Risk factor analysis of proximal junctional kyphosis after posterior fusion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis

Study design

A retrospective analysis of 150 adolescents who underwent spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis.

Objective

To analyse the incidence of the postoperative proximal junctional kyphosis after posterior fusion to the upper thoracic vertebra in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and to explore its risk factors.

Summary of background data

The reported incidence of the proximal junctional kyphosis after the posterior fusion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis varies depending on surgical methods and strategies adopted by the institution.

Methods

The changes in the Cobb angle of the proximal junctional kyphosis on the lateral spine X-ray were measured and the presence of PJK was recorded. The risk factors were screened using statistical analysis.

Results

PJK occurred in 35 out of 123 patients with an overall incidence of 28%. Among them, 28 patients (80%) experienced PJK within 1.5 years after surgery. The PJK-inducing factors included greater than 10° intraoperative decrease in thoracic kyphosis, thoracoplasty, the use of a pedicle screw at the top vertebra, autogenous bone graft and fusion to the lower lumbar vertebra (below L2).

Conclusions

There is a high incidence of postoperative proximal junctional kyphosis after posterior fusion to the upper thoracic vertebra within 1.5 years after surgery in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. In order to reduce its incidence, the risk factors for PJK should be carefully evaluated before surgery.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形后远端交界区变化

目的:探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者后路矫形术后远端交界区(LIV+2)在冠状面、矢状面和轴位上的变化。方法:2005年6月～2007年6月手术治疗AIS患者32例,男6例,女26例,年龄10～19岁,平均14.4岁。按PUMC分型,Ⅰc1例,Ⅱa4例,Ⅱb19例,Ⅱb21例,Ⅱc11例,Ⅱc35例,Ⅱd15例,Ⅲa5例,Ⅲb1例。均采用后路全节段椎弓根螺钉系统矫形固定,其中远端融合椎(LIV)与稳定椎(SV)为同一椎体(A组)15例,LIV与SV非同一椎体(B组)17例。术前和末次随访时摄站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,测量冠状面上躯干偏移(TS),LIV的倾斜度(LIVT),LIV尾侧椎间盘开角(LIVA),冠状面和矢状面上远端交界区的Cobb角和椎体的旋转度(LIV+1VR和LIV+2VR)。结果:随访24～36个月,平均29个月。两组末次随访时的TS与术前比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。A组LIVT由术前20.2°±5.9°下降到末次随访时的4.7°±3.8°(P0.001),B组由17.2°±5.5°下降到4.4°±2.7°(P0.001);A组术前和末次随访时LIVA分别为7.5°±4.7°和3.9°±3.1°(P=0.056);B组分别为4.5°±3.4°和5.4°±3.2°(P=0.492);Pearson′s相关分析显示两组远端融合椎倾斜度变化和其尾侧椎间盘开角变化之间相关性不显著(A组r=-0.067,P=0.813;B组r=0.362,P=0.154)。A组远端交界区(LIV+2)冠状面上Cobb角由术前20.5°±9.6°矫正至末次随访时9.4°±7.3°(P0.001);B组由13.8°±6.7°矫正至8.1°±4.7°(P=0.013);A、B组末次随访时远端交界区矢状面上Cobb角与术前比较均无显著性差异(分别为P=0.464,P=0.598);Pearson′s相关分析显示A组末次随访时矢状面Cobb角和术前矢状面Cobb角之间相关性不显著(r=0.076,P=0.788),B组的相关性显著(r=0.803,P0.001)。两组末次随访时LIV+1VR和LIV+2VR与术前比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:AIS患者应用后路全节段椎弓根螺钉系统矫正后远端交界区在冠状面上矫形明显,矢状面和轴位上矫形不明显,且远端融合椎倾斜度减小。     

