心房颤动的社区管理

心房颤动是临床常见的心律失常,可导致脑栓塞、心力衰竭及心源性猝死等严重并发症,严重威胁人类的身体健康。该文介绍心房颤动的分类、并发症、抗心律失常药物治疗、射频消融治疗、抗凝治疗以及心房颤动的上游治疗,以增强社区医生对心房颤动的认识。     

心房纤颤的临床药物治疗

心房颤动日益成为临床最常见的快速心律失常之一,由此引发的血液动力学异常、心衰加重、脑及重要脏器栓塞等并发症正成为临床医师经常要面对的难题。如何选择抗心律失常药物以及抗凝、抗栓药物与抗心律失常药物如何联合应用尤为重要,现就心房颤动的特点及药物治疗作简要概述。     

抗心律失常药的治疗矛盾

心律失常的药物治疗并不是一律都有效,常因药物的副作用而出现种种现象。 1.抗心律失常药物对生存的影响 用抗心律失常药长程治疗,尤其是奎尼丁治疗的心房颤动病例,其死亡率增加。心房颤动的率中预防试验表明,用Ⅰ类抗心律失常药(多为奎尼丁或普鲁卡因胺)治疗的心房颤动病例,其死亡率比对照高2.5倍。奎尼Ⅰ组死亡率增加的原因是发生扭转型室速或其他心律失常。也有报导心房颤动病人的预防卒中试验,Ⅰ类抗心律失常药治疗的心衰患者死亡率和心律失常死亡人数比不用抗心律失常药者增加3倍。由此可见,Ⅰ类抗心律失常药对心房颤动的治疗价值很     

心房颤动的药物治疗进展

第Ⅲ类抗心律失常药物是通过延长心房组织的有效不应期 ,使心房颤动转律的最有效药物。本文对多非利特、索他洛尔、伊布利特等新的治疗心房颤动的药物的药理作用、临床研究情况作一介绍。     

肾素-血管紧张素系统与心房重构关系的研究进展

心房颤动（Atrial fibrillation,AF,以下简称房颤）,是临床上十分常见的一种心律失常,其发病率可随着年龄的增加有明显增高。目前房颤的药物治疗包括复律并维持窦律、控制心室率及抗凝治疗,但临床上所用的复律并维持窦律的抗心律失常药物转复成功后,能长期维持窦律者不到一半,且这些药物的毒副作用限制了其广泛应用;     

新型口服抗凝药在心房颤动合并冠心病抗栓治疗中有效性及安全性的研究进展

心房颤动合并冠心病(冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病)抗栓治疗的选择一直是一个难题。在抗血小板的同时也需要抗凝治疗,选择抗栓治疗方案时,兼顾降低出血风险的同时又能取得最大的临床疗效是心房颤动合并冠心病抗栓治疗方案的关键。华法林作为心房颤动传统的抗凝药物,由于其自身的局限性,推动了新型口服抗凝药(NOAC)的兴起,在抗栓治疗中选择口服抗凝药有了新的选择和认识。然而NOAC在心房颤动合并冠心病患者中的临床疗效及安全性仍有一些争议。本文就NOAC应用于心房颤动合并冠心病患者抗栓治疗中的有效性及安全性作一综述。     

新型口服抗凝药与心房颤动的抗凝治疗

心房颤动(房颤)是临床最常见的心律失常,增加脑卒中的发病率和死亡率。抗凝治疗是预防房颤合并脑卒中的有效手段。目前能够长期服用的口服抗凝药物只有华法林,但华法林存在个体差异、复杂的药物和药物及药物和食物之间的相互作用,需要定期抗凝监测和频繁调整剂量,具有局限性。研发新型口服抗凝药成为新的热点,活化凝血因子X抑制剂和凝血酶抑制剂在房颤抗凝领域的研究进展迅速,已经取得了明确的循证医学证据。现将这一领域的研究进展做一综述。     

口服抗凝药联合抗血小板药物在冠心病治疗中的应用进展

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病同时合并心房颤动有高危血栓风险需要口服抗凝药物的患者、心脏机械瓣膜置换术后的患者、深静脉血栓形成的患者,在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后需要联合应用口服抗凝药物和抗血小板药物,近年来抗血小板药物联用口服抗凝药物的方案在不断的更新,现对口服抗凝药联合抗血小板药物在冠心病治疗中的应用进展进行综述。     

经皮左心耳封堵装置预防心房颤动血栓新进展

心房颤动是临床上最常见的心律失常之一,造成血流动力学紊乱后易在左心耳处形成血栓,是脑卒中的独立危险因素.目前心房颤动的主要治疗策略是消除心房颤动和预防脑卒中,经皮左心耳封堵术是在传统药物、电复律、射频消融、口服抗凝药之外近年来发展的通过微创导管术封堵左心耳以达到预防心房颤动病人血栓栓塞的新技术,帮助有抗凝治疗禁忌的非瓣膜性心房颤动病人安全有效地预防脑卒中的发生.该研究就经皮左心耳封堵术在心房颤动中的应用进展进行综述.     

