自动紧急制动对公交车内儿童乘员颅脑损伤影响

目的 研究自动紧急制动(autonomous emergency braking,AEB)对公交车内儿童乘员的颅脑损伤影响。 方法 使用 Prescan 软件搭建公交车 AEB 测试场景,通过仿真得到 60 km/ h 初速度下公交车 AEB 制动工况下的减速度曲线。 基于已经验证的公交车模型和具有详细解剖学头部结构的 6 岁儿童混合有限元模型,选取车内儿童乘员典型的 4 个乘坐位置,使用 LS-DYNA 软件对公交车有、无 AEB 制动工况下儿童乘员头部损伤进行仿真。 以儿童乘员头部损伤指标 HIC15 、大脑灰质处压力、脑组织 von Mises 应力及剪切应力等生物力学响应为损伤评价指标,对儿童乘员的颅脑损伤进行分析。 结果 各组仿真试验中,位置 1 和 2 前方设置挡板时,儿童乘员大脑灰质处压力超过其损伤阈值,其余各位置儿童乘员的各项损伤指标均远小于对应的损伤阈值。 结论 AEB 能有效降低公交车内儿童乘员头部碰撞损伤,公交车内位置 3 处的儿童容易发生碰撞损伤风险,位置 1、2 处设置广告牌挡板会增加儿童乘员的颅脑损伤风险。     

6 岁儿童下肢长骨有限元模型验证及参数研究

研究在动态载荷下6岁儿童下肢长骨的损伤极限。分别对股骨、胫骨的有限元模型进行动态三点弯曲仿真试验,并通过有限元模型仿真试验与尸体试验结果的对比,探究相关参数对6岁儿童下肢长骨骨折的影响。仿真试验所得冲击块的撞击力 位移曲线走势与尸体试验的结果基本吻合,验证了该模型的有效性。股骨和胫骨失效时的撞击力分别为2.52和1.96 kN,位移分别为11.88和23.49 mm。与成人相比,儿童骨骼的弹性模量略低,并且骨骼韧性较好,使得撞击时发生骨折的风险相对降低。本研究为儿童下肢损伤机理及防护措施的研究提供了科学的基础数据。     

约束系统误用对6岁儿童乘员头颈部损伤的影响

目的探讨汽车在正面碰撞过程中,约束系统误用对乘坐于后排的6岁儿童乘员头颈部损伤的影响。方法基于已验证的6岁儿童有限元模型,根据ECE R44法规进行加载,在Pam-Crash软件中模拟正确以及错误使用约束系统下的汽车正面碰撞。结果仅使用增高垫时,儿童颈部作用力、力矩最小,但最大颅内压力、最大应力、脑组织最大主应变远大于其损伤阈值,会导致儿童头部产生致命的脑损伤;仅使用成人三点式安全带时,儿童颈部作用力、力矩最大,会对儿童颈部造成严重损伤。结论两种错误使用约束系统的方法加重了6岁儿童头部和颈部的损伤,只有正确使用约束系统,才能对6岁儿童头颈部起到最好的保护效果。     

6岁儿童全颈有限元模型的构建及验证

目的利用6岁儿童颈部有限元模型预测不同载荷下颈部损伤的力学响应。方法基于CT图像构建具有真实肌肉的6岁儿童颈部有限元模型,应用该模型通过分别重构儿童颈椎不同节段的动态拉伸实验、全颈椎拉伸实验和儿童志愿者低速碰撞实验验证其有效性。结果不同椎段拉伸仿真试验和全颈椎拉伸仿真试验中的力-位移曲线能够较好吻合实验曲线;儿童志愿者仿真试验的头部角速度-时间历程曲线位于实验数据通道内,吻合较好。结论该模型有效性得到验证,可用于研究儿童颈部不同载荷条件下的生物力学响应及损伤机制。     

