基于Android系统的生理数据蓝牙传输技术

目的：本文建立基于Android智能系统的生理参数移动监护系统,实现生理数据从监测模块向智能手机端传输。方法：在生理参数检测端增加蓝牙传输模块．将检测端采集到的心电等生理数据发送至Android系统智能手机端,智能手机端利用Android蓝牙API开发类,对手机端蓝牙实现打开蓝牙、搜索附近蓝牙设备等基本操作,再利用Socket连接,实现数据传输。同时手机端利用界面编程类,实现心电图界面显示,利用文件操作类实现数据存储和初步的心率计算,最终实现心电等生理参数的接收、显示、心率分析以及传输。结果：Android系统智能手机端接收蓝牙模块发送的心电数据,绘成实时心电图表,绘制在手机屏幕上,并对心电数据进行初步分析,计算得到心率值,显示在手机屏幕顶端,若心率值偏高或偏低,则发出语音报警信息。该系统演示了生理数据的传输过程,实现了蓝牙接口的数据传输控制技术。结论：本文立足于移动医疗监护系统,实现了多生理参数在Android系统中的蓝牙接口传输控制方法,该技术应用前景广泛。     

基于ARM+FPGA的胶囊内窥镜体外装置的设计

针对患者在使用消化道无线内窥镜(胶囊内窥镜)做病变检查时,需忍耐长时间固定姿势带来的烦恼,即使在便携式装置研发出来以后,也需依赖于计算机的问题,提出了一种基于ARM+FPGA的嵌入式解决方案。本方案以嵌入式ARM9处理器S3C2440为核心,通过可吞服内镜胶囊采集消化道内壁图像,无线传输至体外图像接收系统,利用视频解码芯片SAA7114H完成无线内窥镜的模拟NTSC制式视频图像的解码,并通过FPGA的逻辑控制将有效视频图像传输至S3C2440进行处理,最后在嵌入式Linux环境下,利用QT/Embedded编写友好的人机交互可视化用户终端,实现便携式脱机消化道实时视频图像的记录及参数设置。这样可使患者做检查时行动更加自由,并且检查时完全脱离计算机,同时提高医生的工作效率,使其更加智能化、人性化。     

基于ITK读写DICOM医学图像文件

目的 介绍使用ITK读取DICOM文件文件头信息、访问像素数据以及存储DICOM文件的使用方法,以促进ITK在国内医学图像处理领域的普及应用。方法 使用itk：：ImageFileReader类和itk：：GDCMImageIO类对DICOM文件的文件头进行解析。介绍了使用图像迭代器访问图像像素的方法,熟悉C编程的研究人员快速访问像素数据的方法,及使用itk：：ImageFileWriter类进行图像写操作的方法。结果 使用本文的方法能够获取DICOM医学图像文件头中的医疗信息,读取像素数据,并以DICOM格式存储医学图像信息。结论 即使对DICOM标准和图像格式没有深入的了解,使用ITK也能方便地读写DICOM医学图像文件。     

便携式内镜的无线传输系统设计

目的设计一种便携式内镜的无线传输系统。方法采用DM642为数据处理核心,TVP5150PBS为视频解码器,对电荷耦合元件(CCD)采集的图像进行智能分析,然后将其视频流输入H.264编码器进行编码,编码压缩后的H.264视频流通过实时流传输协议(RTSP)流媒体服务器和无线网络上网(WIFI)模块发送出去,同步显示在个人计算机(PC)/高清晰度电视(HDTV)上。无线脚踏开关采用BC66F840,以射频的方式进行控制图像拍摄和录像。结果经过临床测试,设计的无线传输系统能够同步显示内镜采集的图像,传输延时小于100 ms;拍摄和录像可通过无线脚踏开关控制,实现单手操作。结论实验设计的无线传输系统非常适合便携式内镜的运用。     

胶囊内镜体外图像接收、存储系统

目的为了接收人体胃肠道内无线胶囊内镜发出的图像信息,研制了一种基于CF卡的体外图像接收、存储系统。方法该系统采用"CPLD+FIFO+MCU"的结构,用CPLD对接收到的模拟图像信号进行同步,控制A/D对其进行采集并缓存进FIFO。在胶囊休眠期,由MCU将FIFO中的数据以FAT32文件系统的格式记录到CF卡中,为后续的图像文件管理、解读提供了便利。结果在体外实验中,本系统成功实现了图像信息的接收及存储任务,获得了清晰的图像。结论本系统结构紧凑、便于携带,在突发式信息的采集及存储方面具有一定的应用价值。     

