Duplex ultrasonography is an efficient diagnostic tool for the detection of moderate to severe internal carotid artery stenosis

BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective national multicentre study with 10 participating university and county hospitals was to establish the diagnostic accuracy of carotid duplex sonography in the identification of >or=70% internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis defined according to European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) criteria. METHODS: In 134 patients, aged 69 +/- 9 years, ICA stenoses were identified by routine carotid duplex ultrasonography, confirmed angiographically within 2 months, and graded according to ESCT criteria. The accuracy of carotid duplex to detect ICA stenosis >or=70% was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis with carotid angiography as a reference. RESULTS: Measurement of peak systolic velocity in ICA (PSV(ICA)) identified ICA stenosis >or=70% with high diagnostic accuracy that was Doppler angle dependent resulting in different optimal PSV(ICA) cut points within the angle range 0 degrees -49 degrees (1 x 7 m s(-1)) and 50 degrees -62 degrees (2 x 3 m s(-1)). The diagnostic discrimination was significantly better when narrow Doppler angles (0 degrees -49 degrees ) were used (P<0 x 01) providing the sensitivity of 98 +/- 2% and specificity of 94 +/- 4%. DISCUSSION: Ultrasound duplex technique identifies moderate to severe (>or=70%) ICA stenoses (ECST criteria) with high degree of accuracy that can be further improved by the use of Doppler angle specific optimal PSV(ICA) cut points.     

超声与磁共振血管成像在急性颈内动脉闭塞中的应用

目的：探讨超声、磁共振血管成像（MRA）对急性颈内动脉闭塞的诊断价值。方法：采用彩色多普勒（CDFI）、经颅多普勒（TCD）结合MRA筛查急性单侧颈内动脉闭塞56例患者,用TCD、MRA评价颅内动脉的脑血流动力学变化并与DSA进行比较。结果：颈内动脉闭塞发生在颅外段46例,颅内段10例。后交通动脉显示率MRA高于TCD（P＜0.05）;眼动脉参与的侧支循环显示率TCD高于MRA（P＜0.01）;TCD联合MRA显示侧支动脉与DSA之间无显著性差异。患侧大脑中动脉峰值流速和搏动指数均明显低于健侧（P＜0.001）。结论：超声与MRA能够很好显示急性ICA闭塞后颅内血流动力学变化和侧支循环状态。超声检查方便快捷,可作为首选方法。超声联合MRA可替代或减少有创的DSA。     

Carotid artery stenosis: grayscale and Doppler ultrasound diagnosis--Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference

The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts in the field of vascular ultrasonography (US) to come to a consensus regarding Doppler US for assistance in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. The panel's consensus statement is believed to represent a reasonable position on the basis of analysis of available literature and panelists' experience. Key elements of the statement include the following: First, all internal carotid artery (ICA) examinations should be performed with grayscale, color Doppler, and spectral Doppler US. Second, the degree of stenosis determined at grayscale and Doppler US should be stratified into the categories of normal (no stenosis), less than 50% stenosis, 50 to 69% stenosis, > or =70% stenosis to near occlusion, near occlusion, and total occlusion. Third, ICA peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the presence of plaque on grayscale and/or color Doppler images are primarily used in the diagnosis and grading of ICA stenosis. Two additional parameters (the ICA-to-common carotid artery PSV ratio and ICA end diastolic velocity) may also be used when clinical or technical factors raise concern that ICA PSV may not be representative of the extent of disease. Fourth, ICA should be diagnosed as normal when ICA PSV is less than 125 cm/second and no plaque or intimal thickening is visible, less than 50% stenosis when ICA PSV is less than 125 cm/second and plaque or intimal thickening is visible, 50 to 69% stenosis when ICA PSV is 125 to 230 cm/second and plaque is visible, > or =70% stenosis to near occlusion when ICA PSV is more than 230 cm/second and visible plaque and lumen narrowing are seen, near occlusion when there is a markedly narrowed lumen on color Doppler US, and total occlusion when there is no detectable patent lumen on grayscale US and no flow on spectral, power, and color Doppler US. Fifth, the final report should discuss velocity measurements and grayscale and color Doppler findings. Study limitations should be noted when they exist. The conclusion should state an estimated degree of ICA stenosis as reflected in these categories. The panel also considered various technical aspects of carotid US and methods for quality assessment, and identified several important unanswered questions meriting future research.     