成人退行性脊柱侧凸后路长节段腰椎体间融合术后发生近端交界性后凸的危险因素

目的 :分析成人退行性脊柱侧凸(ADS)经长节段后路腰椎体间融合术(PLIF)后近端交界性后凸(PJK的发生率和相关危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2013年6月～2016年1月在我院行长节段PLIF治疗的144例ADS患者,术后43例发生PJK(PJK组),无PJK组101例。收集两组患者基本资料和临床功能评分,包括年龄、性别、随访时间、体重指数(BMI),术前合并贫血、糖尿病、高血压病和心脏病情况,吸烟情况,既往手术史,住院时间,术前与末次随访时的Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)、JOA评分、VAS评分和末次随访时的腰椎僵硬性残疾指数(lumbar stiffness disability index,LSDI)评分;与手术相关的参数,包括术中出血量、手术用时、融合节段、减压节段、骶骨融合、后方韧带复合体(PLC)损伤、截骨术、螺钉松动、断棒、脑脊液漏、假关节形成、再手术、术前与末次随访Cobb角、术前骨盆入射角(PI)-腰椎前凸角(LL)、末次随访时的PILL、术前与末次随访时的矢状面垂直轴(SVA)。对比两组术后即刻影像学参数,包括骨盆倾斜角(PT)、PI、骶骨倾斜角(SS)、LL、PI-LL、胸椎后凸角(TK)、LL-TK、实际腰椎前凸角(RLL)、实际胸椎后凸角(RTK)、实际腰椎前凸角与实际胸椎后凸角匹配值(RLL-RTK)、上端椎坡度(UIVs)、上端椎倾斜角(UIVi)、SVA、UIV与C7垂线距离(UIVa)与UIV上终板前缘与椎体后缘垂线距离(UIVb)的比值(UIVa/b)。组间连续变量比较采用One-Way ANOVA检验,然后再用SNK法进行多重检验;分类变量采用χ~2检验,而非连续数据的统计学显著性通过Pearson卡方检验进行比较。以可疑危险因素为自变量,以是否出现PJK作为因变量对其进行单因素分析,然后将有统计学意义的自变量代入Logistics模型进行多因素回归分析,最终确定PJK相关危险因素。Pearson相关检验(r)用于评估骨盆与脊柱参数的相关性。结果:患者一般资料中,性别、BMI、糖尿病、吸烟、末次随访ODI和LSDI评分两组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在手术相关参数中,术中出血量、融合节段数、减压节段数、骶骨融合、PLC损伤、再手术率、术前PI-LL、末次随访PI-LL和末次随访SVA两组比较有统计学差异(P0.05)。术后即刻影像学参数中,PT、SS、LL、PI-LL、LL-TK、RLL、RLL-RTK、UIVs、UIVi和UIVa/b两组比较有统计学差异(P0.05)。将组间比较结果有统计学差异的参数进行单因素分析后有意义的参数包括性别、BMI、糖尿病、吸烟、LL-TK、UIVs、UIVa/b、PI-LL、骶骨融合和PLC损伤。再经多因素Logistics回归分析,结果显示ADS术后发生PJK的独立危险因素包括BMI(OR 1.6,P=0.000)、吸烟(OR 3.1,P=0.016)、UIVs(OR 2.0,P=0.015)和PI-LL(OR 1.2,P=0.015)。在脊柱骨盆参数Pearson相关系数分析中发现,SVA与UIVa/b、UIVs和UIVi之间存在较高的相关性(r=-0.93,P0.001)、(r=-0.66,P0.001)和(r=-0.68,P0.001);UIVa/b与UIVs及UIVi之间存在较高的相关性(r=-0.63,P0.001)和(r=0.-68,P0.001)。结论:接受长节段PLIF的ADS患者术后发生PJK的独立危险因素为BMI、吸烟、UIVs和PI-LL。UIVa/b可以反映SVA情况和UIV倾斜情况,可作为发生PJK的预测因子。     