一种使用智能移动终端的便携式医用内窥镜图像显示方法

目的 研制一种使用智能移动终端的便携式医用内窥镜图像显示方法,以解决偏远地区医疗资源匮乏,内窥镜工作站携带不方便的问题.方法 采用嵌入式Linux系统内置的Video4Linux程序驱动的高清摄像头进行图像数据采集.使用无线网卡建立点对点网络,搭建局域网服务器.移动终端可以通过访问局域网服务器获取采集到的图像数据,并可实现在LCD屏幕上的实时显示.结果 采集到的图像的分辨率为1 024×768像素,图像位深度为24位,帧率为30帧/s,实际平均传输速率约为2 MB/s.结论 本研究建立的系统结构简单、成本低、携带方便,采集的图像清晰,且可节约成本,对满足偏远地区的使用有效且可行.     

本刊对来稿图片的要求北大核心CSCD

有关照片图的要求：（1）提供的照片必须是原始图像,要清晰,对比度好,彩色图像的色彩正常。数码图片需用高分辨率的数码冲印照片（至少为4×3英寸或以上）,不要用打印照片（用热升华打印的照片除外）。（2）数码照片的图像分辨率为300dpi或以上,总像素要在300万像素或以上,图像文件最好用tif格式。（3）图像的形态描述要规范,简明扼要。     

由DICOM医学图像文件获得设备无关位图的方法

目的:根据临床调查.DICOM3.0医学图像文件格式的解析及解决其显示问题是医学图像处理的基础,对医学影像技术的研究有重要意义.方法:首先针对DICOM3.0标准,系统分析了DICOM医学图像文件格式,主要阐述了文件信息头和数据元素的格式,提出了在Windows平台下利用线性调窗实现DICOM图像的DIB位图显示.结果:利用线性调窗成功实现了CT、MR图像的显示,同时针对默认状态下显示效果欠佳,采用手动调窗改善显示效果.结论:实验证明,该方法能较好地实现DICOM医学图像的显示,满足一定的临床需求,同时也为后续工作奠定基础.     

本刊对来稿图片的要求北大核心CSCD

有关照片图的要求：（1）提供的照片必须是原始图像,要清晰,对比度好,彩色图像的色彩正常。数码图片需用高分辨率的数码冲印照片（至少为4×3英寸或以上）,不要用打印照片（用热升华打印的照片除外）。（2）数码照片的图像分辨率为300dpi或以上,总像素要在300万像素或以上,图像文件最好用tif格式。     

本刊对来稿图片的要求北大核心CSCD

有关照片图的要求：（1）提供的照片必须是原始图像,要清晰,对比度好,彩色图像的色彩正常。数码图片需用高分辨率的数码冲印照片（至少为4×3英寸或以上）．不要用打印照片（用热升华打印的照片除外）。（2）数码照片的图像分辨率为300dpi或以上,总像素要在300万像素或以上．图像文件最好用tif格式。     

Fractal Analysis of Periapical Bone from Lossy Compressed Radiographs: A Comparison of Two Lossy Compression Methods

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of two lossy image compression methods on fractal dimension (FD) calculation. Ten periapical images of the posterior teeth with no restorations or previous root canal therapy were obtained using storage phosphor plates and were saved in TIF format. Then, all images were compressed with lossy JPEG and JPEG2000 compression methods at five compression levels, i.e., 90, 70, 50, 30, and 10. Compressed file sizes from all images and compression ratios were calculated. On each image, two regions of interest (ROIs) containing healthy trabecular bone in the posterior periapical area were selected. The FD of each ROI on the original and compressed images was calculated using differential box counting method. Both image compression and analysis were performed by a public domain software. Altogether, the FD of 220 ROIs was calculated. FDs were compared using ANOVA and Dunnett tests. The FD decreased gradually with compression level. A statistically significant decrease of the FD values was found for JPEG 10, JPEG2000 10, and JPEG2000 30 compression levels (p < 0.05). At comparable file sizes, the JPEG induced a smaller FD difference. In conclusion, lossy compressed images with appropriate compression level may be used for FD calculation.     