6岁儿童胸部有限元模型的构建及验证

基于6岁儿童胸部CT图像,采用阈值分割方法,提取肋骨、肋软骨、胸骨、肺和心脏等组织的几何模型,利用逆向工程软件划分曲面片,导入Truegrid和Hypermesh中进行网格划分,建立胸部有限元模型,并利用Kroell尸体试验的缩放结果验证模型有效性。结果表明,碰撞速度为4.3 m/s时,撞击力随着位移的增大而增大,在位移为12.02 mm时撞击力达到最大值579.90 N,然后随着位移的增大而减小;碰撞速度为6.7 m/s时,撞击力在位移为16.75 mm时达到最大值980.35 N。模型撞击力-位移曲线变化趋势与实验结果基本吻合,验证了该模型的有效性。该模型为儿童胸部模型损伤机理的研究提供可靠的基础数据,同时可应用于儿童乘员损伤防护装置的开发和应用。     

6岁儿童行人-汽车碰撞中碰撞角度对头部损伤的影响

目的应用符合欧洲新车安全评鉴协会(the European New Car Assessment Programme,Euro NCAP)要求的6岁儿童行人有限元模型,探究不同碰撞角度对儿童头部损伤的影响。方法应用符合Euro NCAP技术公告(TB024)并且具有详细解剖学结构的6岁儿童行人有限元模型,设置4组行人-汽车碰撞仿真试验,探究不同碰撞角度下儿童头部损伤情况。人体头部质心初始位置在车的纵向中心线上,轿车初速度为40 km/h,轿车分别与人体右侧、前侧、左侧、后侧碰撞(即0°、90°、180°、270°)。比较不同碰撞角度下运动学差异和头部碰撞响应,同时分析面骨和颅骨的损伤情况。结果通过分析儿童行人头部接触力、头部质心合加速度、头部质心相对于车的合速度、头部损伤标准(head injury criterion,HIC_(15))、面骨骨折情况以及颅骨应力分布发现,背面、正面碰撞下儿童头部骨折及发生脑组织损伤的风险大于侧面碰撞,其中背面碰撞下儿童行人头部损伤风险最高,侧面碰撞下儿童行人头部损伤风险最低。结论背面碰撞下儿童行人头部损伤风险最大,研究结果对行人-汽车碰撞评估和防护装置研发具有重要的应用价值。     

6岁儿童头部有限元模型的构建与验证

借助6岁儿童医用头部CT扫描图片,通过图像分析处理,提取几何参数,重构生成三维几何模型。对几何模型进行有限元前处理,构建了一个6岁儿童头部有限元模型。模型中包含颅骨、骨缝、脑脊液、大脑、小脑、脑干、脑室等各个器官,共有44 886个节点,11 675个壳单元,37 482个六面体单元。.各器官材料属性采用来自参考文献的数据。仿真分析计算中,力加载时窗为11 ms时,模型的CPU计算时长低于1 h。采用Nahum尸体实验数据与仿真结果进行对比。仿真分析结果显示:成人头部撞击时撞击压与对撞压的形成规律同样适用于儿童头部碰撞。在7 900 N力作用下,尸体头部撞击侧最大压应力为140 kPa,对撞侧最大压应力为-60 kPa,而儿童头部的值分别为220.2 kPa和-135.2 kPa;在HIC值均为775的作用下,成人头部撞击侧和对撞侧最大压应力分别为140 kPa和-60 kPa,而儿童头部的值分别为160 kPa和-89 kPa。这表明,在相同作用力或HIC值下与成人相比,儿童头部更容易受到损伤。     

10岁儿童头部有限元模型的建立及验证

运用ANSYS ICEM CFD以及HYPERMESH软件对10岁儿童头部几何模型进行合理的网格划分,获得具有高度解剖学细节的10岁儿童头部有限元模型。利用MADYMO软件自带的假人,模拟一起典型跌落事故中,受伤儿童从3个不同高度跌落时人体的动力学响应过程,并计算头部与地面碰撞接触瞬间的方位和速度等运动学参数。然后将这些参数输入到10岁儿童头部有限元模型中,模拟头部与地面的碰撞过程,并分析与损伤相关的生物力学参数。结果表明,颅骨的最大应力和最大应变分布在枕骨右侧,与碰撞点的位置较为吻合,但均未超过颅骨的耐受极限。利用颅内压力可较好地预测脑组织的损伤程度,而利用脑组织的von mises应力可较好地判断脑组织的损伤位置。事故重建的结果表明,该模型具有较好的生物逼真度,可以用于儿童头部损伤生物力学的研究。     