轻中度胸弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者胸椎后凸角对上胸椎后凸角的影响

目的:探讨轻中度胸弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者胸椎后凸角与上胸椎后凸角的关系,并评估其临床意义。方法:选取在我院就诊的轻中度(Cobb角40°~60°)单胸弯型AIS患者50例、双胸弯型AIS患者50例,均摄站立位脊柱全长正位X线片及上肢抱胸体位下的站立位脊柱全长侧位X线片。测量主胸弯Cobb角、上胸椎(T2~T5)后凸角(upper thoracic kyphosis,UTK)及胸椎(T5~T12)后凸角(total kyphosis,TK)。两种弯型患者分别按TK大小分为两组:A组TK<10°,B组10°≤TK≤40°。分别将两种弯型的A组及B组的参数测量结果进行比较,并对相关参数指标进行Spearman相关分析。结果:在单胸弯型AIS患者中,A组UTK平均为6.9°,B组为9.8°,两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05);单胸弯AIS患者TK与UTK存在显著性正相关(P<0.05)。在双胸弯型AIS患者中,A组的UTK平均为12.0°,B组为11.9°,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),双胸弯型AIS患者的TK与UTK无显著性相关(P>0.05)。结论:双胸弯型AIS患者的TK对UTK无明显影响;而单胸弯型AIS患者的UTK会随着TK的减小而减小,在对单胸弯型AIS患者进行胸椎融合时,应考虑其对术后矢状面形态重建的影响。     

远端固定椎-矢状面稳定椎位置关系对特发性胸椎侧凸矫形术后远端交界性后凸发生率的影响

目的:探讨远端固定椎(lowest instrumented vertebra,LIV)和矢状面稳定椎(sagittal stable vertebra,SSV)位置关系对特发性脊柱侧凸患者后路矫形选择性胸弯融合术后远端交界性后凸(distal junctional kyphosis,DJK)发生率的影响。方法:回顾性分析153例行后路主胸弯选择性融合术的Leneke 1A型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者的临床资料。SSV定义为骶骨后上角垂线接触的最远端下终板所在的椎体。根据术后远端固定椎(lowest instrumented vertebra,LIV)与SSV的关系分为两组:LIV位于SSV近端椎体为LIVSSV组,LIV位于SSV或其远端椎体为LIV≥SSV组。测量患者术前、术后和随访时的冠状面主弯Cobb角和脊柱-骨盆矢状面相关参数,比较两组患者术后DJK的发生率以及发生DJK与未发生DJK患者的影像学参数和SRS-22评分。结果:LIVSSV组31例,LIV≥SSV组122例,两组患者在性别、年龄、Risser征、手术时间、手术出血量、融合节段数、随访时间、术前影像学参数及SRS-22评分均无统计学差异(P0.05)。术后随访24~69个月,共有13例患者发生DJK,发生率为8.4%,LIVSSV组患者DJK发生率(25.8%)高于LIV≥SSV组(4.1%)(χ~2=12.320,P0.001)。发生DJK患者与未发生DJK患者术前影像学参数及SRS-22评分均无显著性差异(P0.05),但末次随访时,发生DJK患者的胸椎后凸角、胸腰段后凸角、矢状面轴向距离、远端交界角均高于未发生DJK患者,且SRS-22疼痛评分低于未发生DJK患者,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:远端固定椎-矢状面稳定椎位置关系显著影响Lenke 1A型AIS患者术后DJK的发生率,远端融合至SSV或其远端椎体可以显著降低术后DJK的发生率,更好地维持矢状面平衡。     

