原发性气管主支气管低度恶性肿瘤的CT及PET/CT表现

目的:探讨原发性气管主支气管低度恶性肿瘤的CT及PET/CT表现.方法:回顾分析28例经病理证实的原发性气管主支气管低度恶性肿瘤患者的CT、PET/CT表现及病理资料,其中粘液样表皮癌(MEC)11例,腺样囊性癌(ACC) 10例及类癌7例.24例行胸部CT平扫及增强检查,3例行CT平扫,6例同时行PET/CT检查,1例仅行PET/CT扫描.结果:11例MEC,CT表现为宽基底腔内结节9例,腔内外肿块2例.10例ACC呈管壁弥漫管壁增厚5例,腔内结节4例,腔内外肿块1例.7例类癌为腔内外肿块4例,腔内结节3例.MEC与类癌均明显强化.8例ACC,轻度强化6例,中度强化2例.7例SUV值范围约2.1～8.9.结论:原发性气管主支气管低度恶性肿瘤的CT表现具有一定特征,MEC及类癌多为腔内或腔内外结节伴明显强化.ACC多为弥漫管壁浸润型伴轻度强化.SUV值均明显升高.     

肺粘液表皮样癌的CT影像表现

目的 探讨肺粘液表皮样癌的CT影像表现.方法 回顾分析经手术病理证实的5例肺粘液表皮样癌患者的影像资料,5例患者均行CT平扫及增强扫描.结果 5例CT均表现为支气管内边缘光滑、边界清楚的类圆形或分叶状肿块,沿支气管生长,1例位于中间干支气管,1例位于叶支气管,3例位于段支气管,直径1～4cm.2例伴阻塞性肺不张,3例伴阻塞性肺炎.1例病变内见小斑片状钙化灶,其余4例病灶密度均匀,增强扫描轻度强化.只有1例有纵隔及同侧肺门淋巴结肿大.结论 肺粘液表皮样癌是位于支气管内的少见肿瘤,CT上表现为支气管内类圆形或分叶状肿块,伴有阻塞性炎症或肺不张,肿块密度均匀,增强扫描轻度强化.     

肺原发性淋巴上皮样癌的MSCT表现及病理分析

目的探讨肺原发性淋巴上皮样癌(LELC)的MSCT表现并分析其病理学基础。方法回顾性分析15例经病理证实为肺原发性LELC的临床、病理及影像资料。所有患者术前均行胸部CT平扫,其中10例行增强扫描。结果中央型10例,周围型5例,最大径约2.2~10.2 cm,平均(4.8±2.3)cm。CT表现:边界清晰12例(80%),呈浅分叶状11例(73.3%),血管纠集征2例(13.3%),肿块内片状坏死者4例(26.7%),阻塞性肺炎6例(40%)。增强扫描大部分肿块不均匀强化(8/10,80%),并且"包绕血管征"(6/10,60%)在不均匀强化肿块中更多见。9例(60%)见肺门或纵隔、隆突下淋巴结肿大,其中6例经病理证实为淋巴结转移,PET-CT证实2例发生肝、骨等远处转移。EBER阳性率为100%(4/4)。结论肺原发性LELC多表现为体积较大、中央型、浅分叶的肿块,增强扫描不均匀强化并可见"包绕血管征"。本病CT表现缺乏特征性,确诊依靠病理学检查。     