肥胖对乘员碰撞损伤影响机制的研究进展

现有汽车安全设计和法规主要是基于标准体型的50百分位人群,在肥胖人群不断增长的趋势下,研究肥胖乘员的碰撞损伤和防护越来越重要。现有研究中多采用事故统计分析、尸体实验、多刚体模型和有限元模型等方法 探讨肥胖乘员的损伤机制,肥胖对乘员的碰撞损伤主要有泡沫效应假说、躯干几何形状变化假说和质量效应假说等多种提法,可见肥胖乘员的损伤机制尚不明确。在全面总结肥胖乘员的碰撞损伤机制基础上,阐述当前肥胖乘员碰撞损伤研究所面临的问题及未来研究的发展方向。     

球囊撑开器对儿童膝关节生物力学影响的有限元分析

目的：基于儿童膝关节MRI图像建立正常膝关节三维实体模型和球囊完全撑开膝关节的三维有限元模型,采用有限元法分析两种球囊撑开器（分开设计/一体化设计）对膝关节的生物力学影响。方法：使用医学建模软件建立儿童膝关节有限元模型,模拟儿童膝关节镜手术过程。建立两种球囊撑开器模型,对球囊模型施加不同的压力,探究分开设计时3种不同形状球囊和一体化设计时不同短轴尺寸球囊与膝关节软骨相互作用的应力分布情况,获得撑开方式的最优设计。结果：当撑开器与膝关节镜分开设计时,球状球囊对软骨的峰值应力影响较小;当撑开器一体化设计时,短半轴3.0 mm逐渐增大尺寸,环状球囊的应力峰值变化较小且软骨上的应力峰值较小,环状球囊短半轴取3.0 mm是一种较优的尺寸。结论：球囊撑开器可以有效撑开一定的膝关节间隙,撑开器一体化设计相比分开设计在术中对膝关节影响较小。本研究为球囊撑开器中球囊几何结构的设计提供理论依据,提高了半月板手术治疗的安全性。     

Finite element modeling of the growth plate in a detailed spine model

Very few computer models of the spine integrate vertebral growth plates to investigate their mechanical behavior and potential impacts on bone growth. An approach was developed to generate a finite element (FE) model of the lumbar spine and their connective tissues including the growth plate, which allowed a personalization of the geometry based on patients’ bi-planar radiographs. The geometrical validation was performed by deforming meshed vertebrae to reference vertebral specimens and comparing geometrical indices. No significant difference was found between the measured parameters, with errors under 1% in 83% of the geometrical parameters. Mechanical validation was done by simulating loading cases on a functional unit representing experimental testing on cadaveric spines. The flexibility of the functional unit remained between expected ranges of motion, but was more linear than experimental data. The mechanical behavior of the growth plate was evaluated under various loading cases: greater stresses were located in the proliferative zone for the different spinal loading cases tested. This modeling approach is a useful tool to study the effect of mechanical stresses on bone growth.     

Growth arrest of the proximal tibial physis with recurvatum and valgus deformity of the knee

Two cases of asymmetrical closure of the proximal tibial epiphysis without a clear aetiological factor were presented. In both cases premature closure of the growth plate resulted in progressive recurvatum and valgus deformity of the knee with leg length discrepancy. The correction of deformity was obtained using Taylor Spatial frame with excellent results at 2 years follow-up. We hypothesize that repetitive trauma or chronic overloading during sports activities might be a factor of growth arrest in reported cases. Orthopedic surgeons should be aware of the possibility of subtle physeal injuries, causing angular deformities, in the cases of even minor knee trauma in skeletally immature population.     