快速心房颤动86例临床诊治分析

目的总结快速心房颤动的临床特点,治疗经验及并发症的预防。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院2006～2010年经药物治疗快速心房颤动86例临床资料。结果本组86例患者根据不同病因及发病情况,分别选用相应的抗心律失常药物治疗。其中16例抗心律失常治疗后恢复窦性心律,68例患者药物治疗后心室率有效控制,2例未应用抗心律失常药物,心电图恢复正常。结论快速心房颤动可以并发于各种心脏病,亦可见于正常人。临床上根据不同病因及发病情况,进行正确的诊断,合理的治疗,积极预防并发症,能够取得满意的治疗效果。     

Emerging strategies for treatment of venous thromboembolism

Although considerable progress has been made in the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE), many unanswered questions remain, which are awaiting proper solution. Furthermore, new opportunities are emerging, which have the potential to rapidly change the therapeutic scenario. Selected patients with deep-vein thrombosis can be effectively and safely treated at home with fixed-dose low-molecular-weight heparins. The long-term use of low-molecular-weight heparins is likely to be more effective than and as safe as oral anticoagulants for the secondary prevention of VTE in cancer patients with venous thrombosis. Recent publications have unexpectedly raised a renewed interest on the use of thrombolytic drugs in patients with pulmonary embolism, at least in those who present with heart ventricular dysfunction. The optimal long-term treatment of VTE is still undefined. Finally, new categories of drugs are emerging, which have the potential to replace conventional anticoagulants in the near future. They include anti-Xa inhibitors, such as pentasaccharide, and antithrombin inhibitors, such as ximelagatran.     

Beyond heparin and warfarin: the new generation of anticoagulants

Heparin and warfarin are widely used for the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thromboembolism. Although effective, both agents have important limitations; for example, both drugs must be monitored, which is inconvenient for patients and for physicians. Heparin requires parenteral administration and can cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, an immune-mediated process that can lead to life-threatening thrombosis. Warfarin also has its limitations. Due to its slow onset of action, warfarin must be overlapped with heparin (or another rapidly acting anticoagulant) when treating patients with established thrombosis or who are at high risk for thrombosis. Warfarin dosing is variable because its activity is influenced by dietary intake of vitamin K, genetic polymorphisms in enzymes that are involved in its metabolism and numerous drug-drug interactions that promote or reduce its activity. New anticoagulants have been developed to overcome these problems. Building on a better understanding of coagulation pathways, advances in structure-based drug design and information derived from natural anticoagulants isolated from hematophagous organisms, most of the new anticoagulants target specific coagulation enzymes. Focussing on drugs that have at least completed Phase II evaluation, this article briefly reviews the coagulation pathways and its natural regulators; outlines the limitations of existing anticoagulants and identifies the opportunities for new ones; highlights the properties of selected new anticoagulants; describes the clinical trial results with these agents; and provides a perspective on their potential strengths and weaknesses.     

Beyond heparin and warfarin: the new generation of anticoagulants

Heparin and warfarin are widely used for the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thromboembolism. Although effective, both agents have important limitations; for example, both drugs must be monitored, which is inconvenient for patients and for physicians. Heparin requires parenteral administration and can cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, an immune-mediated process that can lead to life-threatening thrombosis. Warfarin also has its limitations. Due to its slow onset of action, warfarin must be overlapped with heparin (or another rapidly acting anticoagulant) when treating patients with established thrombosis or who are at high risk for thrombosis. Warfarin dosing is variable because its activity is influenced by dietary intake of vitamin K, genetic polymorphisms in enzymes that are involved in its metabolism and numerous drug–drug interactions that promote or reduce its activity. New anticoagulants have been developed to overcome these problems. Building on a better understanding of coagulation pathways, advances in structure-based drug design and information derived from natural anticoagulants isolated from hematophagous organisms, most of the new anticoagulants target specific coagulation enzymes. Focussing on drugs that have at least completed Phase II evaluation, this article briefly reviews the coagulation pathways and its natural regulators; outlines the limitations of existing anticoagulants and identifies the opportunities for new ones; highlights the properties of selected new anticoagulants; describes the clinical trial results with these agents; and provides a perspective on their potential strengths and weaknesses.     