退变性腰椎侧凸后路长节段固定融合术后近端交界性后凸的危险因素分析

目的:探讨退变性腰椎侧凸(degenerative lumbar scoliosis,DLS)后路长节段固定融合术后发生近端交界性后凸(proximal junctional kyphosis,PJK)的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2009年4月~2014年5月于我院行长节段(≥5个椎体)固定融合手术、年龄≥45岁、随访时间≥2年的DLS患者共60例。将随访时出现PJK的患者纳入PJK组,其余患者纳入对照组。用单变量分析比较两组患者个体资料、手术资料和影像学参数间的差异,找出潜在的危险因素,然后用Logistic回归分析确定独立危险因素。个体资料包括性别、年龄、体重指数(BMI)、骨密度(BMD)和T-值。手术资料包括固定融合椎体数、最上端固定椎(UIV)位置、最下端固定椎(UIV)位置、截骨操作和椎间融合。影像学参数包括侧凸Cobb角、胸椎后凸角(TK)、胸腰段后凸角(TLK)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)、总矢状位序列(GSA)、矢状位平衡(SVA)和交界区后凸角(PJA1为UIV+1上终板与UIV下终板的夹角;PJA_2为UIV+2上终板与UIV下终板的夹角)等。结果:研究共纳入DLS患者60例,年龄63.2±6.4岁(45~74岁),术前Cobb角28.51°±10.94°(10.7°~55.1°),手术平均固定融合节段6.7±1.3个(5~9个)。随访40.3±11.1个月(24~59个月),末次随访时11例患者发生PJK(PJK组),49例患者未发生PJK(对照组),PJK发生率为18.3%。与对照组相比,PJK组有更多的BMD0.850g/cm2例数(100.0%vs 36.1%,P=0.005);更多的UIV位于T11-L1例数(100.0%vs 69.4%,P=0.030);更多的术前PJA19°例数(45.5%vs 10.2%,P=0.013)、术前TLK≥15°例数(63.6%vs 22.4%,P=0.012)、术前SS25°例数(90.9%vs 46.9%,P=0.016)、术后即刻PJA_2≥5°例数(100.0%vs 46.9%,P=0.001)和术后即刻PJA_2增长≥3°例数(90.9%vs 46.9%,P=0.016)。Logistic回归分析示术前PJA_19°(OR=19.432,P=0.017)、术前SS25°(OR=23.131,P=0.022)和术后即刻PJA_2增长≥3°(OR=22.382,P=0.025)为发生PJK的独立危险因素。结论:术前PJA_19°、术前SS25°和术后即刻PJA2增大≥3°是发生PJK的独立危险因素,BMD0.850g/cm~2、UIV位于T11-L1、术前TLK≥15°和术后即刻PJA_2≥5°是发生PJK的潜在危险因素。     

Spinal coronal profiles and proximal femur bone mineral density in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Purpose

Although the occurrence and progression of AIS has been linked to low bone mineral density (BMD), the relationships between spinal curvature and bilateral differences in proximal femur BMD are controversial. Few correlation studies have stratified patients by curve type. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between spinal coronal profile and bilateral differences in proximal femur BMD in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Methods

This study included 67 patients with AIS who underwent posterior correction and fusion surgery between January 2009 and October 2011. The mean age at the time of surgery was 17.4 ± 4.1 years. Bilateral proximal femur BMD was measured before surgery by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We compared the proximal femur BMDs by determining the bilateral BMD ratio (left proximal femur BMD divided by that of the right). We evaluated correlations between coronal parameters, obtained from preoperative radiographs, and the BMD ratio using Pearson’s correlation analysis.

Results

Patients with Lenke type 1 curve (48; all with a right convex curve) had a mean bilateral proximal femur BMD ratio of 1.00 ± 0.04. Patients with Lenke type 5 curve (19; all with a left convex curve) had a mean bilateral proximal femur BMD ratio of 0.94 ± 0.04, indicating that the BMD in the proximal femur on the right side (concave) was greater than that in the left (convex). Coronal balance was significantly correlated with the BMD ratio in both the Lenke type 1 and type 5 groups, with a correlation coefficient of 0.46 and 0.50, respectively.

Conclusions

The bilateral proximal femur BMD ratio was significantly correlated with the coronal balance in AIS patients. When the C7 plumb line was shifted toward one side, the BMD was greater in the contralateral proximal femur.     

Current concepts and controversies on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Part II

A new era in the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) opened with the introduction of pedicle screw instrumentation, which provides 3-column vertebral fixation and allows major deformity correction on the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes. A steep learning curve can be expected for spinal surgeons to become familiar with pedicle screw placement and correction techniques. Potential complications including injury to adjacent neural, vascular, and visceral structures can occur due to screw misplacement or pull-out during correction maneuvers. These major complications are better recognized as pedicle screw techniques become more popular and may result in serious morbidity and mortality. Extensive laboratory and clinical training is mandatory before pedicle screw techniques in scoliosis surgery are put to practice. Wider application, especially in developing countries, is limited by the high cost of implants. Refined correction techniques are currently developed and these utilize a lesser number of pedicle anchors which are strategically positioned to allow optimum deformity correction while reducing the neurological risk, surgical time, and blood loss, as well as instrumentation cost. Such techniques can be particularly attractive at a time when cost has major implications on provision of health care as they can make scoliosis treatment available to a wider population of patients. Pedicle screw techniques are currently considered the gold standard for scoliosis correction due to their documented superior biomechanical properties and ability to produce improved clinical outcomes as reflected by health-related quality-of-life questionnaires. Ongoing research promises further advances with the future of AIS treatment incorporating genetic counseling and possibly fusionless techniques.     

