2005-2011年涉嫌酒后驾车交通肇事人员血中乙醇含量结果分析

血液中乙醇浓度(blood alcohol concentration,BAC)是判断酒后驾车和醉酒驾车的一项标准,根据国家质量监督检验检疫局发布的《驾驶人员血液、呼气酒精含量阈值与检验》(GB19522-2004)中规定,饮酒驾车是指驾驶人员血液中的酒精含量≥20 mg/100 ml、＜80 mg/100 ml的驾车行为,车辆驾驶人员血液中酒精含量≥80 mg/100 ml属于醉酒驾驶.将2005-2011年检测的2 595份涉嫌交通肇事人员血样中乙醇浓度的定量结果进行了分析.     

上海出国留学生酒后驾驶知识、态度和行为调查

目的了解上海出国留学生酒后驾驶知识、态度和行为及其影响因素,为相关的干预措施提供一定的科学依据。方法采用分层随机抽样方法对上海出国留学生进行问卷调查,对影响酒后驾驶的因素进行分析。结果实际发放问卷780份,回收有效问卷738份(94.6%)。调查对象的"饮酒后驾驶的最低血液酒精浓度""醉酒驾驶的最低血液酒精浓度""醉酒驾驶是否会追究刑事责任"和"因醉驾吊销驾驶证的规定年限"等知识知晓率分别为25.88%、15.31%、94.58%和12.33%。有驾照者酒后驾驶知识知晓率高于无驾照者(P0.05)。"醉酒驾驶者会受到的处罚"的知晓率仅为5.83%。94.72%调查对象认同"酒后驾驶对公共交通安全危害很大",98.78%调查对象反对酒后驾驶。有驾车经历者的酒后驾驶发生率为18.13%,且男性高于女性(χ~2=6.0111,P0.05)。影响酒后驾驶的因素包括性别、饮酒频率、酒后驾驶相关知识知晓度和乘坐饮酒者驾驶的机动车。男性(OR=3.20,95%CI=1.02~10.60)相对于女性发生酒后驾驶风险更大;饮酒频率(OR=4.73,95%CI=2.23~10.01)越高,发生酒后驾驶的风险更大;酒后驾驶知识知晓度越高(OR=5.28,95%CI=1.71~16.29),发生酒后驾驶的风险更小;乘坐饮酒者驾驶的机动车的人群(OR=7.64,95%CI=1.74~33.57)发生酒后驾驶的风险更大。结论上海出国留学生酒后驾驶相关知识欠缺,相关态度尚可,酒后驾驶行为报告率较高,可重点针对高危人群进行相应的干预措施,提高对酒后驾驶的相关知识的认知,减少酒后驾驶行为的发生。     

南京市摩托车驾驶员酒驾调查

目的了解南京市摩托车驾驶员酒后驾驶发生情况及相应的影响因素。方法采用现况调查方法,收集合并2012年4月-2013年8月期间南京市10个交警大队机动车驾驶员呼气酒精浓度（BAC）测试和问卷调查中有关摩托车驾驶员的数据进行分析。结果符合条件的样本共468例,酒后驾驶（BAC〉Omg/100mL）发生率为12．18％,其中按照（GBl9522-2010）规定饮酒后驾车和醉酒后驾车发生率分别为9．40％和0．21％;晚上及深夜酒后驾驶发生率高于白天即=14．877,P=0．001）;周末酒后驾驶发生率高于工作日（X2=9．513,P=0．006）;驾龄3年以上的驾驶员酒后驾驶发生率高于3年及以下的驾驶员（X2=5．427,P=0．020）;驾车时间在0．5时及以下驾驶员酒后驾驶发生率高于0．5时以上的驾驶员（Fisher确切概率法,P=0．017）;未戴头盔的摩托车驾驶员酒后驾驶发生率高于带头盔者（X2=6．247,P=0．012）。结论南京市摩托车驾驶员酒后驾驶发生率较高,提示应有针对性地开展干预及强化执法活动。     

