脾脏钝伤的CT诊断

本文回顾性分析了３２例脾脏钝伤ＣＴ平扫的表现；对脾损伤进行ＣＴ分类；指出腹腔积血和脾周血块（“哨兵血块征”）在诊断脾损伤方面的作用。ＣＴ平扫诊断钝性脾脏损伤是一种敏感、可靠的方法，可帮助外科医生制订治疗方案。ＣＴ平扫诊断钝性脾损伤的灵敏度为９４％，诊断正确率为９１％     

钝性脾损伤的CT表现及临床价值

目的评价CT在钝性脾损伤诊断中的价值.方法对36例钝性脾损伤病人进行CT检查并回顾性分析.结果36例中完全性破裂28例,中心破裂5例,包膜下破裂3例.CT表现为脾内血肿,脾撕裂,包膜下血肿,脾周血肿及腹腔积血.同时发现肝、肾、胃、十二指肠、腰椎、肋骨等多发性损伤.31例手术,5例保守治疗.结论CT扫描能正确估计钝性脾损伤的损伤范围和程度,为临床治疗提供重要信息.     

钝性脾损伤的CT诊断

目的探讨CT非增强扫描对钝性脾损伤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经CT非增强扫描并经手术及临床确诊的41例钝性脾损伤。结果脾脏包膜下血肿12例,脾内血肿16例,脾撕裂伤19例,脾粉碎8例,伴有腹腔积血30例。无假阳性,3例假阴性,CT非增强扫描诊断脾损伤敏感性92.7%,特异性100%,准确率92.7%。结论CT非增强扫描能够较好的显示钝性脾脏损伤的表现,为临床治疗提供可靠依据。     

肾脏钝性损伤的临床诊疗现状

肾脏钝性损伤是一种常见的腹腔脏器损伤类型,致伤原因多样,常合并其他器官损伤,临床表现复杂.目前,分级标准尚未完全统一,治疗上,非手术治疗与手术治疗的选择依然存在争议.本文拟根据最新证据分析肾脏钝性损伤的病因与病理学基础、临床表现与分级标准、影像学与实验室检查以及诊疗现状,以期为临床诊治和未来研究提供参考.     

肝损伤手术与非手术治疗及腹腔积血回输效果分析

目的 探讨肝脏损伤冶疗方式的选择和肝损伤积血回输的可行性。方法 对46例肝脏损伤的治疗方式和14例肝脏损伤积血回输进行回顾性分析。结果 行非手术治疗9例全部治愈，手术治疗37例，治愈34例，死亡3例。肝损伤积血回输14例共17400ml，未发生不良反应。结论 （1）对部分肝损伤行非手术治疗是可行的。（2）在肝脏损伤的手术治疗中，方便、快捷、对病情干扰小和副损伤少是手术方式选择的基本原则。（3）对于闭合性和污染轻的开放性损伤腹腔积血回输是安全可行的。     

外伤性脾破裂的CT诊断

目的探讨外伤性脾破裂的CT表现及诊断价值. 资料与方法对48例成人闭合性钝性脾破裂的CT、B超表现与外科手术所见进行回顾性分析. 结果 48例中完全性脾破裂39例,中心破裂6例,3例包膜下破裂.48例均行CT检查, 46例确诊, 诊断符合率98.5%; 其中19例同时行B超检查, B超确诊17例, 诊断符合率89.4%.其CT表现为脾内血肿、脾撕裂伤、包膜下血肿、脾周血肿及腹腔积血,同时发现25例合并肝、肾、肋骨、脊柱等损伤. 结论 CT作为一种非损伤性检查手段,能迅速、准确评估脾损伤程度及出血的部位、大小以及腹腔伴随性损伤.肋骨及运动性伪影是CT诊断脾破裂过程中的主要误、漏诊原因,结合彩色多普勒超声检查,可减少运动性伪影造成的误漏诊;CT能为临床选择非手术病例提供重要帮助.     