彩色多普勒超声评价颈内-外动脉侧支循环对颈总动脉血流动力学的影响

目的探讨颈内动脉（ICA）重度狭窄或闭塞时颈内-外动脉侧支循环（IEACC）是否开放对患侧颈总动脉（CCA）血流动力学的影响。方法选择临床及影像资料完整，单侧ICA颅外段狭窄70％～99％（74例）、闭塞（86例），且健侧ICA及双侧CCA正常或狭窄程度〈50％的患者。按IEACC是否开放将患者分为ICA狭窄70％-99％IEACC开放组（42例）和IEACC未开放组（32例），闭塞IEACC开放组（43例）和IEACC未开放组（43例）。采用彩色多普勒超声测量CCA和颈外动脉（ECA）的收缩期峰值流速（PSV）、舒张末期流速（EDV）、平均流速（MV）、阻力指数（RI），计算CCA的血流量（BFV）。分别比较ICA狭窄70％-99％及闭塞时，IEACC是否开放对患侧CCA血流动力学的影响，分析ECA在IEACC开放后患侧、健侧血流动力学的变化特点。结果（1）ICA狭窄70％-99％组与闭塞组IEACC开放者患侧CCA的EDV、BFV高于IEACC未开放者，EDV分别为（15±5）cm／s、（12±5）cm／s（P=0．010）与（14±6）cm／s、（10±6）cm／s（P=0．002），BFV分别为（676±271）ml／min、（557±188）ml／min（P=0．036）与（606±218）ml／min、（488±180）ml／min（P=0．035），而PSV、MV、RI差异均无统计学意义；（2）ICA狭窄70％～99％组与闭塞组IEACC开放者比较，患侧CCA的PSV、EDV、MV、RI、BFV差异均无统计学意义；IEACC未开放患者比较，70％～99％组的EDV及BFV高于闭塞组，分别为（12±5）cm／s、（10±6）cm／s（P=0．014）与（557±188）ml／min、（488±180）ml／min（P=0．047）；（3）ICA狭窄70％～99％组及闭塞组IEACC开放者患侧ECA的PSV、EDV、MV高于健侧，分别为（124±35）cm／s、（107±22）cm／s（P〈0．001），（34±12）cm／s、（22±8）cm／s（P〈0．001）与（64±18）cm／s、（50±11）cm／s（P〈0．001）；RI值患侧低于健侧，分别为0．72±0．07、0．79±0．07（P〈0．001）；IEACC未开放?     

一侧颈动脉狭窄或闭塞的TCD诊断标准与分型推荐一种评价侧支循环开放的盗血指数

本文报告１５例经ＴＣＤ诊断为一侧颈动脉狭窄或闭塞的病例，均经ＭＲＩ、颈动脉双功Ｂ超或ＤＳＡ证实，结合文献探讨一侧颈动脉病变的ＴＣＤ诊断标准、分型以及推荐一种评价侧枝循环开放的盗血指数ＳＩ（ＳｔｅａｌＩｎｄｅｘ）。诊断标准为：①颈内动脉病变侧ＭＣＡ平均血流速度减低，尤其是收缩期峰流速减低、波形减弱；②病变侧ＭＣＡ的ＰＩ值及ＰＴＩ值减低，尤其是ＰＴＩ减低为著；③侧枝循环开放：分为ＰＣＯＡ、ＡＣＯＡ、ＲＯＡＦ及ＣＯＭＰ等四型；④开放的侧枝循环血流与相邻血流的ＳＩ明显升高；⑤压颈总动脉试验，用以判断闭塞或不完全闭塞以及侧支血流来源。以上①、②是诊断的必要条件（敏感性指标）；③是诊断的重要条件（特异性指标）；①、②加上③中的其中之一型，即可诊断为一侧颈动脉狭窄或闭塞。④、⑤为诊断的辅助条件，用来评价开放的侧枝循环血流所致的盗血程度和闭塞程度。     

