Differential CT diagnosis of tumors of the cranial calotte with intracranial spread based on a case report

A report on patient presenting in the cranial computer tomogram with changes in the cranium in the left temporal region typical of a meningioma, as well as with changes in the floor of the middle cranial fossa. Correct diagnosis was obtained only by the overall assessment comprising anamnesis, laboratory findings and state of the skeletal structure: namely, a plasmacytoma involving the calotte of the cranium.     

CT、MRI、DSA对脑膜瘤诊断的评价

目的比较脑膜瘤的CT、MRI、DSA的诊断价值。材料与方法64例脑膜瘤全部行CT、MRI检查,其中30例行DSA检查。结果CT对脑膜瘤的诊断具有较高的密度敏感性,能够直观地显示钙化及邻近骨质的变化;MRI对脑膜瘤诊断信号敏感性稍差,但通过多维扫描可提高脑膜瘤的检出率;DSA能够清楚地显示肿瘤的血供特点,颈外动脉供应肿瘤的中心部分,颈内动脉供应肿瘤的周边部分。结论CT和MRI相结合可提高对脑膜瘤诊断的符合率,DSA为进一步手术治疗提供明确的血管解剖定位。     

Typical, atypical, and misleading features in meningioma.

Meningiomas are the most common nonglial primary tumors of the central nervous system and the most common extraaxial neoplasms, accounting for approximately 15% of all intracranial tumors. They are usually benign neoplasms, with characteristic pathologic and imaging features. However, there are several important histologic variants of meningioma, and even a histologically typical meningioma can have unusual or misleading radiologic features that may not be suggestive of meningioma. The typical meningioma is a homogeneous, hemispheric, markedly enhancing extraaxial mass located over the cerebral convexity, in the parasagittal region, or arising from the sphenoid wing. Meningiomas may originate in unexpected locations such as the orbit, paranasal sinus, or ventricles or be entirely intraosseous (within the calvaria). Unusual imaging features such as large meningeal cysts, ring enhancement, and various metaplastic changes (including fatty transformation) can be particularly misleading. Because meningiomas are so common, the radiologist must be aware of their less frequent and uncharacteristic imaging features in order to suggest the correct diagnosis in cases that are atypical.     

Cranial CT findings in sclerosteosis

Sclerosteosis or Van Buchem's disease is a rare genetic craniotubular hyperostosis that becomes evident in early childhood and is associated with progressive involvement of the skull. The pathologic changes in the cranium noted on CT are described in three cases. Although the disease is incurable, CT is useful to display the morbid anatomy of the cranium before palliative surgery.     

Information value of x-ray computed tomography for the detection and control of spondylitis

The information content of early bone changes in computed tomography (CT) of pyogenic non-tuberculous spondylitis and spinal tuberculosis is analysed. The CT findings are compared with conventional x-ray images including tomography. In 3 of 16 patients no indications of osteomyelitis were found by conventional x-ray images, whereas CT revealed paravertebral soft tissue swelling or abscesses and osteolysis and thus established the diagnosis of spondylitis. In one patient the process caused neurologic symptoms by extending into the epidural space. The contributions of CT to the diagnosis of spondylitis are to delineate the extent of soft tissue swelling, to detect small defects in the vertebral bodies, to exclude disc involvement, and to differentiate inflammations and other destructive changes. CT can be used for fine needle localization and aspiration of tissue or pus for histological or bacteriological investigations to establish the pathological diagnosis.     

几种少见类型脑膜瘤的CT分析

目的 探讨颅内几种少见类型脑膜瘤的CT表现特征。资料与方法 18例颅内几种少见类型脑膜瘤术前均行CT检查并经手术后病理证实,其中CT平扫4例,增强扫描4例,平扫加增强扫描10例。结果 18例中,囊性脑膜瘤11例,恶性脑膜瘤5例,多发脑膜瘤1例。肿瘤位于幕上17例,幕下1例。术前CT诊断正确10例,误诊8例。结论 颅内几种少见类型脑膜瘤术前CT扫描易被误诊,综合分析各自的CT特征,有助于诊断与鉴别诊断。     

Radiological diagnosis of colorectal polypi and carcinomas which have not progressed]

Provided examination conditions are optimal, we are now able to detect changes of the wall of the colon from about 5 mm diameter upwards and thus to further clarify the diagnosis and to initiate appropriate treatment. Hence, the demand for early or timely diagnosis can be met by means of x-ray diagnosis in respect of processes of the colon.     