南通市居民酒后驾驶相关知识、态度和行为的现况调查

目的了解南通市居民酒后驾驶的相关知识、态度和行为。方法以南通市常住人口为调查对象开展酒后驾驶的问卷调查。结果共收集问卷2 538份,其中有效问卷2 517份有效率为99.2%。调查对象对"法律规定的醉酒驾驶的最低血液酒精浓度"、"非营运车辆因醉驾吊销驾驶证几年"、"营运车辆因醉驾吊销驾驶证几年"和"醉酒驾驶受到的处罚"的知晓率分别为40.7%、38.5%、31.0%和46.6%。对"喝低酒精度的酒会影响开车"、"同意酒后驾车对公共交通安全危害大"、"反对酒后驾车"和"同意劝酒者应承担一定的事故责任"的态度正确率均高于80%。无酒后驾车者占79.3%。酒后驾车最常发生的地点是亲友聚会、商务应酬等。结论南通市居民对酒驾知识的知晓和正确的行为尚需进一步提高。     

浙江省6个地区机动车驾驶员酒后驾驶情况分析

目的 了解机动车驾驶员酒后驾驶现状.为开展有针对性的干预提供依据。方法20lO年9一iO月在浙江省6个县(市、区)采用拦截式调查法开展为期1周的机动车驾驶员酒后驾驶调查。结果 共调查16467名机动车驾驶员,酒后驾驶[血液酒精浓度(BAC)>0mg/100m1]、饮酒驾驶(20 mg,/100 ml≤BAC<80mg/100 m1)与醉酒驾驶(BAC≥80 mg/100 ml)的比率分别为1.82%、1.03%和O.27%。城市地区驾驶员酒后、饮酒和醉酒驾驶的比率均高于农村地区,男性驾驶员酒后、饮酒、醉酒驾驶的比率均高于女性驾驶员,差异有统计学意义。60.20%的酒后驾驶的驾驶员为35—49岁年龄段.且随年龄增长,驾驶员酒后、饮酒和醉酒驾驶的比率均呈上升趋势。晚问23时至次日凌晨1时发生酒后、饮酒和醉酒驾驶的比率最高。摩托车驾驶员酒后、饮酒和醉酒驾驶的比率分别为9.27%、5.01%和1.57%,均高于其他汽车驾驶员。结论 浙江省酒后驾驶情况处于相对较低水平,但依然存在.尤其在晚间23时至次日凌晨l时的时段,发生率较高。城市地区驾驶员、男性驾驶员以及摩托车驾驶员是酒后驾驶的高危人群,需在今后的酒后驾驶宣传教育和执法干预活动中加以重点关注。     

“解酒药”管用吗

<正>"过节必饮酒"、"无酒不成宴"、"酒缝知己干杯少"。自古酒就与过节、交友连在了一起。平时爱喝几杯的爷们节前老早备好了"解酒药",并收集了一些"解酒秘方",做好了"战前准备",就等到时放心地"畅饮一回"。近年全国开展了严查酒后驾车违法行为,一些酒后驾车、醉酒驾车者受到了应有的惩罚。但有些司机怀着侥幸心理,寄希望于解酒药来醒酒或应对交警的检查。专家提醒:目前没什     

驾驶员饮酒与机动车道路伤害的关系

目的探讨驾驶员饮酒与机动车道路伤害之间的关系.方法采用病例对照研究方法,以2001年11月至2002年8月在沈阳市皇姑区发生机动车交通事故的驾驶员406例为病例,同期、同地区内于随机时间、随机道路上正常行驶的驾驶员438例为对照.采用统一的问卷对驾驶员进行面询,调查内容包括一般情况,发生事故前/调查时(对照)饮酒情况,进行呼出气酒精检测和血液乙醇定量检测.并对驾驶员、道路交通管理人员进行深入访谈,探讨酒后驾车的原因.结果酒后驾车发生道路伤害的危险性是未饮酒驾车的4.13倍(OR=4.13,95%CI1.66～10.28),随驾驶员饮酒量增大,发生道路伤害的危险性逐渐增高,呈剂量反应关系(趋势χ2=9.20,P＜0.05).饮啤酒后6h内驾车发生伤害事故的危险性增高(OR=1.72,95%CI0.67～4.42).驾驶员酒后驾车原因多为对饮酒后驾车的危害认识不足.结论饮酒后驾车是造成机动车道路伤害的危险因素.饮啤酒亦会增加道路伤害发生的危险性.为加强对酒后驾车的预防和控制,必须加强对机动车驾驶员的教育和管理,正确认识饮酒对驾驶安全的危险性.     