肝脏损伤并发腹腔感染的防治

目的探讨肝脏损伤并发腹腔感染的防治方法。方法回顾性分析2006年1月~2015年12月314例肝脏损伤患者的临床资料,男性221例,女性93例;年龄15~76岁,平均38岁。其中129例行非手术治疗,185例行手术治疗。结果 54例出现腹腔感染,均发生在手术组,感染率为29.2%。185例手术治疗患者中单纯性肝损伤73例[美国创伤外科学会(AAST)分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级5例,发生腹腔感染0例;Ⅲ~Ⅴ级以上68例,发生腹腔感染14例],合并腹部其他脏器损伤或腹部外脏器损伤112例(AASTⅠ~Ⅱ级肝损伤45例,发生腹腔感染7例;Ⅲ~Ⅴ级肝损伤67例,发生腹腔感染33例)。54例腹腔感染中,49例治愈,治愈率为90.7%。结论严重肝脏损伤或合并腹部其他脏器损伤较易并发腹腔感染,根据肝脏损伤级别采取合理术式、保证充分引流、重视综合预防治疗措施可有效减少感染发生率和死亡率。     

儿童肝脏钝性创伤的CT诊断

目的 :探讨CT对儿童肝脏钝性创伤诊断的价值与限度。方法 :分析 14 3例儿童肝脏钝性创伤的CT表现 ,年龄 2 0小时～ 14岁 ,平均 5 .6岁。创伤原因主要为车祸 89例 ( 62 .2 %) ,其次是坠落伤 2 7例 ( 18.9%)。全部病例采用Tepas儿童外伤评分 (PTS) ,均行增强CT扫描并按肝脏钝性创伤分级标准及Mirvis分级系统进行分级。 结果 :肝脏右叶损伤 12 5例 (占 87.4%)。肝脏创伤Ⅰ级 2 6例 ,Ⅱ级 40例 ,Ⅲ级 5 3例 ,Ⅳ级 19例 ,Ⅴ级 5例。其中 ,肝包膜下血肿 97例 ,单发或多发肝脏撕裂伤 95例 ,肝实质内血肿 3 5例 ,胆道损伤 15例 ,10 7例合并腹腔血肿。直接手术者 18例 ,保守治疗失败 17例 ,死亡 5例。结论 :CT增强检查是明确肝脏钝性创伤类型和范围的必要条件 ,增强检查所显示的对比剂外溢是判断活动性出血的可靠征象。CT的准确分级、活动性出血、腹腔积血量及PTS评分可综合作为选择手术或非手术治疗的指标。     

哪些腹部损伤患者适合行腹腔镜探查？

解答：怀疑腹部损伤的患者中仅15%需行腹腔镜探查,包括：（1）伴有胸部和头部伤的钝性腹部损伤;（2）临床及辅助检查不能作出准确判断的钝性腹部损伤;（3）考虑钝性腹腔内脏器损伤,因药物应用、醉酒、颅脑损伤等伴意识障碍者;（4）腹部损伤后出现原因不明的低血压或腹部发现可疑阳性体征时;（5）穿透性腹部损伤,可能伤及腹腔内重要脏器,或需判断损伤程度者;（6）骨盆骨折伴腹膜外血肿,需除外腹腔、盆腔脏器损伤者。     

腹部创伤救治进展

腹部创伤伤情日益复杂且常为多发伤,对处理提出了更高的要求。钝性伤、穿透性伤为目前认可的更合理的分类。创伤评分和器官损伤分级直接关系治疗的选择、预后的评估和评价救治水平。现代影像学技术显著提高了早期诊断的水平;动脉造影栓塞是主要非手术治疗方法;严重肝伤和胰十二指肠联合伤仍是手术治疗的难题;损伤控制外科渐受更多关注。腹腔间隙综合征、致死三联征（凝血障碍、低温、酸中毒）和严重感染等是术后应重视的问题。     