钢板骨折区增加螺钉帽对胫骨骨折内固定影响的有限元分析

目的　探讨固定胫骨骨折时骨折区钢板置入螺钉帽对固定结构生物力学性能的影响。 方法　通过CT扫描数据和三维图像重建,模拟临床手术固定建立胫骨中段粉碎性骨折锁定钢板固定有限元模型,13孔钢板布钉位置为1、2、4、5、9、10、12、13孔,骨折区钉孔为6,7,8,并设计两种钢板固定方式：A（骨折区置入螺钉帽）和B（骨折区不置螺钉帽）,对模型A和模型B分别进行600N压缩试验和1000N三点弯曲试验,计算分析模型各部位的力学指标并进行比较分析。 结果　压缩试验中,模型A钢板最大应力出现在钢板下端,模型B钢板最大应力出现在骨折区,模型A钢板最大应力明显小于模型B;三点弯曲试验中,两种模型钢板最大应力均出现在骨折区,模型A钢板最大应力明显小于模型B。 结论　在钢板骨折区空螺钉孔处增加螺钉帽,可以明显降低钢板的最大应力,减少钢板骨折区的应力集中,从而减少在骨折端处钢板发生疲劳性断裂的风险。     

Mechanobiological bone growth: comparative analysis of two biomechanical modeling approaches

Mechanobiological growth is the process whereby bone growth is modulated by mechanical loading. Analytical formulations of mechanobiological growth have been developed by Stokes et al. (J Orthop Res 17(5):646–653, 1990) and Carter et al. (J Orthop Res 6:804–816, 1988). The purpose of this study was to compare these two modeling approaches in a finite element model of a vertebra to investigate whether growth pattern induced by these models were equivalent. A finite element model of a thoracic vertebra, integrating a conceptual model of the growth plate, was developed and combined with the mechanobiological growth models. This model was further used to simulate vertebral growth modulation resulting from different physiological loading conditions. Different growth magnitudes were obtained under compression and combined tension/shear loading, whereas dissimilar growth patterns were triggered by shear forces and combined compression/shear. These two models represent mechanobiological bone growth under limited mechanical environment. Carter’s model takes into account three-dimensional stress stimuli, but does not intrinsically incorporate the resulting growth orientation. Stokes’ model adequately represents the mechanobiological contribution of axial stresses but does not take into account the contribution of non-axial stresses, which can occur in complex mechanical environment.     

基于MRI的全膝有限元模型建立与前交叉韧带重建术模拟方案

目的建立完整的人体膝关节三维有限元模型,并在此基础上建立了用于前交叉韧带重建模拟的胫股骨隧道和人工韧带模型,为进一步分析打下基础。方法以MRI图像作为数据源,运用逆向工程软件Geomagic及有限元分析软件ANSYS9.0,参考大量有关实验测试数据的文献报道,建立所需三维有限元模型。结果建立的膝关节三维有限元模型包括胫腓骨上段、股骨下段、胫股骨软骨层、胫股骨隧道、内外侧半月板、后交叉韧带、内外侧副韧带和髌韧带,几何形状良好。胫腓骨隧道和人工韧带的模拟巧妙简便,基本可以满足有限元分析的需要。结论采用MRI图像建立膝关节三维有限元模型切实可靠,能很好地模拟膝关节内部的真实解剖结构及前交叉韧带重建术中的胫股骨隧道。     

膝关节股骨远端软骨硬化前后力学性能分析

目的建立膝关节有限元模型,研究正常及软骨硬化情况下膝关节的应力、应变变化,为临床治疗膝关节骨性关节炎提供参考。方法通过Mimics、ANSYS等软件结合正常膝关节CT扫描图像数据,建立膝关节三维有限元模型,并施加350 N压力载荷,设定软骨硬化前后相关的材料参数,分析膝关节主要组织的应力、应变改变情况。结果膝关节股骨远端软骨硬化后,关节软骨的减震和传递负荷等作用基本消失;股骨应力、应变变化量最大,受力分布极不均匀,股骨前端应力、应变较内、外侧髁明显,整体受力也有明显增加;半月板的应力、应变值最大。结论长期的软骨破坏会影响关节软骨营养代谢,导致骨性关节炎疾病进一步恶化。研究结果可以较好阐释骨性关节炎发病过程和机理,同时为建立参数化研究系统提供相关数据。     

Comparison of stress on knee cartilage during kneeling and standing using finite element models

Kneeling is a common activity required for both occupational and cultural reasons and has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of knee disorders. While excessive contact pressure is considered to be a possible aggressor, it is not clear whether and to what extent stress on the cartilage during kneeling is different from that while standing. In this study, finite element models of the knee joint for both kneeling and standing positions were constructed. The results indicated differences in high-stress regions between kneeling and standing. And both the peak von-Mises stress and contact pressure on the cartilage were larger in kneeling. During kneeling, the contact pressure reached 4.25 MPa under a 300 N compressive load. It then increased to 4.66 MPa at 600 N and 5.15 MPa at 1000 N. Changing the Poisson's ratio of the cartilage, which represents changes in compressibility caused by different loading rates, was found to have an influence on the magnitude of stress.     