小儿高原性心脏病X线分析

目的：总结常见的小高原性心脏病Ｘ线特点，以提高诊断的准确性；方法：选取１９９４年－１９９９年已经临床诊断证实的９０例高原性心脏病小儿，对其Ｘ线表现及病案进行分析；结果：心脏形态普大，多数以右心室增大为主，透视下９０例心脏搏动均减弱。大多数肺纹理增重、模糊，以中内带为著；结论：小儿高心病并无特异性Ｘ线表现，必须结合临床症状、体征、心电图改变及高原居住史而综合判断，同时应与心包积液及先心病进行鉴别诊断。     

颅内恶性脑膜瘤的诊断与治疗（附12例分析）

目的：探讨颅内恶性脑膜瘤的诊断与治疗。方法：12例恶性脑膜瘤患者术前均进行了CT和（或）MRI检查。全部行手术治疗,术后均由病理检查确诊。结合相关文献对其诊断和治疗进行讨论。结果：8例恶性脑膜瘤全切除,3例次全切除,1例大部切除。初次手术后即行放疗10例。术后7例因再次或多次复发,又行1～3次手术。复发者中术后放疗6例。结论：恶性脑膜瘤的临床表现和影像学特征与良性脑膜瘤相比无显著不同,术前诊断有一定难度,确诊需根据病理学检查。恶性脑膜瘤的治疗以手术切除为主,术后放疗可以延缓肿瘤复发。     

前颅凹底脑膜瘤的影像诊断与病理对照研究

目的:探讨前颅凹底脑膜瘤的影像学和病理组织学之间的关系.材料和方法:病理证实的前颅凹底脑膜瘤27例,男8例,女19例.年龄13～79岁,平均62岁.均行MRI检查(增强16例);15例行CT检查(增强8例).分析CT、MRI影像,并与手术病理对照.结果:27例前颅凹底脑膜瘤,起源于嗅沟15例,前颅凹底6例,眶顶4例,鞍结节向前生长2例.多数水肿明显,均匀增强;少数不均匀增强,并出现脑膜尾征,少数伴钙化、坏死、囊变和出血.累及邻近颅骨时引起骨质增生.结论:前颅凹底脑膜瘤具有典型的影像学表现.CT和MRI具有诊断价值,MRI优于CT ,但CT观察钙化和骨质改变优于MRI.     

常规MRI结合DWI在良恶性脑膜瘤鉴别诊断中的应用

目的：探讨常规MRI结合扩散加权成像（DWI）在良、恶性脑膜瘤鉴别诊断中的临床应用。方法：对56例良性（Ⅰ级）、11例非典型性（Ⅱ级）和4例间变性脑膜瘤（Ⅲ级）患者行常规MRI和DWI检查,所有病例均经手术和病理证实。结果：①良、恶性脑膜瘤的最常见部位均位于额部;两者在肿瘤大小、形态和信号特点等方面均无明显差异;但恶性脑膜瘤在肿瘤囊变坏死、边缘不规整、周围水肿、肿瘤强化方式和脑膜尾征等征象发生率上明显高于良性脑膜瘤,两者之间差异有明显统计学意义;肿瘤侵犯脑实质或（和）破坏周围颅骨是诊断恶性脑膜瘤较为特异性征象;②良、恶性脑膜瘤的扩散系数（ADC）值分别为（8.73±1.68）×10^-9mm^2/s、（7.26±3.22）×10^-9mm^2/s,两者之间差异存在显著性意义。结论：常规MRI对于良恶性脑膜瘤的鉴别诊断有一些特征性征象,结合ADC值的变化,能明显提高对于良恶性脑膜瘤的鉴别诊断。     

