,尤其在高血压［57.1%（28/49）比34.9%（22/63）,χ²=5.51,P=0.019］、冠心病［（55.1%（27/49）比27.0%（17/63）,χ²=9.14,P=0.003］、慢性阻塞性肺疾病/哮喘方面［24.5%（12/49） 比6.3%（4/63）,χ²=7.41,P=0.006］差异有统计学意义。在手术相关指标方面,老年组与对照组手术时间［（31.4±8.1）min 比 （30.4±8.0）min,t=-0.61,P=0.543］、住院时间［（6.1±1.7）d 比（5.7±1.4） d,t=1.35, P=0.182］差异无统计学意义。老年组和对照组并发症发生率分别为14.3％（7/49）和12.7％（8/63）,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.06,P=0.807）。在院期间,两组均无手术相关死亡病例。结论　对于75岁及以上的老年AOSC患者,急诊ERBD可迅速缓解病情,是一种安全有效的治疗措施,高龄不是急诊ERBD的绝对禁忌证。     

Technical tips of endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy

Endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) is clinically useful not only as a diagnostic tool during EUS-guided fine needle aspiration,but also during interventional EUS.EUS-guided biliary drainage has been developed and performed by experienced endoscopists.EUS-guided choledocoduodenostomy(EUS-CDS) is relatively well established as an alternative biliary drainage method for biliary decompression in patients with biliary obstruction.The reported technical success rate of EUS-CDS ranges from 50% to 100%,and the clinical success rate ranges from 92% to 100%.Further,the over-all technicalsuccess rate was 93%,and clinical success rate was 98%.Based on the currently available literature,the overall adverse event rate for EUS-CDS is 16%.The data on the cumulative technical and clinical success rate for EUS-CDS is promising.However,EUS-CDS can still lead to several problems,so techniques or devices that are more feasible and safe need to be established.EUS-CDS has the potential to become a first-line biliary drainage procedure,although standardizing the technique in multicenter clinical trials and comparisons with endoscopic biliary drainage by randomized clinical trials are still needed.     

超声引导下经皮经肝胆管穿刺引流术治疗急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎患者疗效分析

目的 探讨在超声引导下经皮经肝胆管穿刺引流术(PTCD)治疗急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎(AOSC)患者的疗效。方法 2015年3月~2018年11月我院肝胆外科收治的78例AOSC患者,被随机分为开腹组(n=39)和PTCD(n=39),分别采取开腹手术和在超声引导下PTCD治疗。结果 PTCD组手术时间、出血量、留置引流管时间和住院时间分别为(89.7±7.5)min、(26.3±2.4)ml、(8.8±1.0)d和(9.7±1.5)d,均显著少于或短于开腹组【分别为(120.8±10.6)min、(40.4±4.3)ml、(13.2±2.9)d和(18.6±3.8)d,P<0.05】;治疗后,两组患者肝功能指标变化无统计学差异(P>0.05);PTCD治疗患者血清降钙素原、白介素-6、白介素-4和C反应蛋白水平分别为(5.9±0.8)ng/L、(87.8±7.4)ng/L、(14.7±1.5)ng/L和(2.1±0.5)mg/L,均显著低于开腹组【分别为(8.9±1.2)ng/L、(102.9±11.3)ng/L、(22.4±2.1)ng/L和(3.1±0.7)mg/L,P<0.05】;PTCD治疗组术后并发症发生率显著低于开腹组(5.1%对23.1%,P<0.05)。结论 超声引导下PTCD治疗AOSC患者可有效改善手术相关指标,减少并发症的发生,可能与引起机体炎症反应较轻有关。     

急性梗阻化脓性胆管炎的早期内镜介入与外科手术治疗的比较

目的:探讨急诊内镜微创介入与外科手术对急性梗阻化脓性胆管炎(acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis,AOSC)的治疗效果.方法:回顾性分析中国人民解放军总医院消化内科、肝胆外科2008-01/2011-06收治的72例AOSC患者的临床资料,分为内镜组54例:急诊内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogahpy,ERCP)微创介入治疗;手术组18例:手术开腹胆总管切开、留置T管引流.结果:72例患者平均年龄68.3岁±14.2岁,病因为胆道结石占88.9%、恶性肿瘤占11.1%.内镜组与手术组比较在平均年龄、性别构成、病因构成方面的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);在治愈率方面比较内镜组(94.4%)高于手术组(72.2%)(P<0.05);并发症(3.7%vs27.8%)及死亡率(0vs16.7%)内镜组均显著低于手术组(P<0.05),而术后住院时间(9.1d±8.0dvs16.2d±9.9d)和住院费用(3.64万元±1.52万元vs9.33万元±6.86万元),内镜组也均显著低于手术组(P<0.05).内镜组并发症:胰腺炎1例、乳头切开出血1例;手术组并发症:多脏器功能衰竭3例(均死亡)、胆漏1例、肝脓肿1例.结论:AOSC患者的外科手术并发症多、死亡率高,早期内镜微创介入治疗可显著减少并发症并降低死亡率,应成为治疗AOSC的首选方法.     

