创伤性凝血病防治的研究进展

严重创伤患者容易发生凝血功能紊乱,先后提出"急性创伤性凝血病"~([1])、"创伤早期的凝血病"~([2])、"创伤相关的凝血病"~([3])、"创伤休克的急性凝血病"~([4])等概念来描述此现象.目前认为创伤性凝血病是发生在严重创伤早期的凝血功能障碍,对预后有着重要影响,需要尽早识别和及时处理.笔者综述了有关这方面的研究进展.     

创伤后凝血病

创伤后凝血病是严重创伤诱发的机体凝血功能障碍,是多因素、多机制相互作用的结果,是创伤救治中的棘手难题。认识创伤后凝血病的高危因素及凝血功能检查能及时诊断创伤后凝血病,有效止血、损害控制性复苏和纠正"致死三联征"是处理创伤后凝血病的重要措施。     

急性创伤性凝血病:分子机制及诊疗进展

在世界范围内,创伤是引起人类死亡的第二大原因。虽然建立了区域性急救体系并且在创伤治疗方面有所提高,但是病死率仍居高不下。创伤所致的凝血障碍约占创伤后死因的40%。创伤性凝血病的发病机制复杂,涉及多个系统。目前认为,急性创伤性凝血病并非简单的消耗性凝血障碍,而是凝血系统、纤溶系统、组织灌注、炎症反应及血管内皮功能动态平衡的紊乱。因此,凝血障碍应以血小板及内皮细胞为核心的细胞分子模型解释而不是过去的血浆模型。现对创伤性凝血病的发病机制作一总结。     

限制性液体复苏和允许性低血压对严重创伤救治的影响

尽管近十年来对严重多发伤的救治策略有明显的提高,但多发伤引起大出血而导致的死亡率仍高达40％[1].凝血功能紊乱是创伤失血患者死亡的独立危险因素[2].创伤后凝血功能紊乱与创伤后多器官功能障碍、创伤后肾功能损伤、创伤后ARDS等密切相关.创伤性凝血病的出现有两种情况,一种是严重创伤本身引起的早期、原发性严重凝血功能障碍,1/3严重创伤患者到达急诊室时凝血功能已出现严重障碍[3],这些患者的死亡率明显高于无凝血功能异常的患者.     

急性创伤性凝血病的研究进展

急性创伤性凝血病是创伤后发生率较高且后果较为严重的并发症之一,其死亡率高,较易发展为多器官功能衰竭。早期诊断和积极处理急性创伤性凝血病是急诊创伤外科治疗的重要内容,也是降低创伤死亡率的关键。本文就近期急性创伤性凝血病的流行病学资料、影响因素、病理生理机制和临床治疗等方面的研究新进展作一综述,希望为临床工作提供参考。     

严重创伤性凝血病防治新进展

失血作为严重创伤患者早期死亡的首要原因,一方面与无法控制的创伤出血有关,另一方面则与失血后凝血病有关。新近关于创伤性凝血功能障碍及凝血病急救医学得到发展,主要表现在基础研究的深入和临床医学救治措施的改进。本文阐述了严重创伤凝血病新观点及认识,旨在加深临床对该病症发生、发展的整体认识,以提高救治效率。     

重组活化因子Ⅶ治疗创伤性失血的研究进展

严重创伤性失血患者死亡率很高,近年来涌现了许多旨在改善创伤后凝血功能和减少临床输血需求的新型辅助止血药物,重组活化因子Ⅶ（ recombinant activated factor Ⅶ,rFⅦa）被批准应用于治疗血友病,现已拓展至创伤,并在救治钝挫伤、创伤伴凝血功能障碍和颅脑创伤等方面取得了一定进展,本文就rFⅦa治疗创伤性失血相关研究情况进行回顾,以期为临床和科研提供参考。     

重视战创伤急性凝血功能障碍的早期诊断与治疗

长期以来,严重创伤后凝血功能障碍被认为是凝血因子消耗与稀释所致,但近年来的研究表明创伤后凝血功能障碍在创伤后早期即出现.这种创伤后早期由于内源性凝血失衡导致的凝血功能障碍称之为急性创伤性凝血功能障碍(ATC),并发ATC伤者并发症、伤死率明显增加.传统凝血试验诊断凝血功能障碍能够提供的信息有限,以血栓弹力图分析仪、旋转式血栓弹力测定法为主要内容的黏弹性止血试验(VHA)更能反映复杂凝血过程的全貌,根据VHA结果实施的早期目标导向凝血治疗能够改变血液制品输注、改善创伤患者预后.     