Clinical and economic implications of early discharge following posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Objective

To evaluate the clinical and economic impact of a novel postoperative pathway following posterior spinal fusion (PSF) in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Methods

Patient charts were reviewed for demographic data and to determine length of surgery, implant density, use of osteotomies, estimated blood loss, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, length of hospital stay, and any subsequent complications. Hospital charges were divided by charge code to evaluate potential savings.

Results

Two hundred and seventy-nine of 365 patients (76.4 %) treated with PSF carried a diagnosis of AIS and had completed 6 months of clinical and radiologic follow-up, a period of time deemed adequate to assess early complications. There was no difference between groups in age at surgery, sex, number of levels fused, or length of follow-up. Patients managed under the accelerated discharge (AD) pathway averaged 1.36 (31.7 %) fewer days of inpatient stay. Operative time was associated with a shorter length of stay. There was no difference in complications between groups. Hospital charges for room and board were significantly less in the AD group ($1.885 vs. $2,779, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

A pathway aimed to expedite discharge following PSF for AIS decreased hospital stay by nearly one-third without any increase in early complication rate. A small but significant decrease in hospital charges was seen following early discharge. Early discharge following PSF for AIS may be achieved without increased risk of complications, while providing a small cost savings.     

Selective fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a radiographic evaluation of risk factors for imbalance

ObjectivesTo report on the outcome and evaluate possible risk factors for postoperative complications following selective spinal fusion in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).ResultsDuring the 11-year study period, 157 patients with AIS underwent surgery for their progressive spinal deformity. Thirty patients (19 %) had a selective spinal fusion, with 16 patients (group A) having a selective thoracic, and 14 patients (group B) having a selective thoracolumbar/lumbar spinal arthrodesis. In both groups the main postoperative complications were adding-on (25 % group A, 36 % group B) and coronal decompensation (25 % group A, 29 % group B). In group A, no statistically significant risk factors for postoperative complications were identified. In group B, global coronal balance was identified as a significant risk factor for adding-on. Patients with adding-on had significantly higher coronal balance scores (mean 3.6) than those who did not experience adding-on (mean 1.9) (p = 0.03). In addition, those with adding-on had a significantly smaller bending lumbar Cobb angle (mean 15) than those without adding-on (mean 31.6) (p = 0.015). None of the patients who underwent selective spinal fusion required revision surgery.ConclusionAlthough the complication rate after performing a selective spinal fusion is high, the revision rate remains low and the debate whether or not to perform a selective spinal fusion will continue.     