原发性气管、支气管黏液表皮样癌的CT表现

目的 探讨原发性气管、支气管黏液表皮样癌的特征性CT表现.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的10例气管、支气管黏液表皮样癌的CT特征、临床表现及对应病理资料.结果 (1)部位:位于气管1例、主支气管1例、叶支气管3例、段支气管5例,均呈中央型.(2)形态及大小:分叶状2例、椭圆形或圆形7例、不规则形1例.肿瘤最长径10~39 mm(平均25 mm).(3)边缘:8例边缘光滑,2例边缘毛糙,邻近肺实质存在浸润.(4)密度:其中6例密度不均匀,3例密度均匀.4例密度高于胸壁肌肉,4例与胸壁肌肉相仿,1例低于胸壁肌肉.4例肿瘤内见钙化.(5)强化特点:9例行CT增强扫描中8例呈相对轻度强化,1例轻微强化.(6)周围情况:所有病例均显示气管或支气管狭窄、阻塞,5例伴阻塞性肺炎,2例伴阻塞性肺不张,3例伴远端支气管阻塞性黏液栓塞,1例伴阻塞性肺气肿,纵隔或肺门淋巴结均未见明显肿大,1例合并左肺多发肺大疱及左侧气胸.结论 原发性气管、支气管黏液表皮样癌多为中央型、低度恶性肿瘤.CT表现为气管、支气管腔内或远端边缘光滑的椭圆形或分叶状肿物,常伴钙化,少数可呈浸润性生长,增强后呈轻度强化.     

多层螺旋CT对肺类癌的诊断及鉴别诊断

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）对肺类癌的诊断和鉴别诊断的价值。方法：回顾性分析经病理证实的9例类癌患者的临床和MSCT资料。结果：9例中8例表现为边界清楚单发类圆形或不规则形肿块影,1例表现为右肺中叶不规则高密度影,边缘模糊,类似于大叶性肺炎。3例病灶密度均匀,4例可见浅分叶,1例可见深分叶,3例有细短毛刺,3例有胸膜凹陷征,4例可见钙化灶,3例有胸腔积液。8例肿块表现为＂冰山征＂（支气管腔外部分大于腔内部分）。增强扫描后5例中度以上（20~40 HU）强化,3例轻度（1~20 HU）强化,1例病灶内窄带状强化。本组病例均未见空洞、囊变、坏死。结论：肺类癌的MSCT的影像特点为肺内单发边缘清楚类圆形肿块,多为明显均匀强化,以及＂冰山征＂和/或特征性钙化。若见因支气管狭窄或闭塞导致的类似于大叶性肺炎的表现,应高度注意本病可能。     

各亚型肾细胞癌的CT征象与病理对照

目的 :探讨各亚型肾细胞癌(RCC)的MSCT诊断和病理的相关性,以提高其诊断及鉴别诊断水平。方法 :回顾性分析45例经手术和病理证实的RCC,所有患者均行MSCT平扫及多期增强扫描,并将CT表现与病理组织学相对照。结果 :35例透明细胞癌平扫密度均匀或不均匀;其中22例见坏死囊变区,4例见出血灶,3例见钙化灶,增强扫描皮质期呈明显不均匀强化,实质期强化程度快速下降,排泄期持续下降,表现为"速升速降"型;6例乳头状细胞癌呈类圆形或不规则形肿块,CT平扫呈等或低密度影,增强扫描呈乏血供表现,轻度强化,强化程度低于嫌色细胞癌;3例嫌色细胞癌呈类圆形,其中1例病灶内有钙化灶,平扫密度较均匀,向肾皮质和肾窦膨胀性生长,增强扫描呈"平台型"均匀轻中度强化;1例集合管癌表现为不规则形肿块,密度不均,病灶内均可见出血、坏死征象,增强扫描均呈不均匀中度强化,并侵犯周围组织、腹膜后淋巴结肿大。结论:各亚型RCC的病理学特点是CT表现的基础,仔细观察MSCT动态增强扫描特点,可提高RCC的术前诊断与鉴别诊断符合率。     