Transcatheter Embolization for Delayed Hemorrhage Caused by Blunt Splenic Trauma

Although the exact benefit of adjunctive splenic artery embolization (SAE) in the nonoperative management (NOM) of patients with blunt splenic trauma has been debated, the role of transcatheter embolization in delayed splenic hemorrhage is rarely addressed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of SAE in the management of patients who presented at least 3 days after initial splenic trauma with delayed hemorrhage. During a 24-month period 4 patients (all male; ages 19–49 years) presented with acute onset of pain 5–70 days after blunt trauma to the left upper quadrant. Two had known splenic injuries that had been managed nonoperatively. All had computed axial tomography evidence of active splenic hemorrhage or false aneurysm on representation. All underwent successful SAE. Follow-up ranged from 28 to 370 days. These cases and a review of the literature indicate that SAE is safe and effective for NOM failure caused by delayed manifestations of splenic arterial injury.     

Blunt splenic trauma in adults: CT-based classification and correlation with prognosis and treatment

Nonsurgical management of blunt splenic injury in children is a well-established method to salvage splenic function; however, nonsurgical management of adult blunt splenic trauma remains controversial. To assess the value of preoperative abdominal CT in predicting the outcome of blunt splenic injury in adults, a CT-based injury-severity score consisting of four grades was devised and applied in 39 adult patients with blunt splenic injury as the sole or predominant intraperitoneal injury detected with preoperative CT. While patients with high grades of splenic injury generally required early surgery, eight (35%) of 23 patients with initial grade 3 or 4 injury were treated successfully without surgery, and four (29%) of 15 patients with grade 1 or 2 injury initially treated nonsurgically required delayed celiotomy (n = 3) or emergency rehospitalization. Results show that while CT remains an accurate method of identifying and quantifying initial splenic injury, as well as documenting progression or healing of critical injury, CT cannot reliably help predict the outcome of blunt splenic injury in adults. Treatment choices should therefore be based on the hemodynamic status of the patient and results of serial laboratory and bedside assessments.     

Impact of Splenic Artery Embolization on the Success Rate of Nonoperative Management for Blunt Splenic Injury

Introduction  

Nonoperative management (NOM) has become the treatment of choice for hemodynamically stable patients with blunt splenic injury. Results of outcome after NOM are predominantly based on large-volume studies from level 1 trauma centers in the United States. This study was designed to assess the results of NOM in a relatively low-volume Dutch level 1 trauma center.     

Clinical Results of Distal Embolization in Grade V Splenic Injury: Four-Year Experience from a Single Regional Trauma Center

PurposeTo evaluate the benefits and risks of splenic artery embolization (SAE) in patients with American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grade V blunt spleen injury (BSI)Materials and MethodsMedical records of 88 patients treated with SAE between April 2013 and May 2017 at a regional trauma care center were reviewed retrospectively. The BSI grade according to the AAST spleen injury scale (revised version 2018) was determined by using computed tomography (CT) images. A total of 42 patients (46.6%) had AAST grade V injury and were included in the analysis. Patient demographics, angiographic findings, embolization techniques, and technical and clinical outcomes, including splenic salvage rate and procedure-related complications, were examined.ResultsSAE was performed within 2 hours after admission for 78.5% of the patients. All patients underwent selective distal embolization (n = 42). Primary clinical success rate was 80.9% (n = 34), and secondary clinical success rate was 88.1% (n = 37). The clinical failure group consisted of 5 patients. Four patients underwent splenectomy, and 1 patient died due to acute respiratory distress syndrome after embolization. The splenic salvage rate was 85.7% (n = 36). No patient had sepsis at follow-up (median, 247.0 days; interquartile range, 92.0–688.0). Clinical success rates (P = .356) and spleen salvage rates (P = .197) of patients who were hemodynamically stable (n = 19) showed no significant differences from those who were unstable (n = 23).ConclusionsDistal embolization of grade V BSI is a safe and feasible procedure which is effective for successful spleen salvage.     