经内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术治疗急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎患者疗效及感染病原菌调查*

目的 研究经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）治疗急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎（AOSC）患者的疗效及感染病原菌特征。方法 2016年11月~2018年11月我院收治的160例AOSC患者均接受ERCP治疗。在ERCP治疗过程中抽取胆汁行细菌培养,采用纸片扩散法检测细菌对各种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果 在160例AOSC患者中,插管成功148例（92.5%）;术后3 d,有效引流者血清总胆红素为（60.2±43.3） μmol/L,显著低于术前[（110.1±53.0） μmol/L,P<0.05）],中性粒细胞百分比为（60.2±5.6） %,显著低于术前[（78.4±12.4） %,P<0.05];13例患者症状缓解不明显,经再次内镜或药物或介入治疗后痊愈,未出现穿孔、出血等并发症或死亡;148例完成手术治疗的患者胆汁细菌培养阳性98例（66.2%）,检出病原菌130株,其中革兰阴性杆菌占66.2%,革兰阳性球菌占33.8%,以屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主,其中大肠埃希菌所占比例最高,占33.1%;除革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素和亚胺培南100.0%敏感、革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南100.0%敏感外,其他病原菌对抗菌药物均呈不同程度的耐药性。结论 采取ERCP治疗AOSC患者临床疗效确切,参照胆汁细菌培养结果合理使用抗菌药物能提高抗菌效率,减少耐药性,提高临床治疗疗效。     

A novel technique for endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage

AIM: To describe a successful endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biliary drainage technique with high success and low complication rates. METHODS: The recorded data of consecutive patients who presented to Siriraj Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center, Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand for treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice but failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and underwent subsequent EUS-guided biliary drainage were retrospectively reviewed. The patients’ baseline characteristics, clinical manifestations, procedure details, and post-procedure follow-up data were recorded and analyzed. Clinical outcomes were assessed by physical exam and standard laboratory tests. Technical success of the procedure was defined as completion of the stent insertion. Clinical success was defined as improvement of the patient’s overall clinical manifestations, in terms of general well-being evidenced by physical examination, restoration of normal appetite, and adequate biliary drainage. Overall median survival time was calculated as the time from the procedure until the time of death, and survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method. The Student’s t -test and the χ 2 test were used to assess the significance of inter-group differences. RESULTS: A total of 21 cases were enrolled, a single endoscopist performed all the procedures. The mean age was 62.8 years (range: 46-84 years). The sex distribution was almost equal, including 11 women and 10 men. Patients with failed papillary cannulation (33.3%), duodenal obstruction (42.9%), failed selective cannulation (19.0%), and surgical altered anatomy (4.8%) were considered candidates for EUS-guided biliary drainage. Six patients underwent EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy and 15 underwent EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy. The technique using non-cauterization and no balloon dilation was performed for all cases, employing the in-house manufactured tapered tip Teflon catheter to achieve the dilation. The technical success and clinical success r     

Technical tips for endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy

Interventional procedures using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) have recently been developed. For biliary drainage, EUS-guided trans-luminal drainage has been reported. In this procedure, the transduodenal approach for extrahepatic bile ducts is called EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy, and the transgastric approach for intrahepatic bile ducts is called EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS). These procedures have several effects, such as internal drainage and avoiding post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis, and they are indicated for an inaccessible ampulla of Vater due to duodenal obstruction or surgical anatomy. EUS-HGS has particularly wide indications and clinical impact as an alternative biliary drainage method. In this procedure, it is necessary to dilate the fistula, and several devices and approaches have been reported. Stent selection is also important. In previous reports, the overall technical success rate was 82% (221/270), the clinical success rate was 97% (218/225), and the overall adverse event rate for EUS-HGS was 23% (62/270). Adverse events of EUS-biliary drainage are still high compared with ERCP or PTCD. EUS-HGS should continue to be performed by experienced endoscopists who can use various strategies when adverse events occur.     

