CT扫描对上颌窦骨间隔畸形的诊断价值

目的：探讨ＣＴ扫描对上颌窦骨间隔畸形的诊断价值。方法：对８例经ＣＴ扫描确诊、手术证实的上颌窦骨间隔畸形患者的临床资料进行分析。结果：８例中，垂直冠状分隔者５例，水平分隔者２例，垂直矢状分隔者１例，双侧者３例，单侧者５例。     

慢性鼻窦炎与鼻窦CT的相关性研究

目的对慢性鼻窦炎患者的“鼻涕倒流”、“咳嗽”症状和术前鼻窦CT进行分析,评价它们之间的相互关系。方法对2005年3月至2005年6月间因慢性鼻窦炎拟行鼻内镜手术的63例患者术前及术后6个月症状做SNOT-20(Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 20)量表评估,并对其术前CT冠状位骨窗进行Lund-Mackey评分,比较不同的CT评分与SNOT-20量表中“鼻涕倒流”、“咳嗽”症状评分之间的异同,研究症状评分与CT评分之间的关系。结果术前“鼻涕倒流”症状的SNOT-20量表评分与后组鼻窦CT的Lund-Mackey评分之间的Pearson相关系数r为0．714(P<0．01),与前组鼻窦CT的Lund-Mackey评分之间的Pearson相关系数r为0．173 (P>0．05);“咳嗽”症状的SNOT-20量表评分与后组鼻窦和前组鼻窦CT的Lund-Mackey评分之间Pearson相关系数分别为0．213(P>0．05)和0．097(P>0．05)。结论“鼻涕倒流”症状与后组鼻窦病变有关。     

冠状CT扫描及三维重建在鼻科的应用

为了寻求对鼻、鼻窦病变，窦口鼻道复合体解剖结构有较好的显示方法，获得较为真实的影像，使鼻肉镜手术更安全，可靠、彻底，对１６８例鼻窦炎及１０７例鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者行鼻窦冠状ＣＴ扫描，并对ＯＭＣ进行三维重建，同时与内镜检查及正常组相对照。     

Correlation of allergy and severity of sinus disease

Allergy is an important consideration in the evaluation of patients with rhinosinusitis. Several studies have addressed staging systems for rhinosinusitis based on the extent of disease present on computed tomography (CT) scanning. The severity and extent of sinus disease present on CT imaging helps guide decisions regarding medical and surgical treatment options. This study evaluates the severity of sinus disease in allergic and nonallergic patients. A total of 42 patients at our institution underwent both modified RAST and coronal sinus CT scan in the evaluation of their rhinosinusitis symptoms. A single, blinded staff neuroradiologist staged all 42 CT scans using the Lund-Mackay staging system. None of the patients had undergone sinus surgery. Age, sex, co-morbidities, asthma, smoking, RAST score, total IgE, and CT staging score were analyzed. Allergic patients were found to have a higher CT scan score (mean score = 12) when compared to nonallergic patients (mean score = 6), indicating more extensive sinus disease (p = 0.03). We conclude that allergy is a significant factor in the development of rhinosinusitis, and allergic patients are more likely to demonstrate advanced disease on CT scan when compared to nonallergic patients.     

Multiplanar reconstructed computed tomography images improves depiction and understanding of the anatomy of the frontal sinus and recess