噪声场所流动作业工人听力高频损失纵向分析

目的了解噪声对高含硫天然气净化车间流动作业工人听力的影响状况。方法采用定群、纵向研究分析138名噪声职业接触者在岗连续4年的纯音听阈测试结果。结果未检出语频听损者;除2010年外,各年度观察对象增加显著多于岗前（χ2=10.38,P〈0.01;χ2=6.31,P〈0.05;χ2=7.35,P〈0.01）,各年度各频段平均听阈显著高于岗前（t=11.52,P〈0.01;t=3.83,P〈0.05;t=37.98;P〈0.01;t=15.13;P〈0.01）;4次在岗体检3000Hz、4000Hz、600OHz处听损耳次三频段之间比较（χ2=167.95,P〈0.01）、各频段两两相比（χ2=165.8,χ2=56.42,χ2=40.09,P〈0.01）,差异均有统计学意义。结论各年度听损耳数和观察对象数目前未呈现逐年递增趋势,时间累积效应关系尚不稳定,该车间噪声危害目前可控。     

千万别让“解酒药”忽悠了你

"过节必饮酒"、"无酒不成宴"、"酒缝知已千杯少"。自古酒就与过节、交友连在了一起。一些单位负责招待"关系户"的陪酒人员以及平时就爱喝几杯的爷们节前老早就备好了"解酒药"并收集了一些"解酒秘方",做好了"战前准备",就等到时放心地"畅饮一回"。去年以来,全国开展了严查酒后驾车违法行为,一些酒后驾车、醉酒驾车者受到了应有的惩罚。但有些司机怀着侥幸心理,寄希望于解酒药来醒酒或应对交警的检查。专家提醒:目前没什么药能真正解酒。     

健康管理对重庆市老年人生活方式的影响

目的评估健康管理对老年人吸烟、饮酒、体育锻炼等慢性病相关生活方式的影响,为完善老年人健康管理提供理论依据。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法在重庆市24个区县抽取13 801名65岁及以上老年人的健康档案和体检表,数据经EpiData 3.1双录入后采用SPSS 19.0进行统计分析,比较实施健康管理后老年人的吸烟、饮酒及体育锻炼达标情况。结果 2011-2013年,饮食荤素均衡的老年人比例逐年上升,分别为89.2%,90.4%,91.5%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=42.11,P0.01);饮食以荤食为主的老年人比例逐年下降,分别为4.9%,4.3%,3.8%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.26,P0.01);饮食以素食为主的老年人比例逐年下降,分别为5.9%,5.3%,4.7%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=19.88,P0.01);嗜盐老年人比例逐年下降,分别为8.0%,6.9%,5.9%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=47.27,P0.01);嗜油老年人比例逐年下降,分别为4.5%,3.6%,2.4%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=90.85,P0.01)。2011-2013年,老年人的体育锻炼达标率也逐年上升,分别为15.6%,18.5%,19.9%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=90.50,P0.01);2011-2013年,老年人的现在吸烟率呈逐渐下降趋势,分别为20.1%,18.3%,18.1%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=21.26,P0.01);男性老年人3年的现在吸烟率均高于女性,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=2 604.35,2 526.42,2 507.03,P0.01)。2011-2013年,老年人的饮酒率呈逐渐下降趋势,分别为20.1%,18.1%,16.9%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=48.01,P0.01);男性老年人3年的饮酒率均明显高于女性,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=2 096.82,1 969.58,1 714.52,P0.01);不同年龄段老年人3年的饮酒率比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=16.35,28.58,33.70,P0.01)。结论健康管理对老年人慢性病相关不良生活方式的改善效果明显,但需要持续开展。     

HAS INCREASED BODY WEIGHT MADE DRIVING SAFER?

We develop a model of alcohol consumption that incorporates the negative biological relationship between body mass and inebriation conditional on total alcohol consumption. Our model predicts that the elasticity of inebriation with respect to weight is equal to the own‐price elasticity of alcohol, consistent with body mass increasing the effective price of inebriation. Given that alcohol is generally considered price inelastic, this result implies that as individuals gain weight, they consume more alcohol but become less inebriated. We test this prediction and find that driver blood alcohol content (BAC) is negatively associated with driver weight. In fatal accidents with driver BAC above 0.10, the driver was 7.8 percentage points less likely to be obese than drivers in fatal accidents that did not involve alcohol. This relationship is not explained by driver attributes (age and sex), driver behaviors (speed and seatbelt use), vehicle attributes (weight class, model year, and number of occupants), or accident context (county of accident, time of day, and day of week). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Onset of a Declining Trend in Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes Involving Drunk-driving in Japan

Background

In Japan, introduction of severe drunk-driving penalties and a lower blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit in June 2002 was followed by a substantial reduction in fatal alcohol-related crashes. However, previous research suggests that this reduction started before the legal amendments. The causes of the decrease have not been studied in detail.