超声内镜引导下胆汁引流治疗ERCP治疗失败的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者疗效初步研究

目的 探讨采用超声内镜引导下胆汁引流术(EUS-BD)和经皮肝胆管引流术(PTBD)再治疗经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗失败的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的有效性及安全性。方法 2013年1月～2018年12月我院收治的经ERCP治疗失败的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者75例,术前经B超、CT或MRCP等影像学检查证实存在恶性胆管梗阻,其中胰腺癌15例、壶腹部癌12例、胆管癌27例、胆囊癌9例、胃肠道恶性肿瘤侵犯11例和非霍奇金淋巴瘤1例。其中40例接受EUS-BD治疗,35例接受PTBD治疗。结果 在40例EUS-BD治疗患者中,采用超声内镜引导下对接技术完成治疗16例(40.0%),在超声内镜引导下顺行技术完成治疗24例(60.0%),其中37例(92.5%)操作成功,在35例PTBD治疗患者中,28例(80.0%)操作成功,EUS-BD治疗患者操作时间为治疗后,EUS-BD治疗患者血清总胆红素水平为(138.7±50.2)μmol/L,显著低于PTBD治疗患者的(162.4±60.2)μmol/L,而血清白蛋白水平为(34.8±3.7)g/L,显著高于PTBD治疗患者的(32.1±4.6)g/L,P<0.05];EUS-BD治疗患者术后并发症发生率为7.5%(3/40),其中胆道出血2例(5.0%),急性胆管炎1例(2.5%),PTBD治疗患者术后并发症发生率为22.9%(8/35,P<0.05),其中胆道出血3例(8.6%),肝包膜下出血1例(2.9%),胆汁性腹膜炎1例(2.9%),胆漏1例(2.9%),胆道感染2例(5.7%)。结论 在ERCP治疗失败的恶性胆道梗阻患者,可选择EUS-BD或PTBD进行补救治疗,或许可消退黄疸,暂时减轻病情。     

Clinical evaluation and treatment in elderly patients with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis

Elderly patients with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis (AOSC) have a very poor prognosis due both to the gradual development of symptoms and to acute exacerbation, resulting in a condition that is both severe and irreversible. In this study, we evaluated the clinical characteristics and effects of biliary drainage in patients with AOSC treated in our department, with special attention being focused on patients aged 70 years or more. Of 21 patients with AOSC, 7 (33.3%) were more than 70 years of age. All 7 had choledocholithiasis. In all patients with choledocholithiasis, in this study. AOSC was observed in 23.3% of those who were more than 70 years of age (7/30). In elderly patients with AOSC, typical symptoms are often absent, and the severity of the disease is difficult to determine based on the results of examination alone. Since early diagnosis of AOSC and appropriate biliary drainage from the onset of AOSC are extremely important, clinical findings should be examined with the utmost care.     

45例老年急性重症胆管炎诊治体会

老年急性重症胆管炎（ＡＯＳＣ）是老年人常见的严重胆道感染性疾病，发病急，进展快，多并发休克及多器官功能衰竭，死亡率高。本文根据４５例老年ＡＯＳＣ有无加强围手术期处理分组，观察其对术中、术后影响，并进行对比分析，结果表明：加强围手术期处理组术后并发症、死亡率明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。说明加强围手术期处理不仅利于患者手术的顺利进行，减少手术危险性，且利于患者术后康复，防止严重并发症发生。     

内镜下鼻胆管引流加中药治疗急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎51例

[目的]观察内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)联合中药治疗急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎(AOSC)的临床疗效。[方法]对51例AOSC患者行胰胆管造影(ERCP)明确梗阻部位后，行ENBD留置鼻胆管至梗阻部位上方，术后给予中药治疗。[结果]51例ENBD成功率100％，治疗后黄疸及发热、腹痛等临床症状、体征均迅速减轻或消失。[结论]内镜ENBD合并清热解毒、利胆中药治疗AOSC安全、有效、可靠。     

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy for treatment of ampullary cancer

We describe the case of a patient for whom choledochoduodenostomy was performed under endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance as an alternative to percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) for the treatment of obstructive jaundice. An 82-year-old man with ampullary cancer was considered operable, but he refused surgery. Endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) with an 8.5-French plastic stent was performed 2 months later because of the development of obstructive jaundice. The EBD stent was occluded 5 months after the stent insertion, and EUS choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS) was performed. Pneumoperitoneum occurred 1 day after the procedure, which resolved with conservative treatment. Six months later, multiple lymph node metastases occurred, and the patient was effectively treated by chemotherapy (S-1). The patient is still alive with a good quality of life more than 2 years after EUS-CDS. We conclude that EUS-CDS is an effective alternative to PTBD or EBD for patients with malignant biliary obstruction, especially due to ampullary cancer.     