AIMS: The use of multiplanar reconstructed computed tomography (CT) images of frontal recess and sinuses was assessed with regard to depiction and understanding of anatomy and effect on surgical approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three otorhinolaryngologists and one radiologist read CT scans of 43 patients referred for routine paranasal sinus scans. Spiral (helical) CT scans were obtained and coronal and parasagittal reconstructions were imaged. Three hundred forty-two readings were analyzed. The scans were assessed in the coronal plane and then in the parasagittal plane. The images were assessed for (i) Bent and Kuhn classification of frontal ethmoidal sinus air cells, (ii) size of frontal sinus ostium (assessed as unsure, normal, small, or large), (iii) use of parasagittal scans regarding additional understanding of the anatomy with particular reference as to how the agger nasi cell and frontal ethmoidal cells were arranged in a three-dimensional space, and (iv) if the parasagittal scan and subsequent three-dimensional picture created altered the surgical approach. The first two criteria were assessed in the coronal plane and then in the parasagittal plane. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the Bent and Kuhn classification of frontoethmoidal cells on coronal and reconstructed parasagittal images (t-test; p > 0.05). The parasagittal scans were significantly better than the coronal scans for identifying and assessing the size of the frontal sinus ostium (p < 0.001; chi-square test). Assuming an intraobserver change rate (repeat error) of 10% on CT scan observations, an exact binomial test was performed on S-PLUS, which showed that there was a significant (p < 0.001) proportion of observers who changed their rating after looking at the parasagittal scan. There also was significant improvement in observers' abilities to identify and classify the size of the frontal ostium as reflected by the number of observers who changed from being unsure on the coronal scans to sure on the parasagittal scans. Observers felt that the parasagittal scans improved their three-dimensional understanding of the anatomy of the frontal recess by 58% on a 10-point Lickert scale. In 55% of these observations, the surgical plan was altered by a mean of 70.2% on a 10-point Lickert scale based on additional information obtained by viewing the parasagittal scans. CONCLUSIONS: The three-dimensional understanding of the frontal recess is improved greatly by using both coronal and parasagittal reconstructed images as compared with coronal images alone. This had important implications on the planning of the surgery in the frontal recess.     

鼻窦炎患者鼻窦骨结构变异和鼻窦粘膜异常的CT扫描分析

对109例临床疑为鼻窦炎患者的CT冠状扫描结果进行了分析,鼻窦粘膜异常改变者93例(85.3％),16例粘膜呈正常影像(14.7％),93例鼻窦粘膜异常改变者中,发现鼻窦骨结构变异60例(64.5％)。通过对鼻窦骨结构变异和鼻窦炎情况的观察分析,认为鼻窦骨结构变异可能是鼻窦炎致病因素之一。鼻窦粘膜异常以前组筛窦和上颌窦发生率最高,同时伴有窦口鼻道复合体粘膜异常,支持了鼻窦口引流障碍可以继发鼻窦炎的观点。作者认为采用鼻窦CT冠状扫描对判断鼻窦炎的病因和临床诊断具有重要意义。     

Computed tomography in maxillofacial trauma

Computed tomography (CT) has become the key diagnostic modality in the evaluation of head trauma. Experience with CT in the preoperative assessment of maxillofacial injuries is limited, however. Plain films and multidirectional tomography have been used until now to define fractures in the facial region. We examined 27 patients sustaining maxillofacial trauma with CT scans. Ten patients were studied in the coronal plane, 12 in the axial plane, and the reMayning 5 in both the axial and coronal planes. Polycycloidal tomography in the coronal and/or sagittal plane was obtained in 18 patients for comparison with the CT scan. Fracture lines, bony fragments, and associated skeletal deformities were clearly identified by CT scan in all 27 patients permitting the diagnosis of zygomatic, orbital floor, nasoethmoidal complex, LeFort, temporal bone, frontal sinus, and mandible fractures. More importantly, concommitant intracranial injuries including epidural and intracerebral hematomas, traumatic encephalocoele, and pneumocephalus were readily seen. In addition, facial and orbital soft tissue structures including the globe, optic nerve, orbital fat, and extraocular muscles were easily examined by adjusting the CT level and window settings. Overall, CT yielded additional information not available from polytomography in 15 of 18 cases when both modalities were used. Multidirectional tomography is currently superior to CT scanning if fine, intrinsic bone detail is required. However, we have found that complex fractures with fragmentation are more easily identified on CT scans than conventional tomography because of superior contrast resolution of computed tomography. With improved spatial resolution, CT scanning may totally supplant multidirectional tomography in the evaluation of maxillofacial trauma.     

蝶窦气化程度与蝶窦周围相关结构关系的影像分析

目的研究成年人和青少年蝶窦气化及其与蝶窦周围相关结构的关系,为临床开展鼻内镜下经蝶窦颅底手术提供影像学基础。方法 100例成年人、50例青少年（10～18岁）行高分辨率CT冠状位和轴位扫描。结果蝶窦气化分蝶骨体气化和其他相关结构气化,成年人与青少年比较无显著性差异。300侧蝶窦,半鞍型和全鞍型258侧（86%）,甲介型和鞍前型42侧（14%）。蝶骨大翼、蝶骨小翼、翼突、鞍背、枕骨的气化率分别为7.3%、8.0%、28.7%、9.3%、4.0%。颈内动脉半管型和全管型共139侧（46.3%）,视神经半管型和全管型共174侧（58.0%）,部分血管神经完全突入到蝶窦腔内,骨壁菲薄甚至缺如。颈内动脉、视神经管、圆管、翼管突入蝶窦的程度与蝶窦气化类型有关。结论蝶窦气化程度及颈内动脉、视神经管、圆管、翼管突入蝶窦的程度个体差异较大。与成年人相比,青少年蝶窦及蝶窦周围相关结构已发育成熟。     