巨大淋巴结增生症的CT表现

目的:探讨巨大淋巴结增生症(CD)的CT表现特点。方法:结合临床与手术病理资料,回顾性分析12例CD的CT表现特点。结果:12例中,局限型CD 9例,表现为颈部、肺内、纵隔、腋窝、左侧后腹膜单发或毗邻2个肿块,共12个肿块,呈类圆形或椭圆形,直径在18~150mm间,平均50mm,其中2个肿块见钙化,1个巨大肿块内见裂隙状低密度灶,其余肿块均呈均质密度伴显著持续性强化,平扫CT值42~50HH,增强后CT值在108~145HU间,且腹部3例肿块周边可见更高密度环形强化影及粗大血管影。弥漫型CD 3例,CT上均见有全身多处淋巴结多发肿大,肿大淋巴结直径在8~30mm间,呈均质软组织密度伴轻度强化,其中1例出现肺部病变,表现为两肺弥漫性分布的多发气囊腔及沿肺纹理分布斑点、小片状密度增高影。结论:均质软组织密度肿块伴显著持续性强化及钙化是局限型CD的主要CT表现,具有一定特征性;而弥漫性CD的CT表现类似淋巴瘤,常难以诊断,若合并淋巴细胞性间质性肺炎或副肿瘤性天疱疹等可具有一定的提示诊断价值。     

肺癌肉瘤的CT表现与病理对照

目的 探讨肺癌肉瘤(PCS)的CT表现与病理对照，提高对该病的认识。方法 回顾性分析10例经手术及病理证实的PCS CT表现并与病理进行对照。结果 10例PCS中：位于左肺4例，右肺6例；中央型2例，周围型8例。CT表现具有癌及肉瘤双重特征，中央型表现为肺门区肿块，肿块形态不规则、分叶状，可见阻塞性肺炎；周围型表现为大小不等类圆形肿块，可见毛刺征及分叶征，1例肿块内见空洞，增强扫描肿块实性部分呈不均匀强化，且呈渐进性强化。病理表现为肿瘤浸润支气管壁及周围肺组织，可见脉管内癌栓、神经侵犯及淋巴结转移。结论 PCS的CT表现具有癌及肉瘤双重影像特征，增强扫描肿块实性部分呈不均匀强化，且有渐进性强化的特点，该特点有助于提高PCS术前诊断准确率，确诊仍需组织病理学检查。     

原发性肺非霍奇金淋巴瘤的CT诊断

目的：探讨原发性肺非霍奇金淋巴瘤的CT表现特点。方法：回顾性分析经临床病理证实的13例原发性肺非霍奇金淋巴瘤的CT表现。结果：高度恶性弥漫性大B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤4例14个病灶,其中肿块型2例3个肿块,结节型1例3个结节,混合型1例8个病灶;低度恶性小B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤9例24个病灶,其中肿块型1例1个肿块,结节型1例2个结节,肺叶实变型3例5个病灶,混合型4例16个病灶。在肿块型3例4个肿块中,支气管充气征3个,伴不规则坏死空洞2个;结节型2例共5个结节,其中结节边缘见磨玻璃征及内见支气管充气征2个;肺叶实变型3例5个病灶,实变区内均见支气管充气征,其中边缘见磨玻璃征2个病灶,支气管腔明显狭窄阻塞1个病灶;混合型5例24个病灶,为多种表现并存,其中支气管充气征10个,磨玻璃征12个。CT增强5例,其中轻度强化3例,中度强化2例。结论：原发性肺非霍奇金淋巴瘤CT表现形式多样性,CT表现结合临床资料有助于该疾病的诊断。     

肺硬化性血管瘤的临床、病理及MSCT表现

目的:探讨肺硬化性血管瘤(PSH)的MSCT表现,提高临床诊断水平.方法:回顾性分析14例肺硬化性血管瘤的临床、病理及MSCT表现.结果:14例PSH均为单发,病灶位于右肺5例,左肺9例;肺叶分布为上肺3例,中肺1例,下肺10例.MSCT平扫肿瘤均呈圆形或类圆形软组织结节或肿块;5例可见轻分叶,10例密度均匀,2例瘤内可见不规则钙化.增强扫描病灶大多呈中度至明显不均匀强化;14例中不均匀强化8例,均匀强化6例;中度及明显强化12例,轻度强化2例;MSCT表现与病灶由血管瘤样区、乳头区、实变区和硬化区以不同比例构成相关.结论:肺硬化性血管瘤MSCT常表现为良性肿瘤特征,图像后处理有利于病变细微结构的显示,综合分析MSCT征象有利于提高其诊断符合率.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.