颈动脉多普勒超声评估颈内动脉颅内段重度狭窄性疾病的应用价值

目的 探讨颈动脉多普勒超声(CDU)评估颈内动脉(ICA)颅内段重度狭窄性疾病的应用价值.方法 回顾性连续纳入2018年1月至2019年12月于苏州大学附属第一医院卒中中心就诊,经CT血管造影(CTA)和(或)数字减影血管造影(DSA)证实的单侧ICA颅内段重度狭窄或闭塞、并行CDU检查的患者171例作为研究组;纳入同...     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术前、术中、术后颅内外血流动力学变化的研究

目的研究颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)前、术中、术后颈动脉及颅内动脉的血流动力学变化.方法用彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)和经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对27例CEA患者术前术后病变局部管径、流速及同侧大脑中动脉(MCA)术前、术中、术后流速、搏动指数(PI)和交通支开放情况进行分析.结果CEA术后,颈动脉管径、血流速度恢复正常.患侧的MCA流速及PI升高(P＜0.001).侧支循环关闭.术中患侧MCA流速下降幅度＜40%与前交通开放相关(P=0.01 5).结论CEA后颅外和颅内动脉的血流动力学恢复正常.CDFI与TCD结合,可评价CEA患者术前、术中、术后颅内外动脉的血流动力学变化,为CEA手术提供可靠的客观依据,并可作为评价手术效果的有效方式.     

The impact of theoretical errors on velocity estimation and accuracy of duplex grading of carotid stenosis

Two potential errors in velocity estimation, Doppler angle misalignment and intrinsic spectral broadening (ISB), were determined and used to correct recorded blood velocities obtained from 20 patients (38 bifurcations). The recorded and corrected velocities were used to grade stenoses of greater than 70% using two duplex classification schemes. The first scheme used a peak systolic velocity (PSV) of > 250 cm/s in the internal carotid artery (ICA), and the second a PSV ratio of > 3.4 (ICA PSV/common carotid artery PSV). The "gold standard" was digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The maximum error in velocity estimation due to Doppler angle misalignment was 33 cm/s, but this did not alter sensitivity of stenosis detection. ISB correction caused a reduction in PSV that decreased the sensitivity of the PSV scheme from 65% to 45%. The PSV ratio classification was not affected by ISB errors. Centres using a PSV criterion for grading stenosis should use a fixed Doppler angle and should establish velocity thresholds in-house.     

Intermittent drop in blood flow velocity in the internal carotid artery and its branches

Extracranial Doppler sonography and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) allow the assessment and monitoring of hemodynamic and embolic events in cerebrovascular diseases. We describe an unusual hemodynamic phenomenon in a patient with intracranial carotid siphon stenosis and no clinical symptoms of stenosis. TCD examination suggested and angiography confirmed stenosis of the left internal carotid artery siphon. TCD examination revealed a sudden, intermittent drop in blood flow velocity in both the prestenotic and poststenotic segments of the internal carotid artery, whereas cardiac hemodynamic parameters were unaffected. Embolic signals were detected in the poststenotic vessels only. We speculate that such sonographic findings may be caused by intermittent vessel occlusions due to the reversible displacement of an intraluminal thrombus in relation to the cardiac cycle.     