Methods

Monthly police data on fatal road traffic crashes from January 1995 to August 2006 were analyzed using a joinpoint regression model to identify change-points in the trends of the proportion of drunk-driving among drivers primarily responsible for fatal crashes. We analyzed the data by BAC level (≥0.5 or <0.5 mg/ml), then conducted analyses stratified by vehicle type (car or motorcycle) and age group (<45 or ≥45 years) only for the proportion of those with a BAC of 0.5 mg/ml or higher.

Results

Among all drivers, the proportion of those with a BAC of 0.5 mg/ml or higher and those with a BAC greater than 0 but less than 0.5 mg/ml showed a change-point from increase to decrease in February 2000 and in May 2002, respectively. The proportion of those with a BAC of 0.5 mg/ml or higher showed a change-point from increase to decrease in October 1999 among car drivers and in April 2000 among drivers younger than 45 years. There was no change-point among motorcyclists. A change-point from no trend to a decrease in January 2002 was observed among those 45 years or older.

Conclusions

The change-point identified around the end of 1999 to the start of 2000 suggests that a high-profile fatal crash in November 1999, which drew media attention and provoked public debate, triggered subsequent changes in drunk-driving behavior.Key words: alcohol, Japan, mass media, regression analysis, traffic accidents     

颜色护理标识卡在急诊输液中的应用

目的为确保急诊输液安全,规避护理风险,防范护理缺陷。方法对急诊输液病人根据使用的药物挂上不同颜色的标识卡。结果使用输液颜色标识卡前(2007年1月至2008年12月)与使用输液颜色标识卡后(2009年1月至今)的输液护理缺陷对比:由30例降至零,输液相关投诉由28例降至5例,静脉服务满意度由88.25%升至96.75%。结论输液护理标识卡的应用,增强了输液安全,提高了护士工作效率,为构建和谐护患关系创造了条件。     

Children's accidents in rural environment: study of 324 cases]

The child's accidents constitute a problem of public health. The purpose of our work is to study the epidemiological factors and peculiarities of the accident at the child in a farming locality (locality of Jbeniana). The survey is made to the service of Emergencies of the Regional hospital of Jbeniana on one year (of May 2000 to April 2001). 324 cases of accidents at children of lower or equal age to 14 years have been counted. Our set is constituted of 246 boys (76%) and 78 girls (24%). In 1/3 of cases age is included between 2 and 5 years, in_of cases between 6 and 10 years. The domestic accident represents the most frequent circumstance (72% of cases), follow-up of circulation accidents (12.9%), falls represents the most frequent domestic accident mechanism (38%). In 57% of circulation accidents, the child is a passenger or driver of two-wheeled vehicle. Lesion balance shows that in 47.2% of cases the child presents superficial lesions. A badly adapted environment is found in 31.4% of cases. A failing of the setting is noted in 44% of cases. The prevention to be efficient should take into account of the inherent measurements to the accident (environment, cultural and psychological factors).     

2000～2008年重度子痫前期常见并发症流行病学调查分析

目的:调查分析重度子痫前期常见并发症发病率及变化趋势,为孕产期保健提供参考资料。方法:采用回顾性调查分析2000～2008年1812例重度子痫前期孕妇及2019例无妊娠期高血压疾病的孕妇为对照人群。结果:重度子痫前期孕妇并发心脏病113例,发病率为6.24%;脑血管意外72例,发病率3.97%;视网膜病变47例,发病率2.62%;胎儿生长受限179例,发病率9.87%。对照组孕妇并发心脏病5例,发病率0.25%;脑血管意外3例,发病率0.15%;视网膜病变2例,发病率0.10%;胎儿生长受限16例,发病率0.80%。心脏病及胎儿生长受限发病率逐年降低,而脑血管意外及视网膜病变发病率变化不明显。结论:重度子痫前期孕妇常见并发症发病率远高于正常对照组,应进一步加强脑血管意外及视网膜病变防治工作,做到早诊断、早治疗,从而降低发病率。     