Balloon catheter dilation technology combined with a fibrolaryngoscope to treat a maxillary sinus cyst

A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted to investigate the effect of balloon catheter dilation technology combined with a fibrolaryngoscope in the treatment of a maxillary sinus cyst. The clinical data of 14 cases (19 maxillary sinuses) with balloon catheter dilation technology combined with a fibrolaryngoscope to remove sinus cysts (balloon group) and 16 cases (23 maxillary sinuses) with conventional nasal endoscopic sinus surgery to remove sinus cysts (conventional group) were analyzed. All cases have completed the preoperative and postoperative SNOT-20, nasal endoscopy and coronal sinus CT scan. Lund–Kennedy endoscopic and Lund–Mackay CT scan staging scores were recorded. All patients were followed up for 24 weeks after the operation. The SNOT-20 scores, Lund–Kennedy endoscopic and Lund–Mackay CT scan staging scores were lower in the balloon group than that in the control group. Balloon catheter dilation technology combined with a fibrolaryngoscope can effectively preserve the function and structures of the nasal cavity and sinus, making it a good choice in the treatment of a retention cyst of the maxillary sinus.     

Anterior skull base: High risk areas in endoscopic sinus surgery in chronic rhinosinusitis: A computed tomographic analysis

Computed Tomography (CT) scan of nose and paranasal sinuses play a key role in preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgeries (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis. The asymmetry of ethmoid fovea olfactory fossa, anatomical variations of lateral lamella and course of anterior ethmoid artery are critical in ESS as it may predispose to dangerous consequences like hemorrhage. CSF leak and intracranial complications. A prospective study was done on 75 patients of clinically and diagnostically proven chronic rhinosimusits. The coronal CT scan was evaluated with special attention to anatomical variations of anterior skull base including ethmoid fovea, olfactory fossa, lateral lamella and course of anterior ethmoid artery. The endoscopic surgeon's awareness of these variations and its role in preventing complications are highlighted.     

The role of septal deviation in adult chronic rhinosinusitis: a study of 500 patients

Septal deviation is a common finding and its role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of septal deviation in the region of the ostiomeatal complex with regards to sinus disease, as staged by the Lund-Mackay scoring system in a group of adult patients with symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis. Five hundred consecutive patients who had undergone CT scanning of the paranasal sinuses for possible chronic sinus disease between Sept. 2002 and Dec. 2003 were recruited. Septal deviation at the ostiomeatal complex on coronal CT scan was evaluated using Radworks diagnostic 5.1 software (Applicare Medical Imaging BU). There were 219 patients with CT positive sinus disease. 281 of the patients had normal sinus CT scans (control group) and were therefore patients with rhinitis rather than rhinosinusitis. Our study showed no significant difference between the chronic rhinosinusitis group and the control group with regards to septal deviation. Nor were we able to demonstrate any correlation between the severity of septal deformity at the ostiomeatal complex region and the severity of sinus disease or OMC disease.     

CT扫描对前筛窦及其毗邻结构的研究

将40具完整成人尸头进行冠状位及横断位CT扫描，其中部分尸头还运用横断位CT扫描重建矢状位CT扫描，对前筛窦及其毗邻结构进行观察。结果示：根据CT扫描，可将前筛窦气房分为4组：即漏斗前筛房（出现率87．5％）、漏斗外气房（出现率82．7％）、漏斗后气房（出现率86．3％）、筛泡筛房（出现率100．0％）；同时又可将前筛窦分为筛内型（出现率71．2％）和筛外型（出现率28．8％）。表明CT扫描能充分显示前筛窦气房的气化变异及其邻近结构的影像学特征。这对于提高鼻内窥镜手术的疗效，减少严重并发症的发生，具有重要的指导意义。     