退变性腰椎侧凸患者椎旁肌退变与术后近端交界性后凸的相关性研究

目的:探讨退变性腰椎侧凸(degenerative lumbar scoliosis,DLS)患者术前腰椎椎旁肌肉的退变程度与后路长节段固定融合术后近端交界性后凸(proximal junctional kyphosis,PJK)发生的关系。方法:本研究共纳入52例DLS患者,根据末次随访是否发生PJK分为PJK组(10例)及无PJK(non-PJK)组(42例)。影像学评估包括脊柱骨盆矢状位参数、腰椎椎旁肌肌量(肌肉与椎体/椎间盘横截面积比值)以及肌肉-脂肪指数(肌肉与皮下脂肪的平均信号强度之比)。利用Logistic回归分析PJK发生的危险因素。比较两组患者一般资料、术前及随访时腰痛VAS及健康相关生活质量评分(SRS-22)。结果:本组患者PJK发生率为19.23%。患者手术年龄、性别、身体质量指数、患病时长、糖尿病、截骨及椎间融合、固定节段数、减压节段数、骨密度T值在PJK组及无PJK组均未见明显统计学差异。术前骨矿盐密度(bone mineral density,BMD)较低、术前胸腰段后凸角(TLK)较大、术中胸椎后凸角(TK)矫正过大、最上端固定椎(UIV)位于T12-L1、术后即刻交界性后凸角(PJA)过大、术前骶骨倾斜角(SS)较小、术后PJA变化值较大、腰背伸肌群脂肪退变明显可能与腰椎退变性侧凸长节段固定术后发生PJK相关。通过Logistic回归分析发现,术前SS25°(OR=12.902,P=0.046)、术后即刻PJA增大≥3.6°(OR=21.940,P=0.015)、腰背伸肌肌肉-脂肪指数≥27.65(OR=11.749,P=0.019)为发生PJK的独立危险因素。PJK患者的随访腰痛VAS及SRS-22功能状态评分较non-PJK组差。结论:DLS术后发生PJK患者,术前腰椎椎旁肌肌量较低、脂肪退变明显。术前SS25°、术后即刻PJA增大≥3.6°、腰背伸肌肌肉-脂肪指数≥27.65为发生PJK的独立危险因素。     

The effect of prophylactic vertebroplasty on the incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure following posterior spinal fusion in adult spinal deformity: a 5-year follow-up study

Background Context

The incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) ranges from 5% to 46% following adult spinal deformity surgery. Approximately 66% to 76% of PJK occurs within 3 months of surgery. A subset of these patients, reportedly 26% to 47%, develop proximal junctional failure (PJF) within 6 months postoperatively. To date, there are no studies evaluating the impact of prophylactic vertebroplasty on PJK and PJF incidence at long-term follow-up.

Anterior surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Anterior open scoliosis surgery using the dual rod system is a safe and rather effective procedure for the correction of scoliosis (50–60 %). Thoracic hypokyphosis and rib hump correction with open anterior rather than posterior instrumentation appear to be the better approaches, although the latter is somewhat controversial with current posterior vertebral column derotation devices. In patients with Risser grade 0, hyperkyphosis and adding-on may occur with anterior thoracic spine instrumentation. Anterior thoracoscopic instrumentation provides a similar correction (65 %) with good cosmetic outcomes, but it is associated with a rather high risk of instrumentation (pull-out, pseudoarthrosis) and pulmonary complications. Approximately 80 % of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) curves of >70° have restrictive lung disease or smaller than normal lung volumes. AIS patients undergoing anterior thoracotomy or anteroposterior surgery will demonstrate a significant decrease in percentage of predicted lung volumes during follow-up. The thoracoabdominal approach and thoracoscopic approach without thoracoplasty do not produce similar changes in detrimental lung volume. In patients with severe AIS (>90°), posterior-only surgery with TPS provides similar radiographic correction of the deformity (44 %) with better pulmonary function outcomes than anteroposterior surgery. Vascular spinal cord malfunction after segmental vessel ligation during anterior scoliosis surgery has been reported. Based on the current literature, the main indication for open anterior scoliosis instrumentation is Lenke 5C thoracolumbar or lumbar AIS curve with anterior instrumentation typically between T11 and L3.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧弯胸腰椎生理曲度的影像学研究

目的:探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)胸腰椎生理曲度变化情况以及不同类型侧弯之间胸腰椎生理曲度的差异。方法:自2017年1月至2021年12月回顾性分析305例脊柱全长正侧位X线片的青少年患者,根据有无侧弯分为正常组和侧弯组。正常组179例,男79例,女100例;年龄10~18(12.84±2.10)岁。侧弯组126例,男33例,女93例;年龄10~18(13.92±2.20)岁。观察并比较两组Risser征、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)与腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL),并分析比较不同性别、不同程度侧弯与不同节段侧弯TK值与LL值。结果:侧弯组在女性比率(P=0.001)、年龄(P<0.001)方面均明显高于正常组;Risser征方面,正常组低级别骨化程度比率明显高于侧弯组(P=0.038)。侧弯组TK值明显小于正常组(P<0.001),而两组LL值比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.147)。男性与女性之间比较,TK值与LL值差异无统计学意义。轻度侧弯TK值明显大于中度侧弯(P<0.05),但LL值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同节段侧弯之间TK值与LL值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:胸椎与腰椎生理曲度均与性别无关;AIS患者胸椎生理曲度变小,但是腰椎生理曲度基本不变。轻度AIS患者的胸椎生理曲度大于中度AIS患者,但是腰椎生理曲度在轻中度患者之间几乎无差异,且与正常青少年相似。AIS患者胸腰椎生理曲度变化可能与脊柱前柱相对生长过快有关,其具体机制有待进一步研究。     