创伤休克性急性凝血功能障碍研究进展

创伤是现代社会青壮年的重要致残和死亡原因,对社会劳动力和家庭稳定造成严重影响,被称为"发达社会疾病"[1].近年来,尽管复苏、创伤外科和重症监护技术取得了很大进展,但严重创伤的致死、致残率依然很高.研究表明,25％的严重创伤患者早期即可出现凝血功能障碍,且死亡率比不伴凝血功能障碍患者高4倍,创伤后急性凝血功能障碍成为创伤领域的研究热点[2].创伤后伴发的急性凝血功能障碍被称为急性创伤性凝血功能障碍、创伤诱导的凝血功能障碍或创伤早期凝血功能障碍等.Hess等[3]首先将其命名为创伤休克性急性凝血功能障碍(acute coagulopathy of trauma-shock,ACoTS),这一命名体现了创伤患者并发凝血功能障碍这一病理生理过程的自然进程,被广泛接受.笔者就近年来对于ACoTS的研究进展,特别是对其发生机制方面的研究作一综述.     

创伤凝血病的诊疗进展

创伤早期由于凝血系统激活而加重凝血功能障碍形成创伤性凝血病(TIC),而TIC的发生则进一步加重多发伤患者出血,是使多发伤患者病死率增高的重要因素.目前,随着TIC检测技术的进步和大量研究发表,对TIC危险因素、发病机制、诊断标准及治疗等认识的不断深入,TIC患者预后也得到了极大的改善.     

Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy

Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) is caused by post-traumatic tissue injury and manifests as hypercoagulability that leads to thromboembolism or hypocoagulability that leads to uncontrollable massive hemorrhage.Previous studies on TIC have mainly focused on hemorrhagic coagulopathy caused by the hypocoagulable phenotype of TIC,while recent studies have found that trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy can occur in as many as 22.2％-85.1％ of trauma patients,in whom it can increase the risk of thrombotic events and mortality by 2-to 4-fold.Therefore,the Chinese People's Liberation Army Professional Committee of Critical Care Medicine and the Chinese Society of Thrombosis,Hemostasis and Critical Care,Chinese Medicine Education Association jointly formulated this Chinese Expert Consensus comprising 15 recommendations for the definition,pathophysiological mechanism,assessment,prevention,and treatment of trauma-induced hypercoagulopathy.     

The crucifixion of Jesus: review of hypothesized mechanisms of death and implications of shock and trauma-induced coagulopathy

The crucifixion of Jesus is arguably the most well-known and controversial execution in history. Christian faithful, dating back to the time of Jesus, have believed that Jesus was executed by crucifixion and later returned physically to life again. Others have questioned whether Jesus actually died by crucifixion, at all. From review of medical literature, physicians have failed to agree on a specific mechanism of Jesus' death. A search of Medline/Pubmed was completed with respect to crucifixion, related topics, and proposed mechanisms of Jesus' death. Several hypotheses for the mechanism of Jesus' death have been presented in medical literature, including 1) Pulmonary embolism 2) Cardiac rupture 3) Suspension trauma 4) Asphyxiation 5) Fatal stab wound, and 6) Shock. Each proposed mechanism of Jesus' death will be reviewed. The events of Jesus' execution are described, as they are pertinent to development of shock. Traumatic shock complicated by trauma-induced coagulopathy is proposed as a contributing factor, and possibly the primary mechanism, of Jesus' death by crucifixion.     

Gastrointestinal bleeding: treatment with gastrointestinal arterial embolization.

Retrospective analysis of 36 embolization procedures in 29 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding was undertaken, and the presence or absence of coagulopathy was identified as a major factor affecting embolization outcome. Embolization was successful in 18 of 29 (62%) patients and unsuccessful in 11 (38%). Eight of 11 failures (73%) occurred in patients with a coagulopathy, whereas three patients (27%) in whom embolization was successful also had a coagulopathy. Embolization was 2.9 times more likely to be unsuccessful (P = .0463) and death from bleeding after embolization was 9.6 times more likely to occur (P = .0065) in patients with a coagulopathy than in those without. Because embolization was successful in six of 14 (43%) coagulopathy patients, the authors advocate embolization in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and coagulopathy, while all efforts to correct the coagulopathy would be made as early as possible.     

Trauma-induced systemic inflammatory response versus exercise-induced immunomodulatory effects

Accidental trauma and heavy endurance exercise, both induce a kind of systemic inflammatory response, also called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Exercise-related SIRS is conditioned by hyperthermia and concomitant heat shock responses, whereas trauma-induced SIRS manifests concomitantly with tissue necrosis and immune activation, secondarily followed by fever. Inflammatory cytokines are common denominators in both trauma and exercise, although there are marked quantitative differences. Different anti-inflammatory cytokines may be involved in the control of inflammation in trauma- and exercise-induced stress. Exercise leads to a balanced equilibrium between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Intermittent states of rest, as well as anti-oxidant capacity, are lacking or minor in trauma but are high in exercising individuals. Regular training may enhance immune competence, whereas trauma-induced SIRS often paves the way for infectious complications, such as sepsis.     