Multimodality Cranial Image Fusion Using External Markers Applied via a Vacuum Mouthpiece and a Case Report

PURPOSE: To present a simple and precise method of combining functional information of cranial SPECT and PET images with CT and MRI, in any combination. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Imaging is performed with a hockey mask-like reference frame with image modality-specific markers in precisely defined positions. This frame is reproducibly connected to the VBH vacuum mouthpiece, granting objectively identical repositioning of the frame with respect to the cranium. Using these markers, the desired 3-D imaging modalities can then be manually or automatically registered. This information can be used for diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluation of follow-up, while the same vacuum mouthpiece allows precisely reproducible stereotactic head fixation during radiotherapy. RESULTS: 244 CT and MR data sets of 49 patients were registered to a root square mean error (RSME) of 0.9 mm (mean). 64 SPECT-CT fusions on 18 of these patients gave an RMSE of 1.4 mm, and 40 PET-CT data sets of eight patients were registered to 1.3 mm. An example of the method is given by means of a case report of a 52-year-old patient with bilateral optic nerve meningioma. CONCLUSION: This technique is a simple, objective and accurate registration tool to combine diagnosis, treatment planning, treatment, and follow-up, all via an individualized vacuum mouthpiece. Especially for low-resolution PET and even more so for some very diffuse SPECT data sets, activity can now be accurately correlated to anatomic structures.     

囊性脑膜瘤的MRI表现(附37例报告)

目的探讨囊性脑膜瘤的MR I表现,以提高诊断准确率。方法囊性脑膜瘤患者37例,采用1.5T磁共振扫描仪分别行轴位、矢状位和冠状位颅脑扫描,其中20例行Gd-DTPA增强扫描。观察囊性脑膜瘤的MR I表现,并分析不同类型囊性脑膜瘤的特点。结果囊性脑膜瘤除具有脑膜瘤常见的MR I表现外,由于囊腔的存在,囊性脑膜瘤的信号不均匀,周围常有明显脑水肿,肿瘤边缘模糊不清较脑膜瘤多见。3例Nauta 1型囊性脑膜瘤中,囊变、坏死位于肿瘤中央,16例Nauta 2型囊性脑膜瘤中,囊变、坏死位于肿瘤周边,Nauta 1型和Nauta 2型囊性脑膜瘤的囊腔四周均有肿瘤组织。3例Nauta 3型和5例Nauta 4型囊性脑膜瘤中,坏死、囊变区位于肿瘤实质部分的周边,Nauta 3型者肿瘤和囊腔之间有脑组织相隔,而Nauta 4型中肿瘤则与囊腔直接相邻。10例为上述4型中某2种或2种以上的混合型。结论MR I对囊性脑膜瘤的诊断和分型有较大价值。     

Radiologic diagnosis of bone metastases

The diagnostic relevance of the various radiological examination methods - skeleton scintigraphy, conventional x-ray film, computed tomography, sonography and magnetic resonance - was analysed on the basis of an examination of 4765 clinically or scintigraphically suspect skeleton segments in order to arrive at an effective but also economically justifiable diagnostic approach. Conventional skeleton scintigraphy should be employed as the first method of choice, since it has a sensitivity of 93% and is hence very suitable as a searching tool. To differentiate benign and malignant lesions it is absolutely imperative to conduct at the same time a x-ray control of any abnormal accumulation of nuclides, or of parts of the skeleton that display signs or symptoms. Conventional x-ray film diagnosis enabled correct diagnosis of the type of disease in 95% of the cases. In its capacity as a complementary examination method, computed tomography enabled correct diagnosis in 52% of the cases that had remained roentgenologically unclear. A pathological bone scintigram without any x-ray or CT correlate must be considered as being suspect of metastases if trauma is absent. Magnetic resonance proved to be the most sensitive method in identifying malignant infiltrations of the medullary space in two patients suffering from a clearly delineated pain syndrome with normal x-ray and CT findings. Sonography proved superior in detecting extraosseous tumour portions. The value of angiography is the preoperative vascular imaging of metastases of the possibility of performing therapeutic embolisation or intraarterial drug therapy.     