Radiographic evaluation of selective anterior thoracolumbar or lumbar fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

According to Lenke classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), patients with type 5 curve in which the structural major curve is thoracolumbar or lumbar curve with nonstructural proximal thoracic and main thoracic curves, could be surgically treated with selective anterior thoracolumbar or lumbar (TL/L) fusion. This study retrospectively analyzed the radiographies of selective anterior TL/L fusion in 35 cases of AIS with Lenke type 5 curve. Segmental fixation with a single rigid rod through anterior thoracoabdominal approach was applied in all patients. Measurements of scoliosis curve in preoperative, immediate postoperative and follow-up radiographies were analyzed. The average follow up time was 36 months (24-42 months). The average preoperative Cobb angle of the TL/L curve was 45.6 degrees and improved into 9.7 degrees immediate postoperatively, with 79.7% curve correction. In addition, the minor thoracic curve decreased from 29.7 degrees preoperatively to 17.6 degrees postoperatively, with a spontaneous correction of 41.5%. During the follow-up, a loss of 4.6 degrees correction was found and the average Cobb angle of TL/L increased to 14.4 degrees . Also, the minor thoracic curve increased to average 20.1 degrees with a loss of 2.4 degrees correction. Trunk shift deteriorated slightly immediate postoperatively and improved at the follow-up. The lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) tilt was improved significantly and maintained its results at the follow-up. During the follow-up, the coronal disc angle immediately above the upper instrumented vertebra (UIVDA) and below the LIV (LIVDA) aggravated, while the sagittal contours of T5-T12 and T10-L2 were well maintained. The lumbar lordosis of L1-S1 and the sagittal Cobb angle of the instrumented segments were reduced slightly postoperatively and at the follow-up. There were no major complications or pseudarthrosis. The outcomes of this study show that selective anterior thoracolumbar or lumbar fusion with solid rod instrumentation is effective for surgical correction of AIS with Lenke type 5 curve. The TL/L curve, minor thoracic curve, and LIV title can be improved significantly, with good maintenance of sagittal contour. However, the UIVDA and LIVDA aggravate postoperatively when the trunk rebalances itself during follow-up. The degeneration of LIV disc warrants longer-term follow-up.     

强直性脊柱炎胸腰椎后凸畸形截骨矫形术后近端交界性后凸的危险因素与临床意义

目的 :探讨强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)胸腰椎后凸畸形矫形术后发生近端交界性后凸(proximal junctional kyphosis,PJK)的危险因素及表现形式。方法 :回顾性分析2002年1月~2015年12月接受矫形手术且随访大于2年的133例AS胸腰椎后凸畸形患者,男性118例,女性15例,年龄35.1±9.8岁(18~63岁)。收集患者临床资料,包括年龄、性别、体重指数、截骨方式和椎体融合节段。术前、术后及每次随访拍摄全脊柱正侧位片,并测量矢状面平衡(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)、骨盆倾斜度(pelvic tilt,PT)、骨盆投射角(pelvic incidence,PI)和近端交界角(proximal junctional angle,PJA)。根据PJA将患者分为PJK组和非PJK组,利用卡方检验及t检验对比两组间临床资料及影像学参数。结果:133例患者平均随访3.6±2.2年(2.0~15.0年),11例发生PJK,平均在术后随访3.7年(0.3~15.0年)发生,PJA从术前5.5°±9.7°进展至21.2°±9.5°。PJK组手术年龄低于非PJK组(P0.01),PJK组行SPO人数比例高于非PJK组(P0.01)。PJK组术前PJA和SVA均低于非PJK组(P0.05)。两组间TK、LL、SS、PT和PI均无显著性差异(P0.05)。11例PJK患者中,有3种PJK表现形式,包括假关节(2例)、压缩性骨折(3例)和AS胸椎后凸畸形的自然进展(6例)。末次随访时,1例假关节PJK患者自发性愈合,1例AS胸椎后凸畸形自然进展的PJK患者行翻修手术,其余患者均予以随访观察。结论:AS术后PJK表现形式包括假关节、压缩性骨折和AS胸椎后凸畸形的自然进展。初次手术年龄、手术方式、术前PJA及SVA影响PJK的发生。     