颅脑损伤致昏迷患者并发下呼吸道感染的危险因素分析

目的对颅脑损伤致昏迷患者并发下呼吸道感染的危险因素进行研究,予以护理防控手段。方法回顾分析2013年1月~2014年12月诊治的120例颅脑损伤致昏迷患者资料,选取发生下呼吸道感染的35例为研究组,在未发生呼吸道感染的患者中按1∶1比例选取35例作为对照组。分析两组患者的危险因素并予以护理。结果患者所感染的致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,研究组患者在年龄、实施侵入性操作、合并性意识障碍、抗生素的使用、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)等方面与对照组存在统计学差异(P0.05)。结论颅脑损伤致昏迷患者并发下呼吸道感染受到年龄高、实施侵入性操作多、存在意识障碍、使用抗生素等危险因素的影响,针对性实施相应的预防措施可达到较好的护理防控效果。     

Comparison of Hemostatic Durability between N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and Gelatin Sponge Particles in Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Acute Arterial Hemorrhage in a Coagulopathic Condition in a Swine Model

This study was designed to compare the efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) or gelatin sponge particles (GSP) for acute arterial bleeding in a coagulopathic condition using a swine model. Four healthy swine were divided into two coagulopathic conditions: mild and severe. Five hemorrhages were created in each swine (10 hemorrhages per coagulopathy). Mild coagulopathy was achieved by bloodletting 10% of the total circulatory whole blood and preserving activated clotting time (ACT) less than 200 s (ACT < 200 s state); severe coagulopathy was achieved by bloodletting 30% and preserving ACT > 400 s (ACT > 400-second state). For each state, of ACT < 200 s or ACT > 400 s, TAE was conducted with GSP or NBCA to control five hemorrhages arising from artificially created renal and splenic injuries. Angiography immediately after TAE with GSP or NBCA showed complete occlusion in both coagulopathic conditions. In the ACT < 200-second state, follow-up angiography at 5–30 min after TAE with GSP or NBCA showed no evidence of recurrent hemorrhage. In the ACT > 400-second state, follow-up angiography showed recurrent hemorrhage in four (80%) of the five hemorrhages embolized with GSP and in one (20%) of the five hemorrhages embolized with NBCA. Microscopically, red thrombi were observed densely surrounding GSP in mild coagulopathy but were scarce in severe coagulopathy. In a condition with severe coagulopathy, TAE with NBCA was more effective in durability to cease active arterial bleeding than with GSP.     

Trans-radial embolization of epistaxis in patients with end-stage liver disease

Introduction

Endovascular treatment of epistaxis in patients with bleeding disorders is challenging due to the intrinsic risk of hemorrhagic complication related to the arterial access. We describe the use of trans-radial approach for the endovascular embolization of epistaxis due to end-stage liver disease and resultant severe coagulopathy.

Methods

Two patients waiting for liver transplant continued to have epistaxis despite the aggressive correction of the coagulopathy and nose packing. After performing the Allen??s test, trans-radial embolization of the epistaxis was performed in both patients.

Results

The complete cessation of epistaxis was achieved after the trans-radial embolization of bilateral maxillary arteries with particles. The radial access sites were manually compressed for 1?h, followed by a compression dressing for 12?h. The cessation of the epistaxis helped the subsequent treatment of correcting the coagulopathy. There was no complication related to the arterial puncture.

Conclusion

Trans-radial embolization for epistaxis was a safe and effective method for the patient with end-stage liver disease and resultant severe coagulopathy.     

CT criteria for differentiating abdominal hemorrhage: anticoagulation or aortic aneurysm rupture?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that CT criteria would allow accurate diagnosis of the specific cause of abdominal hemorrhage in patients with coagulopathy or abdominal aortic aneurysm. CONCLUSION: Attention to specific CT criteria allows accurate diagnosis of the specific cause of spontaneous abdominal hemorrhage even in patients who have both coagulopathy and an abdominal aortic aneurysm.     

严重肝脏损伤并发凝血病32例救治分析

目的探讨严重肝脏损伤并发凝血病的救治方法。方法回顾性分析重庆市急救医疗中心2010年2月—2016年4月收治的32例严重肝脏损伤并发凝血病患者的临床资料。其中男性23例,女性9例;年龄15~84岁,平均37.4岁。致伤原因:道路交通伤17例(56.3%),坠落/跌倒10例(28.1%),压砸/掩埋伤3例,其他2例。分析其救治方法及治疗结果。结果 32例均为多发伤。入院后按"CRASH PLAN"原则,快速做出伤情评估,同时建立静脉通道及抽血做凝血功能、配血等检测,按照损害控制复苏(DCR)原则进行复苏。术前有凝血功能障碍19例。大量输血按新鲜冰冻血浆、悬浮红细胞各6~10U和10U冷沉淀配送22例。肝脏损伤Ⅳ级20例、Ⅴ级12例。手术包括清创性肝切除22例,改良肝周填塞13例;手术时间30~90min。本组共存活24例,死亡8例(25%),因肝脏损伤及其并发症死亡6例(18.8%,6/32)。结论Ⅳ、Ⅴ级肝脏损伤容易并发创伤性凝血病;DCR是严重肝脏损伤并发凝血病的救治策略;"改良肝周填塞法"和清创性肝切除是抢救严重肝脏损伤并发凝血病时的主要损害控制性手术措施。