经颅多普勒对颈动脉海绵窦瘘检测及疗效评估的研究

目的 评价经颅多普勒（TCD）对颈动脉海绵窦瘘检测及疗效评估的应用价值。方法 采用TCD对113例颈动脉海绵窦瘘进行探测，观察其血流动力学变化特征，术后复查，评估疗效，所有病例均有数字减影脑血管造影（DSA）对照。结果 TCD探测显示颈内动脉瘘口近端流异常增高，阻力降低，而远端大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉流速降低，尤其以大脑前动脉明显；异常眼上静脉频谱及患侧颈内动脉末端倒灌血流为颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的特征性表现；TCD与DSA比较发现，DSA显示瘘口越大，TCD检测例灌血流越明显。结论 TCD是颈动脉海绵窦瘘诊断、鉴别诊断、疗效评估及随访的一种无创、准确、可重复的检测手段。     

单侧和双侧颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞侧支循环途径的研究

目的研究单侧和双侧颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的侧支循环方式。方法经DSA、MRA确诊的颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞者95例,分为单侧和双侧病变组。分析DSA、MRA结果,对比两组病例侧支循环方式。结果DSA和MRA上,单侧病变组前交通动脉出现率明显高于双侧病变组(P<0.05),后交通动脉出现率在两组间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。DSA上,眼动脉出现率在两组间无统计学差异;双侧病变组眼动脉增粗率(57.9%)高于单侧组(32%)。双侧病变组软脑膜吻合支出现率明显高于单侧组(P<0.01)。结论单侧和双侧颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的侧支方式不同,单侧病变主要通过前交通动脉、同侧后交通动脉等代偿,双侧病变主要侧支是后交通动脉、眼动脉和软脑膜吻合支。     

颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞的近、远段动脉血流动力学改变

[目的]探讨颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞的近、远段动脉的血流动力学改变.[方法]对121例经数字减影血管造影(DSA)或磁共振血管成像(MRI)证实的颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞患者(患者组)和80例无颈内动脉病变患者(对照组)行经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测.[结果]近段的颈总动脉血流波形异常,表现为收缩峰尖窄、舒张期血流速明显减低或消失或舒张早期血流逆转;与对照组比较血流速度减低,搏动指数明显增高(P＜0.01).远段的大脑中动脉血流波形异常,表现为收缩峰圆钝、舒张期血流速增高;血流速度和搏动指数明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).[结论]TCD有助于了解颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞的近、远段动脉的血流动力学改变,为临床确定诊断和更深入研究缺血性脑血管病的发病机制提供重要的客观依据.     

Carotid Stenosis Assessed With a 4‐Dimensional Semiautomated Doppler System

Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare peak systolic velocities (PSVs) and the degree of stenosis obtained with a real‐time 3‐dimensional (ie, 4‐dimensional) Doppler ultrasound scanner (Encore PV; VueSonix Sensors Inc, Wayne, PA) to conventional Doppler ultrasound imaging of the carotid arteries (common [CCA], internal [ICA], and external [ECA]). A secondary goal was to assess Encore volume flow measurements. Methods. Seventy patients referred for clinical carotid ultrasound participated in this pilot study. Peak systolic velocities of the CCA, ECA, and ICA were obtained bilaterally. The degree of stenosis in the ICA was calculated based on the ICA PSV and ICA/CCA PSV ratio. The Encore detects all 3‐dimensional blood flow velocity vectors within 10‐s longitudinal volumes of the ICA, ECA, and CCA. On the Encore, a reader determined the centerline of the vessels. The PSV and volume flow were then automatically calculated. The flow measurement error was obtained by comparing the CCA flow to the ICA and ECA flow. Data were compared using linear regression, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and Bland‐Altman analysis. Results. Due to technical difficulties, only 59 patients (323 vessel segments) were available for analysis. There was good agreement between methods for assessing the degree of stenosis based on the ICA PSV (ICC = 0.83; P < .0001) and, to a lesser degree, on the ICA/CCA PSV ratio (ICC = 0.65; P < .0001). Peak systolic velocity measurements obtained with conventional ultrasound and the Encore correlated in all vessels (r ≥ 0.32; P < .002), and Bland‐Altman analysis showed reasonable variations. The Encore mean volume flow error ± SD was ?4.1% ± 66.4% and was not biased (P = .57). Conclusions. A new semiautomated 4‐dimensional Doppler device is comparable to conventional Doppler ultrasound for assessment of carotid stenosis.     

颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞经颅多普勒超声、脑血流灌注及磁共振血管造影对比研究

目的 应用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）、脑血流灌注（SPECT）及磁共振血管造影（MRA）检查，探讨对颈内动脉（ICA）狭窄或闭塞的早期诊断价值。方法42例ICA狭窄或闭塞患者经TCD、SPECT及MRA检查，与DSA进行对比分析。结果TCD、MRA对ICA狭窄或闭塞检测结果与DSA比较，符合率分别为90、8％、80．5％，对侧枝循环开放判断，符合率分别为92．2％、47、6%。TCD检测患侧和健侧MCA的Vs、PI值存在显著性差异（P〈0.001）。SPECT阳性区与MCA的Vm、PI相关系数分别为-0、672，-0．658，有良好的相关性。结论TCD、SPECT及MRA检查联合应用，从不同角度为ICA狭窄或闭塞的早期诊断提供了较全面的客观依据，是可靠的综合性检查方法。     

经颅多普勒超声与磁共振血管成像评估颅内大动脉血管腔及血流动力学变化的比较

背景血管造影虽为诊断脑血管病的"金标准",因其有创性不能广泛应用,经颅多普勒超声和头部磁共振血管成像均为无创检查,可用于颅内大动脉血管腔及血流动力学的评估.目的探讨经颅多普勒超声评估缺血性脑血管病时血流动力学变化的可靠性及与磁共振血管成像的相关性.设计以患者为观察对象,病例分析.单位哈尔滨医科大学第一临床医学院神经内科.对象以2001-04/2002-02哈尔滨医科大学第一临床医学院神经内科收治的脑卒中患者45例为观察对象,所有患者经CT证实为缺血性脑血管病,且对实验知情同意.方法应用TC-2021经颅多普勒超声仪及VISART1.5T超导MR装置,对45例患者行经颅多普勒超声与磁共振血管成像检查,两次检查相隔时间为1～15 d.观察所检大脑中动脉、颈内动脉末端、大脑前动脉、大脑后动脉、椎动脉、基底动脉血管的血流动力学及管腔形态的变化.主要观察指标①经颅多普勒超声和磁共振血管成像检查患者颅内血管腔和血流动力学结果的相关性.②以磁共振血管成像为标准,比较经颅多普勒超声检查的特异性,敏感性,假阳性,假阴性及符合率.结果45例患者全部进入结果分析.①经颅多普勒超声和磁共振血管成像检测结果相关性理论值Tmin=9.91;χ2=107.92,P＜0.005,可认为两者检出率结果有关;经颅多普勒超声检出率为19.06%,磁共振血管成像检出率为15.25%,两者检出阳性率有差别(χ2=3.93,P＜0.05).②以磁共振血管成像为标准,比较经颅多普勒超声发现相应血管病变数,得出诊断异常血管的特异性为94.22%、敏感性为78.10%、假阳性为7.46%,假阴性为23.31%及符合率为89.36%.结论经颅多普勒超声诊断缺血性脑血管病脑血管异与磁共振血管成像相符性较高,它能准确判定所探及血管功能状态,能较早而敏感反映脑血流动力学的变化.而磁共振血管成像则可直接显示血管形态的改变,两者结合可提高诊断的敏感性和特异性.     

TCD在诊断一侧颈内动脉闭塞或不全闭塞中的应用

本文报告５例由经颅多普勒（ＴＣＤ）诊断为一侧颈内动脉（ＩＣＡ）闭塞或不全闭塞，其中１例为病，４例经ＭＲＩ血管造影（ＭＲＡ）证实，另一例经高频双功Ｂ超证实，结合文献探讨了ＴＣＤ诊断一侧ＩＣＡ闭塞的要点，即病变侧大脑中动脉（ＭＣＡ）的收缩峰流速减低，波形减弱，ＰＩ及ＰＴＩ值的减低是诊断本病的敏感指标，而侧枝循环的形成是诊断的重要条件，压颈总动脉（ＣＣＡ）试验则对于鉴别闭塞或不全闭塞、代偿血流来源以及ＩＣＡ病变部位的粗略判断都是有益的。作者还依据侧枝循环出现的类型，将本病的ＴＣＤ诊断分为４型：前交通动脉型、后交通动脉型、眼动脉反流型及混合型，文章最后认为ＴＣＤ是诊断本病的一种准确性高、经济易行的无创伤性检查。     

颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞侧支循环途径的MRA评价

目的　应用磁共振血管造影 (MRA)研究颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的侧支循环途径。方法　经MRA确诊的颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞者 4 0例 ,MRA上脑血管无异常表现 6 0例为对照组 ,分析其MRA、MRI表现和临床资料。结果　所有患者均有颈内动脉分叉以上狭窄或闭塞 ,病变血管 5 9支。疾病组中颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞同侧后交通动脉MRA出现率明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;显示同侧后交通动脉增粗 2 8支 (4 7.5 % )。疾病组前交通动脉MRA出现率与对照组无统计学差异 ;同侧软脑膜吻合支显示率为 4 7.5 % (2 8/ 5 9)。MRA上眼动脉、脉络膜前动脉、硬脑膜吻合支显示不良 ,对基底节区MMD血管显示好。结论　MRA无创、安全、整体性好 ,可从形态和功能上评价颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞后侧支循环的形成方式与程度 ,能为该病的诊断、治疗、预后提供较全面的评价 ,可列为首选检查方法。     

彩色多普勒超声与经颅多普勒超声联合应用对颈内动脉狭窄的诊断价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声与经颅多普勒超声(TCD)联合应用在诊断颈内动脉(ICA)狭窄(狭窄＞50%)的临床价值.方法 对273例缺血性脑血管病患者行CDFI和TCD常规检查,其中32例经脑血管造影(DSA)确定为ICA单、双侧狭窄或闭塞.以DSA为标准,计算CDFI、TCD 及二者联合检查结果的符合率.结果 CDFI诊断符合率为83%(53/64),TCD为78%(50/64),二者联合应用符合率为94%(60/64).结论 CDFI与TCD的联合应用能明显提高对I CA狭窄诊断的准确性.     

烟雾病的经颅多普勒超声研究

目的通过经颅多普勒超声（TCD）研究不同病变程度烟雾病的血流动力学参数。方法将经数字减影血管造影和／或核磁共振血管造影确诊的烟雾病患者21例,根据Suzuki脑血管造影对烟雾病分期,评估TCD所测患者大脑中动脉平均血流速度（Vm）和搏动指数。结果不同分期的烟雾病患者TCD表现不一;侧支代偿主要有后交通动脉侧支开放（71．4％）,颈外动脉系统侧支开放（66．7％）。大脑中动脉在Ⅱ期大脑中动脉Vm高于Ⅰ期（P〈0．05）,搏动指数低于Ⅰ期;Ⅲ期眼动脉的搏动指数均低于Ⅰ～Ⅱ期（P〈0．05）;基底动脉随病程进展Vm增快（P〈0．05）。结论TCD可以使影像学观察到的烟雾病分类更精确,从而能更好地判断烟雾病的严重程度或病变血管的程度以及代偿情况。     

急性颈内动脉闭塞颅内循环的变化及临床意义

目的 分析急性颈内动脉闭塞后颅内血流动力学的变化及临床意义.方法 对68例经影像学检查证实急性单侧颈内动脉颅外段闭塞患者,采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测颅内主要动脉的血流动力学变化.结果 患侧大脑中动脉峰值流速和搏动指数均显著低于健侧(P<0.001).在侧支循环开放中,前交通动脉开放占48.53%(33/68),后交通动脉开放为42.65%(29/68),眼动脉参与的侧支循环占32.35%(22/68),无交通支开放14.71%(10/68).患者颅内侧支循环开放,侧支途径两支以上者、患侧大脑中动脉峰值流速>60 cm/s者,临床预后相对较好.结论 TCD检测颅内主要动脉的血流状况,可以快速方便地评价颅内侧支循环状态,对急性颈内动脉闭塞患者治疗方法选择和预后判断具有重要的临床价值.