基于数字信号处理器的医用胶囊型内窥镜视频图像数据源记录系统

介绍了一种胶囊型内窥镜中视频图像数据源记录系统的工作原理和设计方案.该系统以TI公司的高性能数字信号处理器(Digital signal processor,DSP)TMS320C6211为核心处理器,采用PHILIP公司视频解码器SAA7114H对模拟视频信号进行数据缩放,在复杂可编程逻辑控制电路(Complex programmable logic device,CPLD)的控制下,视频图像数据由高速缓存先入先出队列(Fist-in First-out,FIFO)传输到DSP进行静止影像数字压缩通用标准格式(JPEG)压缩,最后将处理后的图像数据存入高密度闪存(Compact flash,CF)卡,完成视频图像的及时记录功能.其中DSP主要用来进行压缩编码和数据传输,我们采用离散余弦算法(Discrete cosine transform,DCT)和DCT系数量化的快速算法加快了DSP的运算速度,减少了DSP的执行代码,同时我们对各种存储类型进行了合理的分配,优化了存储器结构.在数据传输和处理过程中大量使用扩展的直接存储器访问(Extended direct memory access,EDMA)来加快处理数据的速度并提高了系统的性能.     

Lossless Compression on MRI Images Using SWT

Medical image compression is one of the growing research fields in biomedical applications. Most medical images need to be compressed using lossless compression as each pixel information is valuable. With the wide pervasiveness of medical imaging applications in health-care settings and the increased interest in telemedicine technologies, it has become essential to reduce both storage and transmission bandwidth requirements needed for archival and communication of related data, preferably by employing lossless compression methods. Furthermore, providing random access as well as resolution and quality scalability to the compressed data has become of great utility. Random access refers to the ability to decode any section of the compressed image without having to decode the entire data set. The system proposes to implement a lossless codec using an entropy coder. 3D medical images are decomposed into 2D slices and subjected to 2D-stationary wavelet transform (SWT). The decimated coefficients are compressed in parallel using embedded block coding with optimized truncation of the embedded bit stream. These bit streams are decoded and reconstructed using inverse SWT. Finally, the compression ratio (CR) is evaluated to prove the efficiency of the proposal. As an enhancement, the proposed system concentrates on minimizing the computation time by introducing parallel computing on the arithmetic coding stage as it deals with multiple subslices.     

基于Android平台的医学图像显示软件设计

目的：为了可以在更多平台上实现对医学图像的查看和简单诊断,本文设计了基于Android智能操作系统平台的医学图像显示软件。方法：通过对DICOM3.0标准医学图像格式的解读分析以及对AIM规范的研究了解,实现过程中使用C＋＋和Java语言在Eclipse开发环境下对软件进行开发,其中,由C＋＋语言编写的部分负责实现对DICOM文件中像素数据及其文本信息的读取,由Java语言编写的部分负责实现对已读取到的内容进行显示,对医学图像中关注区域进行标注,以及解析显示AIM规范中的标注信息。结果：在Android操作系统的平板电脑上实现了对DICOM格式医学图像及其相关文本信息的读取与显示、ROI（关注区域）的标注处理等功能,并且标注信息的读取和储存符合AIM规范。结论：结合Android系统特点,利用平板电脑通过触摸屏进行操作的交互优势,使医学图像的浏览和注释过程更加便捷,可广泛应用于医学诊断和学术研究。     

Novel MOS prediction models for compressed medical image quality

This paper presents the development of novel models which can be potentially useful in determining the upper limit of image compression thresholds, to preserve diagnostically relevant information in compressed medical images. These models were developed by evolving the correlation between the theoretically computed objective (peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity) and subjective mean opinion score (MOS) quality parameters. The developed models were validated by comparing the model generated MOS with the corresponding experimental MOS of six independent observers considering joint photographic experts group (JPEG), JPEG2000 and set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) compressions of computed tomography (CT) scan images. It is found that the correlation between the model generated and experimental MOS and PRD are ≥0.87 and ≤13% respectively for the compression range 0.05–2.0 bits/pixel of the CT scan images. Therefore our models can be potentially useful for observer-independent MOS prediction and quality assessment of reconstructed medical images. In addition this also avoids the need for exhaustive and time-consuming experimental MOS and thus it can be more suitable for teleradiology applications.     