眶上筛房在CT和鼻内镜下的临床特征

目的通过分析眶上筛房在CT和鼻内镜下的临床特征，进一步阐明眶上筛房和额窦引流通道的关系。方法通过术前评估冠状位和水平位CT和术中鼻内镜所见，确诊眶上筛房5侧（男4例，女1例，每例1侧）。结果①眶上筛房在冠状位CT上表现为额窦区域最外侧的气房；②眶上筛房在水平位CT上表现为额窦后外方的气房；③鼻内镜下见额窦和眶上筛房均引流至前筛顶部，眶上筛房的引流通道位于额窦引流口的后外方，眶上筛房向外上方气化，从后方进入额窦。结论CT和鼻内镜观察证实眶上筛房是位于筛泡上方的气房向上、向外延展过程中，超过了筛骨眶板和筛顶的范围，导致额骨眶板气化而成。     

窦口鼻道复合体纤毛上皮CT及电镜观察

为探讨窦口鼻道复合体（ＯＭＣ）在鼻窦炎发生中的重要作用。对２２例（３０侧鼻腔）因慢性鼻窦炎而接受功能性鼻窦内窥镜手术的患者，术前应用冠状ＣＴ影像进行定量分析，同时对术中取出的ＯＭＣ区粘膜（中鼻甲、钩突、筛泡）行扫描电镜检查，用图像分析仪定量测定纤毛覆盖面积。结果发现ＣＴ影像病变程度与纤毛上皮损伤成正相关。提示：作为各鼻窦引流口集中部位的ＯＭＣ区的病变引起纤毛上皮的损害，进而使粘液纤毛清除均能降低，     

鼻内镜下额隐窝解剖特征与额窦开放手术

目的　通过术中鼻内镜下解剖额隐窝 ,总结与内镜额窦手术相关的镜下额窦引流通道解剖特征 ,探讨额窦鼻内镜手术相关问题。方法　病例资料为慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者 30 1例 ( 5 6 2侧 ) ,有前期手术史者除外。术前鼻窦CT扫描证实合并额窦炎者 2 80例 ( 4 79侧 ) ,术前根据CT扫描判定额窦引流方式 ;术中以钩突为参考标志 ,2 5 0例 ( 4 2 1侧 )行鼻内镜下额窦开放手术 ,并对鼻内镜下额隐窝解剖结构特征进行分型。结果　冠状CT扫描提示额窦开口于钩突与中鼻甲之间为 2 0 3侧( 4 8 2 % ) ;额窦开口于钩突和眶纸板之间 2 18侧 ( 5 1 8% )。对应上述规律的鼻内镜下额隐窝解剖特征分型 :前者属Ⅰ型 2 0 3侧 ( 4 8 2 % ) ,后者属Ⅱ型 2 18侧 ( 5 1 8% )。结论　以额窦口为中心的额隐窝鼻内镜下解剖特征及分型 ,对额窦开放手术有重要意义 ;钩突上部为CT扫描和术中定位额窦口解剖参考标志     

鼻窦CT冠位扫描对鼻窦内窥镜手术的指导意义

为探讨鼻窦ＣＴ冠位扫描对鼻窦内窥镜手术的指导意义，将２６０例（４６６侧）鼻窦疾病患者的ＣＴ冠位扫描所见与内窥镜鼻窦手术结果进行对比分析。结果显示鼻窦ＣＴ冠位扫描与临床诊断符合率为９９．２％。认为，通过影像学检查指导鼻内窥镜手术，有助于术中识别鼻腔鼻窦的各种解剖变异，这对于手术的难易估计及并发症的预防均起着积极作用，并同时指出ＣＴ冠位扫描尚存在一定局限性。     

Paranasal sinus computed tomographic findings of children with chronic cough

Objective: Chronic cough is a frequent problem in the practice of clinical pediatrics, and sinusitis is a common etiologic factor. In this study, our aim was to determine the prevalence of sinus abnormalities in pediatric patients presenting with chronic cough. Methods: Forty-two patients, ranging from 3 to 16 years of age from both sexes completed the study. Paranasal sinuses were examined by coronal paranasal sinus limited computed tomographic scan. The CT scan findings were categorized as no disease, minimal, moderate and severe sinusitis. Results: The most frequent symptoms after cough were rhinorrhea, sniffling, and halitosis. We found sinus abnormalities in 66.6% and no abnormality in 33.3% of the children. Age and sex were not important factors in sinus disease. There was no correlation between sinus findings and any of symptoms. The most common anatomical abnormalities were concha bullosa, paradoxical middle turbinate, Haller's cells, and deviated nasal septum. These abnormalities were not correlated with sinus disease. Conclusion: Paranasal sinus abnormalities are common among pediatric patients with chronic cough and imaging studies of the sinuses should be considered in these children.     