Emergency endoscopic nasobiliary drainage for acute calculous suppurative cholangitis and its potential use in chemical dissolution

Abstract Acute suppurative cholangitis is one of the common causes of acute abdomen in Taiwan. Emergency decompression is a life-saving procedure if patients fail to respond to antibiotic treatment. From July 1988 to June 1991, 224 patients were encountered with concomitant bile duct stones and cholangitis; 40 were brought to the emergency service with shock or mental confusion or responded poorly to antibiotic treatment. The patients consisted of 20 males and 20 females aged 21–81 years (mean age 64 years); 55% had intrahepatic duct stones, 50% had positive blood culture, 38% had undergone previous biliary surgery, 25% had concomitant medical illnesses and 20% presented with mental confusion. Emergent endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) was performed within 48 h of each patient's arrival in the emergency room. In 3 days all the patients exhibited significant improvement as defined by body temperature, vital signs, white blood cell count, serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphates levels. When their condition had stabilized, 21 patients underwent elective surgery. Six patients received ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid infusion through an ENBD tube. Two of the patients' stones dissolved completely. Six patients received papillotomy with stone removal. The remaining patients refused further treatment. There was no hospital mortality. It is therefore concluded that ENBD offers an effective treatment for acute calculus suppurative cholangitis and it is a potential route of administration for the chemical dissolution of bile duct stones.     

税制改革背景下会计学专业税法教学存在的问题及对策

税制改革背景下,会计学专业税法教学存在忽视道德素养教育、教学内容重知识轻理论、教学方法单一、实践教学环节弱化等问题。因此,会计学专业税法教学改革应重新定位会计学专业税法教学目标,转变观念,重视税法理论教学,更新教学内容,改进教学方法,加强实践教学环节,让学生真正参与企业实践。     

Endoscopic biliary drainage by 7 Fr or 10 Fr stent placement in patients with acute cholangitis

Background and Study Aims Endoscopic biliary drainage is an established mode of treatment for acute cholangitis. We compared the safety and efficacy of 7 Fr and 10 Fr stent placement for biliary drainage in patients with acute cholangitis. Patients and Methods We recruited 40 patients with severe cholangitis who required endoscopic biliary drainage. Patients were randomized to have either a 7 Fr or a 10 Fr straight flap stent placement during endoscopy. Outcome measures included complications related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and clinical outcome. Results Of 40 patients, 20 were randomized to the 7 Fr stent group and 20 to the 10 Fr stent group. All patients had biliary obstruction due to stones in the common bile duct. Indications for biliary drainage were: fever >100.4°F (n = 27), hypotension (n = 6), peritonism (n = 10), impaired consciousness (n = 8), and failure to improve with conservative management (n = 13). Biliary drainage was achieved in all patients. Abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, hypotension, peritonism, and altered sensorium improved after a median period of 3 days in both groups. Leukocyte counts became normal after a median time of 4 days in the 7 Fr stent group and 6 days in the 10 Fr stent group. There were no ERCP-related complications. There were no instances of occlusion or migration of stent. The success rates of biliary drainage in cholangitis were not affected by the size of stent used. Conclusions Biliary drainage by 7 Fr stent or 10 Fr stent is equally safe and effective treatment for patients with severe cholangitis.     

急诊内镜治疗高龄急性化脓性胆管炎45例的疗效分析

目的探讨急诊内镜对高龄急性化脓性胆管炎患者的临床治疗效果。方法选取2011年3月至2014年3月笔者参与操作的90例高龄急性化脓性胆管炎患者为研究对象,将其按照治疗方式的不同分为观察组和对照组,对照组患者行急诊外科手术治疗,观察组患者行急诊内镜手术治疗,对比分析两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果观察组患者治疗总有效率95.56%、总不良反应率8.89%均优于对照组之71.11%、26.67%(P0.05),差异具有统计学意义。结论对急性化脓性胆管炎行内镜早期手术治疗能够促进病情恢复,降低了患者并发症率和死亡率。     

Clinical utility of treatment method conversion during single-session endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage

BACKGROUND Although several techniques for endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage(EUS-BD)are available at present,an optimal treatment algorithm of EUS-BD has not yet been established.AIM To evaluate the clinical utility of treatment method conversion during single endoscopic sessions for difficult cases in initially planned EUS-BD.METHODS This was a single-center retrospective analysis using a prospectively accumulated database.Patients with biliary obstruction undergoing EUS-BD between May 2008 and April 2016 were included.The primary outcome was to evaluate the improvement in EUS-BD success rates by converting the treatment methods during a single endoscopic session.Secondary outcomes were clarification of the factors leading to the conversion from the initial EUS-BD and the assessment of efficacy and safety of the conversion as judged by technical success,clinical success,and adverse events(AEs).RESULTS A total of 208 patients underwent EUS-BD during the study period.For 18.8%(39/208)of the patients,the treatment methods were converted to another EUSBD technique from the initial plan.Biliary obstruction was caused by pancreatobiliary malignancies,other malignant lesions,biliary stones,and other benign lesions in 22,11,4,and 2 patients,respectively.The reasons for the difficulty with the initial EUS-BD were classified into the following 3 procedures:Target puncture(n=13),guidewire manipulation(n=18),and puncture tract dilation(n=8).Technical success was achieved in 97.4%(38/39)of the cases and clinical success was achieved in 89.5%of patients(34/38).AEs occurred in 10.3%of patients,including bile leakage(n=2),bleeding(n=1),and cholecystitis(n=1).The puncture target and drainage technique were altered in subsequent EUSBD procedures in 25 and 14 patients,respectively.The final technical success rate with 95%CI for all 208 cases was 97.1%(95%CI:93.8%-98.9%),while that of the initially planned EUS-BD was 78.8%(95%CI:72.6%-84.2%).CONCLUSION Among multi-step procedures in EUS-BD,guidewire manipulation appeared to be the most technically challenging.When initially planned EUS-BD is technically difficult,treatment method conversion in a single endoscopic session may result in successful EUS-BD without leading to severe AEs.     

Safety of immediate endoscopic sphincterotomy in acute suppurative cholangitis caused by choledocholithiasis

AIM: To examine the safety of immediate endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST) in patients with acute suppurative cholangitis(ASC) caused by choledocholithiasis, as compared with elective EST.METHODS: Patients with ASC due to choledocholithiasis were allocated to two groups: Those who underwent EST immediately and those who underwent EBD followed by EST 1 wk later because they were under anticoagulant therapy, had a coagulopathy(international normalized ratio 1.3, partial thromboplastin time greater than twice that of control), or had a platelet count 50000 × 103/μL. One of four trainees [200-400 cases of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)] supervised by a specialist( 10000 cases of ERCP) performed the procedures. The success and complication rates associated with EST in each group were examined.RESULTS: Of the 87 patients with ASC, 59 were in the immediate EST group and 28 in the elective EST group. EST was successful in all patients in both groups. There were no complications associated with EST in either group of patients, although white blood cell count, C-reactiveprotein, total bilirubin, and serum concentrations of liver enzymes just before EST were significantly higher in the immediate EST group than in the elective EST group.CONCLUSION: Immediate EST can be as safe as elective EST for patients with ASC associated with choledocholithiasis provided they are not under anticoagulant therapy, or do not have a coagulopathy or a platelet count 50000 × 103/μL. Moreover, the procedure was safely performed by a trainee under the supervision of an experienced specialist.     

Urgent and emergency endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for gallstone-induced acute cholangitis and pancreatitis

Urgent or emergency endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is indicated for gallstone-induced acute cholangitis and pancreatitis. The technique and optimal timing of ERCP depend on the disease state, its severity, anatomy, patient background, and the institutional situation. Endoscopic transpapillary biliary drainage within 24 h is recommended for moderate to severe acute cholangitis. The clinical outcomes of biliary drainage with nasobiliary drainage tube placement and plastic stent placement are comparable, and the choice is made on a case-by-case basis considering the advantages and disadvantages of each. The addition of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is basically not necessary when performing drainage alone, but single-session stone removal following EST is acceptable in mild to moderate cholangitis cases without antithrombotic therapy or coagulopathy. For gallstone pancreatitis, early ERCP/EST are recommended in cases with impacted gallstones in the papilla. In some cases of gallstone pancreatitis, a gallstone impacted in the papilla has already spontaneously passed into the duodenum, and early ERCP/EST lacks efficacy in such cases, with unfavorable findings of cholangitis or cholestasis. If it is difficult to diagnose the presence of gallstones impacted in the papilla on imaging, endoscopic ultrasonography can be useful in determining the indication for ERCP.