New anticoagulants

The quest to develop new antithrombotic agents has been stimulated by clinical needs and by advances in biotechnology that have made it possible to produce drugs that target specific steps in thrombogenesis. Established anticoagulants such as unfractionated heparin and the coumarins are effective, but have two major limitations: narrow therapeutic windows and highly unpredictable dose-response relationships. Consequently, these drugs often cause complications such as serious bleeding that require close monitoring of their use by laboratory tests to balance safety and effect. These limitations provided the impetus for the development of new anticoagulants that inactivate thrombin, factor Xa, factor IXa or the factor VIIa/tissue factor complex. Similarly, agents that enhance the protein C anticoagulant pathway have also been developed. Of these, direct thrombin inhibitors, soluble thrombomodulin, protein C, and activated protein C have been evaluated clinically for parenteral administration. However, there is enormous interest in the development of safer and more effective oral anticoagulants. In the future, such orally active direct inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa, if they can be given safely without the need for laboratory monitoring, may replace the coumarins for the long-term treatment of thromboembolic disorders. To achieve these goals, these compounds need high, consistent oral bioavailability.     

New anticoagulants: beyond heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin

The limitations of traditional anticoagulants, heparin and warfarin, have prompted the development of new anticoagulant drugs for prevention and treatment of both venous and arterial thromboembolism. After a brief review of thrombogenesis and its regulation, this paper focuses on new anticoagulant agents in more advanced stages of clinical testing.     

新型口服抗凝血剂达比加群酯的研究进展

华法林是大多数国家长期抗凝的主要药物之一。华法林虽然可以口服给药,但其治疗范围狭窄,必须严格掌握治疗指征。此外华法林与其他药物相互作用大,个体差异较大,治疗期间需严密观察病情,并依据国际标准化比率随时调整用量。在近几年中许多新的抗凝血剂已经开发出来。达比加群酯是一种新型口服的直接凝血酶抑制剂。本研究综述了达比加群酯的临床研究进展及潜在适应证,为该药物的临床应用提供依据。     

缺血性脑卒中药物治疗的一些进展

本文介绍防治缺血性脑卒中的几类主要药物。重点介绍抗血栓药，包括溶栓药、抗凝药及抗血小板药在目前临床应用的情况；并简要介绍神经保护药、降脂药、降压药以及新提出的一些可能有效药物，如基于抗炎症的药物及基因治疗的研究进展。     

Developing drugs for use before,during and soon after percutaneous coronary intervention

Introduction: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a milestone for treating coronary artery disease (CAD). Antithrombotic therapy is essential to prevent ischemic complications, including the microvascular no-reflow, while minimizing bleeding events.

Areas covered: This overview discusses available and developing drugs for PCI including anticoagulants, antiplatelets and treatment of no-reflow.

Expert opinion: For years unfractionated heparin (UFH) has been the unique anticoagulant to be used before and during PCI. Enoxaparin showed similar efficacy and safety, yet, based on recent trials, bivalirudin has been shown to have some benefits, particularly for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The evidence concerning new anticoagulants is still preliminary, except for new oral anticoagulants, particularly rivaroxaban that showed intriguing findings and is currently under investigation. Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is the standard of care after PCI, but new developments have recently emerged. Indeed, ticagrelor and prasugrel are currently recommended over clopidogrel due to their significant reduction of ischemic events in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) whereas clopidogrel remains the choice in stable CAD. Among new agents, vorapaxar and cangrelor showed positive but limited evidence and might be considered at least in selected patients. Conversely, evidence on effective treatments for no-reflow remains limited and would require future dedicated research.     

Novel anticoagulants: new evidence for emerging drugs and their potential application in major lower limb surgery

For decades, parenteral drugs, such as the low molecular weight heparins and unfractionated heparins or vitamin K antagonists, have been used as anticoagulants for prevention of venous thromboembolism following major lower limb surgery. However, these regiments have limitations that rendered the quest for new anticoagulants mandatory. Recently, research has been focused on the development of orally active small molecules that directly target thrombin or activated factor X (FXa). These regiments exhibit a number of characteristics that an "ideal" anticoagulant should possess. Currently, two agents, dabigatran etexilate and rivaroxaban, which inhibit thrombin and FXa, respectively have been approved in the European Union and Canada for venous thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing elective hip- or knee-replacement surgery. Other agents are at an early or late stage of clinical evaluation. In this study, we summarize the current evidence for these new developed or under development drugs regarding their applications in the filed of lower limb orthopaedic surgery.     

Current anticoagulant safety

INTRODUCTION: Currently used anticoagulants such as unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin and vitamin K antagonists, have several drawbacks, mostly related to safety. In this review, we will briefly discuss and compare the safety of anticoagulation therapy with 'old' and new agents. AREAS COVERED: Safety issues with anticoagulation therapy are mostly related to bleeding. The intensity of anticoagulation is related to the risk of bleeding and thus, for the efficacy not to be affected, must be maintained at the lower effective intensity. Several improvements have been made in the management of anticoagulation therapy; these include monitoring, pathology-based treatment schemes taking into account patient characteristics, patient education and the introduction of anticoagulation centers. Safety of novel anticoagulants is encouraging. EXPERT OPINION: Novel agents have the potential to compete with existing therapy for thromboprophylaxis, treatment and stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Promising results have emerged from trials comparing them with existing treatment. Not long from now we will see these new agents in the armamentarium of antithrombotic drugs.