Medical image compression using DCT-based subband decomposition and modified SPIHT data organization

OBJECTIVE: The work proposed a novel bit-rate-reduced approach for reducing the memory required to store a remote diagnosis and rapidly transmission it. METHOD: In the work, an 8x8 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) approach is adopted to perform subband decomposition. Modified set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) is then employed to organize data and entropy coding. The translation function can store the detailed characteristics of an image. A simple transformation to obtain DCT spectrum data in a single frequency domain decomposes the original signal into various frequency domains that can further compressed by wavelet-based algorithm. In this scheme, insignificant DCT coefficients that correspond to a particular spatial location in the high-frequency subbands can be employed to reduce redundancy by applying a proposed combined function in association with the modified SPIHT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Simulation results showed that the embedded DCT-CSPIHT image compression reduced the computational complexity to only a quarter of the wavelet-based subband decomposition, and improved the quality of the reconstructed medical image as given by both the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the perceptual results over JPEG2000 and the original SPIHT at the same bit rate. Additionally, since 8x8 fast DCT hardware implementation being commercially available, the proposed DCT-CSPIHT can perform well in high speed image coding and transmission.     

Virtual microscopy and the Internet as telepathology consultation tools. A study of gastrointestinal biopsy specimens.

Telepathology (TP) is the practice of pathology at a distance using videomicroscopy and telecommunication tools. We explore the use of "virtual microscopy" techniques and the Internet as tools for TP gastrointestinal biopsy consultations. Thirty-five gastrointestinal biopsy specimens were photographed in Los Angeles by using a high-resolution digital camera, a light microscope, and a Pentium 166 microcomputer. Several (2-8) digital photomicrographs were collected at 40x or 100x optical magnification, using 2,700 x 3,400 pixel resolution. The photomicrographs illustrated all the tissue fragments present in 1 of the biopsy levels. They were saved in medium compression JPEG image format. These images can be magnified digitally up to 600% without visible degradation and scrolled at different magnifications on a video monitor, simulating examination under a light microscope. The images files (281 to 3,324 KB) were attached to e-mail messages containing patient information and sent through the Internet to Michigan for interpretation using a Power Macintosh 7100 system. The e-mail process was successful in 100% of instances; 2 files were corrupted owing to user error and had to be resent. Additional photos were requested in 1 case. In 33 of 35 cases, there was diagnostic concordance between the original and the TP diagnoses. The 2 discrepancies were due to diagnostic disagreement. This technology offers pathologists relatively inexpensive and effective tools for gastrointestinal TP consultations.     

Virtual microscopy: high resolution digital photomicrography as a tool for light microscopy simulation

Recent advances in microcomputers and high resolution digital video cameras provide pathologists the opportunity to combine precision optics with digital imaging technology and develop new educational and research tools. We review recent advances in virtual microscopy and describe techniques for viewing digital images using a microcomputer-based workstation to simulate light microscopic examination, including scanning at low power to select features of interest and zooming to increase magnification. Hardware and software components necessary to acquire digital images of histological and cytological slides, and closely simulate their examination under a light microscope are discussed. The workstation is composed of a MicroLumina digital scanning camera (Leaf Systems, Southborough, MA), light microscope (Olympus Optical Co., Lake Success, NY), Pentium (Intel Corp., Santa Clara, CA) 166 MHz microcomputer configured with 64 megabytes of random access memory (RAM), a MGA Millenium Powerdesk graphics card (Matrox Graphics, Inc., Montreal, Canada) and Photoshop software (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA) running in a Windows 95 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA) environment. Images with spatial resolutions of up to 2700 x 3400 pixels in 36-bit color, can be displayed simultaneously as distinct images in a montage, or merged into a single composite image file to highlight significant features of a histological or cytological slide. These image files are saved in Joint Photographers Experts Group (JPEG) format using compression ratios of up to 80:1 without detectable visual degradation. The advantages and technical limitations of various workstation components are addressed and applications of this technology for pathology education, proficiency testing, telepathology, and database development are discussed.