不典型脑膜瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨不典型脑膜瘤的CT诊断。方法18例不典型脑膜瘤均行CT平扫,17例行CT增强扫描,均经手术病理证实。结果混杂密度的脑膜瘤11例,囊性脑膜瘤4例,完全强化性脑膜瘤3例。结论确定瘤体位于脑外是提高不典型脑膜瘤CT诊断准确性的关键,但也有极少数脑膜瘤表现不典型,在鉴别诊断时应引起注意。     

Extracranial meningioma of the parapharyngeal space: report of a case and review of the literature

Parapharyngeal tumours are frequently encountered in clinical practice and are often difficult to diagnose upon clinical examination due to the anatomic complexity of the region. We report a rare case of extracranial meningioma of the parapharyngeal space in a patient with no history of von Recklinghausen's disease, family history of meningioma or central neurofibromatosis (NF-2). The purpose of this report is to reiterate and emphasize the role of CT and MRI in the diagnosis of parapharyngeal masses, and to describe the characteristic radiological features of extracranial meningiomas.     

Postembolization hemorrhage of a large and necrotic meningioma

Microparticulate embolization of meningiomas is a useful preoperative measure, but the potential risk of hemorrhagic complications should be recognized and balanced against the benefits. We report a case of subarachnoid hemorrhage occurring immediately after the embolization of a meningioma. Techniques for early diagnosis, such as CT, and early surgical intervention are crucial to a promising outcome. Large-size and necrotic or cystic components of a meningioma are probable risk factors that demand special consideration.     

The radiological diagnosis of meningiomas, the impact of EMI scanning.

A review of the impact of computerized axial tomography on the radiological diagnosis of meningiomas is presented. Seventy-one intracranial and eight orbital cases have been examined by this new method using the 160 X 160 matrix. The diagnostic accuracy of the method is compared with established neuroradiological methods of examination (plain X rays, angiography, pneumography and isotope scanning). The new non-invasive method is undoubtedly the most accurate diagnostic tool yet available. It provided a specific diagnosis of meningioma in 77% of the intracranial cases without contrast enhancement and diagnosed the presence of tumour in a further 19% giving an overall tumour diagnosis of 96%. There were three false negatives (4%). After intravenous injection of contrast medium specific diagnosis of meningioma was made in a further six cases raising the specific diagnostic rate to 86%. Specific identification of intra-orbital meningiomas is more difficult though the presence of retro-orbital tumour was correctly diagnosed in all eight cases examined (100%). In none of our cases was a false positive diagnosis of tumour made. However, there are areas where a specific diagnosis of meningioma can only be made as part of a wider differential diagnosis. Apart from the orbit these include the suprasellar area, the cerebello-pontine angle, and the intraventricular regions. Occasionally also supratentorial gliomas or secondaries can simulate meningiomas.     

脑膜瘤

根据WHO的中枢神经系统肿瘤分类，脑膜瘤分为四类：①脑膜瘤。②脑膜间质非脑膜上皮肿瘤。③原发性黑素细胞病变。④组织来源不明的血管母细胞瘤。脑膜瘤是一组分为15个亚型和3个恶性级别的杂类肿瘤，在脑膜肿瘤中最为多见。本文复习它们的影像学，介绍侵袭性脑膜瘤的概念和影像学表现。已经肯定，大多数骨质增生是由肿瘤直接浸润所致，对此情况应考虑侵袭性脑膜瘤的诊断。单个脑膜瘤可能为硬脑膜上范围相对较大的肿瘤野中生长突出而能见到。基于这个概念，复发性脑膜瘤可分为两类：真性或局部性复发；假性或区域性的复发。非典型性和间变性脑膜瘤的影像学诊断是一个尚未解决的问题。本文对它们的CT和MRI的恶性征象及其可靠性进行探讨，本文叙述了囊性脑膜瘤和无症状性脑膜瘤的影像学，并对MRI所见脑膜尾征的意义进行探讨。