Contemporary Management of Pediatric Blunt Splenic Trauma: A National Trauma Databank Analysis

PurposeTo quantify changes in the management of pediatric patients with isolated splenic injury from 2007 to 2015.Materials and MethodsPatients under 18 years old with registered splenic injury in the National Trauma Data Bank (2007–2015) were identified. Splenic injuries were categorized into 5 management types: nonoperative management (NOM), embolization, splenic repair, splenectomy, or a combination therapy. Linear mixed models accounting for confounding variables were used to examine the direct impact of management on length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) days, and ventilator days.ResultsOf included patients (n = 24,128), 90.3% (n = 21,789), 5.6% (n = 1,361), and 2.7% (n = 640) had NOM, splenectomy, and embolization, respectively. From 2007 to 2015, the rate of embolization increased from 1.5% to 3.5%, and the rate of splenectomy decreased from 6.9% to 4.4%. Combining injury grades, NOM was associated with the shortest LOS (5.1 days), ICU days (1.9 days), and ventilator days (0.5 day). Moreover, splenectomy was associated with longer LOS (10.1 days), ICU days (4.5 days), and ventilator days (2.1 days) than NOM. The average failure rate of NOM was 1.5% (180 failures/12,378 cases). Average embolization failure was 1.3% (6 failures/456 cases). Splenic artery embolization was associated with lower mortality than splenectomy (OR: 0.10, P <.001). No statistically significant difference was observed in mortality between embolization and NOM (OR: 0.96, P = 1.0).ConclusionsIn pediatric splenic injury, NOM is the most utilized and associated with favorable outcomes, most notably in grades III to V pediatric splenic injury. If intervention is needed, embolization is effective and increasingly utilized most significantly in lower grade injuries.     

Emergency CT for assessment and management of blunt traumatic splenic injuries at a Level 1 Trauma Center: 13-year study

Purpose

To determine the relationship between multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings, management strategies, and ultimate clinical outcomes in patients with splenic injuries secondary to blunt trauma.

Materials and methods

This Institutional Review Board-approved study collected 351 consecutive patients admitted at the Emergency Department (ED) of a Level I Trauma Center with blunt splenic trauma between October 2002 and November 2015. Their MDCT studies were retrospectively and independently reviewed by two radiologists to grade splenic injuries according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) organ injury scale (OIS) and to detect intraparenchymal (type A) or extraparenchymal (type B) active bleeding and/or contained vascular injuries (CVI). Clinical data, information on management, and outcome were retrieved from the hospital database. Statistical analysis relied on Student’s t, chi-squared, and Cohen’s kappa tests.

Results

Emergency multiphase MDCT was obtained in 263 hemodynamically stable patients. Interobserver agreement for both AAST grading of injuries and vascular lesions was excellent (k =?0.77). Operative management (OM) was performed in 160 patients (45.58% of the whole cohort), and high-grade (IV and V) OIS injuries and type B bleeding were statistically significant (p <?0.05) predictors of OM. Nonoperative management (NOM) failed in 23 patients out of 191 (12.04%). In 75% of them, NOM failure occurred within 30 h from the trauma event, without significant increase of mortality. Both intraparenchymal and extraparenchymal active bleeding were predictive of NOM failure (p <?0.05).

Conclusion

Providing detection and characterization of parenchymal and vascular traumatic lesions, MDCT plays a crucial role for safe and appropriate guidance of ED management of splenic traumas and contributes to the shift toward NOM in hemodynamically stable patients.