Lenke 3型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形术后身高增长的相关影响因素分析

目的:探讨Lenke 3型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患儿脊柱后路矫形术后身高增长(ΔSH)的相关影响因素。方法:选取2014年1月~2016年6月于我院行脊柱后路矫形手术的女性Lenke 3型AIS患儿90例,年龄15.0±2.6岁。于站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片上测量术前、术后的主弯侧凸Cobb角1(最大侧凸Cobb角)、侧凸Cobb角2(次之侧凸Cobb角)、脊柱高度(spinal height,SH)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)及腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)。应用Pearson相关分析ΔSH与其他参数之间的相关性,应用线性回归探讨ΔSH的相关影响因素。结果:ΔSH为2.9±1.0cm。Pearson相关性分析示ΔSH与术前的侧凸Cobb角1(P=0.000)、侧凸Cobb角2(P=0.000)及TK(P=0.023)均呈显著相关性,与术后的侧凸Cobb角1(P=0.000)、侧凸Cobb角2(P=0.000)、LL(P=0.025)、侧凸Cobb角1变化(P=0.000)、侧凸Cobb角2变化(P=0.000)及TK变化(P=0.032)均呈显著相关性。线性回归分析示ΔSH与侧凸Cobb角1变化(P=0.017)、侧凸Cobb角2变化(P=0.001)均呈显著线性相关(R~2=0.333);另外,ΔSH与术前侧凸Cobb角1(P=0.006)、侧凸Cobb角2(P=0.007)、术前TK(P=0.038)亦呈显著线性相关(R~2=0.595)。结论:Lenke 3型AIS患儿脊柱后路矫形术后身高增长的相关影响因素包括术前、术后的主弯侧凸Cobb角、术前TK及其术后变化值。主弯Cobb角矫正是Lenke 3型AIS术后身高增加的最主要影响因素。Lenke 3型AIS患儿的术前侧凸Cobb角及术前TK可以较好地预测患儿术后身高恢复情况。     

骨移植在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形术的应用研究

[目的]通过不同植骨在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形植骨融合术中的应用比较,探讨其临床应用效果.[方法]回顾性分析2000年～2005年行后路钉-棒系统矫形手术的71例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者,其中自体骨移植21例(A组),同种异体骨移植23例(B组),自体骨混合同种异体骨移植27例(C组),比较随访第3、9、15、36个月的融合率、Cobb's角丢失率及假关节发生率.[结果]A组平均融合节段7个,B组平均融合节段7.6个,C组平均融合节段8个.随访的第3个月,融合率、Cobb's角丢失率及假关节发牛率A组、B组、C组无显著性差异(P＞0.05).第9个月,A组融合率高于B、C两组,A组与B、C组有显著性差异(P＜0.05),B、C组间无显著性差异(P＞0.05),Cobb's角丢失率及假关节发生率A、B、C组无显著性差异(P＞0.05).第15、36个月,融合率、Cobb's角丢失率及假关节发牛率A、B、C组无显著性差异(P＞0.05).[结论]同种异体骨移植、自体骨混合同种异体骨移植与自体骨移植在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形手术中对维持矫形效果可取得相近的近远期临床效果.     

Radiological and clinical outcome of selective thoracic fusion for patients with Lenke 1C and 2C adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with a minimum follow-up of 2 years

Background Context

In Lenke 1C and 2C curves, the choice between selective thoracic fusion (STF) versus non-selective thoracic fusion as the optimal surgical treatment is controversial.