外周血5-羟色胺及5-羟色氨酸水平与驾驶员事故倾向性关系研究

目的 探讨外周血5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT）及5-羟色氨酸（5-hydroxytryptophan,5-HTP）水平与驾驶员事故倾向性的关系。方法 采用病例对照研究方法,选取2008年1月~2012年12月中发生三次及三次以上同等责任交通事故的机动车驾驶员纳入病例组,按照同性别、同种驾驶车型以及年龄和驾龄相差不到2岁,同一时期且未发生过道路交通伤害（road traffic injuries,RTIs）的驾驶员作为对照组。结果 病例组体内5-HT及5-HTP水平均低于对照组（均有P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,5-HT低水平及5-HTP低水平与机动车驾驶员事故倾向性有关（均有P<0.05）。结论 驾驶员5-HT水平和5-HTP水平与其事故倾向性可能有关;5-HT和5-HTP水平高是驾驶员事故倾向性的保护因素。     

苏州市公众酒后驾驶宣传干预效果评价

目的评价苏州市公众酒后驾驶宣传干预效果。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法,干预前后分别对居民进行酒后驾驶相关知识、态度、行为问卷调查。结果居民对酒后驾驶知识知晓率由干预前的44.97%提高至干预后的62.20%(P0.05),行为正确率由70.70%提高至74.30%(P0.05),态度正确率由81.29%提高至83.71%(P0.05)。干预后城市居民、无驾照者知识知晓率提高幅度较农村居民、有驾照者大。结论本次干预后取得一定成效,但仍需加强宣传教育,杜绝酒后驾驶行为。     

颜色护理标识卡在急诊输液中的应用

目的为确保急诊输液安全,规避护理风险,防范护理缺陷。方法对急诊输液病人根据使用的药物挂上不同颜色的标识卡。结果使用输液颜色标识卡前（2007年1月至2008年12月）与使用输液颜色标识卡后（2009年1月至今）的输液护理缺陷对比：由30例降至零,输液相关投诉由28例降至5例,静脉服务满意度由88.25%升至96.75%。结论输液护理标识卡的应用,增强了输液安全,提高了护士工作效率,为构建和谐护患关系创造了条件。     

Alcohol consumption of patients attending two accident and emergency departments in north-west England.

The impact of alcohol use on the workload of two accident & emergency departments in north-west England was assessed by blood alcohol concentration (BAC) measurement, inspection of clinical records and interview of all patients aged 16 and over attending throughout a two-week period. The frequency of intoxication was similar to the previous reported rate in Scotland: 13.2% of all patients had a positive BAC. Inebriated injured patients arrived at all times of the day--varying in frequency from 2.5% of midday attenders to 78% of those presenting after midnight. The incidence of alcohol-related industrial accidents was low, but 60% of all assaulted patients were inebriated, many having sustained head injuries. Of patients attending within 2 hours of an accident at home, 19% also had a positive BAC, but 92% of those with ankle sprains were sober. Patients in lower social classes reported higher rates of alcohol consumption. The popularity of beer in comparison to wines and spirits was inversely related to age and unrelated to social class. Alcohol abuse is commonly associated with injuries sustained at home and with assaults occurring in public places. Prevention campaigns directed at the reduction of these types of incidents should be as concerned with the inebriation of the patient as with the architectural, environmental and legal framework within which the 'accident' occurs.     

Driver distance from the steering wheel: perception and objective measurement.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the accuracy of driver perceptions of the distance between the driver's nose and the steering wheel of the vehicle as a factor in considering driver disconnection of an airbag contained in the steering wheel for preventing injury to the driver in an accident. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 1000 drivers was done to obtain perceived and objective measurements of the distance between the driver's nose and the steering wheel of the vehicle. RESULTS: Of 234 drivers who believed that they sat within 12 inches of the steering wheel, only 8 (3%) actually did so, whereas of 658 drivers who did not believe that they sat within 12 inches of the wheel, 14 (2%) did so. Shorter drivers were more likely than taller ones to both underestimate and overestimate their seating distance. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable misperception of drivers' distance from the wheel indicates that drivers should objectively measure this distance.