     

心脏瓣膜手术后早期住院死亡相关危险因素分析

目的探讨影响心脏瓣膜手术后早期住院死亡相关危险因素。方法 2001年1月—2010年11月,618例心脏瓣膜疾病患者在我科行手术治疗,其中男339例,女279例,年龄10-74(44.01±13.95)岁;风湿性心脏病387例,非风湿性心脏病231例;以手术后早期住院死亡为研究终点,采用单因素及多因素logistic回归方法分析术后早期死亡的危险因素。结果心脏瓣膜术后早期住院死亡率6.2%(38/618),死亡原因依次为低心排综合征,室性心律失常,多器官功能衰竭。单因素分析显示,年龄≥65岁(P=0.000)、心功能Ⅳ级(P=0.000)、肺动脉高压≥60 mmHg(P=0.024)、体外循环时间≥3 h(P=0.000)、主动脉阻断时间≥2 h(P=0.000)、术后出现并发症(P=0.011)、输血量≥2 000 ml(P=0.000)是瓣膜手术后早期死亡的危险因素。多因素Logistic回归分析示年龄≥65岁(P=0.042)、心功能Ⅳ级(P=0.019)、体外循环时间≥3 h(P=0.000)、术后出现并发症(P=0.000)、输血量≥2 000 ml(P=0.000)是瓣膜手术后早期死亡的独立危险因素。结论重视心脏瓣膜术后早期死亡的独立危险因素处理,缩短体外循环时间,减少并发症,对降低瓣膜手术的死亡率具有重要的临床意义。     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植围术期输血危险因素分析

目的探讨非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植围术期输血的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2014年1-7月沈阳军区总医院收治的150例行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)患者的临床资料,对可能引起围术期输血的因素进行单因素及二元Logistic回归分析,确定与围术期输血相关的独立危险因素。结果本组患者围术期输血的患者19(12.67%)例,单因素分析提示,输血组女性患者比例、年龄、引流量显著高于非输血组,而体质量显著低于非输血组(P<0.05)。经二元Logistic回归分析显示,女性是OPCAB围术期输血的最主要影响因素。结论女性是OPCAB围术期输血的主要独立危险因素,术后引流量在围术期输血中具有一定意义。     

Endovascular Treatment of Active Splenic Bleeding After Colonoscopy: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Purpose

Colonoscopy is reported to be a safe procedure that is routinely performed for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal diseases. Splenic rupture is considered to be a rare complication with high mortality and morbidity that requires immediate diagnosis and management. Nonoperative management (NOM), surgical treatment (ST), and, more recently, proximal splenic artery embolization (PSAE) have been proposed as treatment options. The goal of this study was to assess whether PSAE is safe even in high-grade ruptures.

Methods

We report two rare cases of post colonoscopy splenic rupture. A systematic review of the literature from 2002 to 2010 (first reported case of PSAE) was performed and the three types of treatment compared.

Results

All patients reviewed (77 of 77) presented with intraperitoneal hemorrhage due to isolated splenic trauma. Splenic rupture was high-grade in most patients when grading was possible. Six of 77 patients (7.8 %) were treated with PSAE, including the 2 cases reported herein. Fifty-seven patients (74 %) underwent ST. NOM was attempted first in 25 patients with a high failure rate (11 of 25 [44 %]) and requiring a salvage procedure, such as PSAE or ST. Previous surgery (31 of 59 patients), adhesions (10 of 13), diagnostic colonoscopies (49 of 71), previous biopsies or polypectomies (31 of 57) and female sex (56 of 77) were identified as risk factors. In contrast, splenomegaly (0 of 77 patients), medications that increase the risk of bleeding (13 of 30) and difficult colonoscopies (16 of 51) were not identified as risk factors. PSAE was safe and effective even in elderly patients with comorbidities and those taking medications that increase the risk of bleeding, and the length of the hospital stay was similar to that after ST.

Conclusion

We propose a treatment algorithm based on clinical and radiological criteria. Because of the high failure rate after NOM, PSAE should be the treatment of choice to manage grade I through IV splenic ruptures after colonoscopy in hemodynamically stabilized patients.