Influences of the depth-dependent material inhomogeneity of articular cartilage on the fluid pressurization in the human knee

The material properties of articular cartilage are depth-dependent, i.e. they differ in the superficial, middle and deep zones. The role of this depth-dependent material inhomogeneity in the poromechanical response of the knee joint has not been investigated with patient-specific joint modeling. In the present study, the depth-dependent and site-specific material properties were incorporated in an anatomically accurate knee model that consisted of the distal femur, femoral cartilage, menisci, tibial cartilage and proximal tibia. The collagen fibers, proteoglycan matrix and fluid in articular cartilage and menisci were considered as distinct constituents. The fluid pressurization in the knee was determined with finite element analysis. The results demonstrated the influences of the depth-dependent inhomogeneity on the fluid pressurization, compressive stress, first principal stress and strain along the tissue depth. The depth-dependent inhomogeneity enhanced the fluid support to loading in the superficial zone by raising the fluid pressure and lowering the compressive effective stress at the same time. The depth-dependence also reduced the tensile stress and strain at the cartilage–bone interface. The present 3D modeling revealed a complex fluid pressurization and 3D stresses that depended on the mechanical contact and relaxation time, which could not be predicted by existing 2D models from the literature. The greatest fluid pressure was observed in the medial condyle, regardless of the depth-dependent inhomogeneity. The results indicated the roles of the tissue inhomogeneity in reducing deep tissue fractures, protecting the superficial tissue from excessive compressive stress and improving the lubrication in the joint.     

基于ANSYS的人体膝关节半月板撕裂数值模拟

目的研究半月板在撕裂情况下膝关节应力、应变以及有效表面压力分布的情况。方法基于CT和MR扫描图像数据,使用软件Mimics和ANSYS,应用逆向工程原理建立膝关节的三维有限元模型(包括上、下膝盖骨和半月板),模型中处理忽略关节软骨和韧带。分析和对比健康完整膝关节、内侧半月板"V"字形撕裂膝关节和半月板纵向撕裂膝关节3种模型在承受轴向载荷时的力学响应情况。结果在轴向载荷作用下,健康膝关节半月板要传递大部分压应力载荷,且这些载荷主要集中在半月板中部的横向侧,最大的接触压力出现在半月板中间部分的后方。半月板撕裂时,应力最大的部位出现在撕裂部位周边,且由于撕裂部位的存在,半月板的接触应力分布有显著变化。结论半月板撕裂对膝关节各部件的应力分布和峰值有很大影响,医生可根据半月板的撕裂形状,通过确定半月板上应力集中的位置,有效、准确地确定半月板撕裂患者最需要重点修复治疗的地方。     

颅脑组织材料参数对儿童头部冲击响应的影响

目的针对目前对儿童颅脑组织材料参数的不确定性,研究直接冲击载荷条件下颅脑组织材料参数对儿童头部冲击响应的影响。方法应用已验证的3岁儿童头部有限元模型进行冲击仿真实验,采用正交实验设计和方差分析对儿童颅脑组织材料进行参数分析。结果颅骨弹性模量对儿童头部冲击响应具有显著性影响,随着颅骨弹性模量的增加,头部撞击侧颅内压力显著减小(P=0.000),对撞侧颅内压力显著增大(P=0.000),颅骨最大Von Mises应力显著增大(P=0.000)。脑组织的线性黏弹性材料参数对儿童头部冲击响应同样具有显著性影响,随着脑组织短效剪切模量的增加,脑组织最大主应变显著减小(P=0.000),脑组织最大剪应力则显著增加(P=0.000)。结论参数分析结果可为今后儿童头部有限元模型的材料选取提供参考依据,进而提升模型在预测临床上无法通过脑CT影像确诊的脑震荡等脑损伤时的准确性。