The CT scan of the agger cell and its adjacent structure in endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery]

OBJECTIVE: To promote the development of endoscopic frontal sinus surgery and naso-lacrimal anastomosis surgery by studying the agger cells and their adjacent structures. METHODS: One hundred patients were observed by the continuous coronal CT scan and sagittal CT scan of the paranasal sinuses. Among them, 30 had deviation of nasal septum; 40 had chronic nasosinusitis. There were 80 adult and 20 children. RESULTS: (1) The agger cells existed in 99% of the cases, the development of the agger cells in 9-16 years old children, and adult had no difference; (2) The morphology of agger cells differed widely, but its relationship to the anterior border of the middle nasal concha, bulla ethmoidalis and nasolacrimal canal was quite stable; (3) The upward pneumatization of the agger cells was not related to deviation of nasal septum, but closely related to the development of the frontal sinus; (4) The anterior nasosinusitis often influenced the agger cells and might result in hyperosteogeny. CONCLUSION: The agger cells situated at the pathway of the intranasal frontal sinus during surgery and dacryocystorhinostomy, the nasal CT scan might be beneficial to the prevention of surgical complications.     

鼻内镜视觉空间内CT影像分析及应用

目的 分析鼻内镜视觉空间内CT影像的变化规律,并探讨其在手术中的应用价值.方法 依据15例患者(鼻腔内翻性乳头状瘤5例,慢性鼻-鼻窦炎10例)术前鼻窦冠状位CT扫描数据,以草图大师软件(SkechUp)模拟0°鼻内镜下理想鼻腔,将CT影像放入理想鼻腔的对应空间,依据特定进镜距离和角度,对CT影像中解剖结构(按次序)及空间方向进行观察,拟定手术计划,并与术中所见进行对比.结果 内镜空间内CT影像解剖结构的形态及空间方位发生改变,与进镜距离和角度相关,依据特定进镜距离和角度,对内镜空间CT影像解剖(按次序)的分析与术中所见一致,为鼻内镜手术操作提供止确的指导.结论 内镜空间内CT影像的变化符合透视规律,对内镜下空间透视规律的认识可把握内镜下正确的方向,提高鼻内镜手术的安全性.内镜空间内CT影像分析方法 简单可行,具有一定临床应用价值.     

Paranasal sinus bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities: CT analysis for endoscopic sinus surgery

Coronal plane computerized tomographic (CT) scanning has dramatically improved the imaging of paranasal sinus anatomy as compared to sinus radiographs. Increasingly, subtle bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities of this region are being detected. Data regarding the “background” prevalence of these findings are needed to determine their clinical relevance. A detailed analysis of coronal plane CT scans of the paranasal sinuses obtained in 202 consecutively imaged patients was conducted. Special attention was directed toward identifying bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities. Anatomic variations studied included pneumatization of the middle turbinate, paradoxical curvature of the middle turbi-nate, Haller's cells, and pneumatization of the unci-nate process. Such bony anatomic variations were detected in 131 (64.9%) of 202 patients and were found with a similar frequency in patients scanned for sinus complaints and in those scanned for nonsinus reasons. Mucosal abnormalities were detected in 168 (83.2%) of 202 patients. For those patients scanned during the evaluation of sinus-like complaints, mucosal abnormalities were noted in 153 (92.2%) of 166 cases, and were predominantly detected in the anterior ethmoid region. For patients scanned during nonsinus evaluations, mucosal abnormalities were detected in 15 (41.7%) of 36 cases, without predilection for the anterior ethmoid region. Discussion regarding the prevalence and clinical significance of paranasal sinus bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities is included as a guide to assist the otolaryngologist and/or radiologist in the evaluation of coronal sinus CT scans.