电焊工人血中丙二醛含量及抗氧化酶活力研究

本文对车间空气中锰年平均浓度为０．１３～０．３３ｍｇ／ｍ３，接锰工龄为１４．８±９．５年的５８名电焊工血清中ＭＤＡ含量及血中抗氧化酶活力进行了研究。结果发现：锰电焊工血清ＭＤＡ浓度为７．８０±２．０５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ对照组为５．５２±３．１８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，两组间差异有高度显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。血中ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ，ＣＡＴ，红细胞中ＳＯＤ活力与对照组比较差异均无显著性。分工龄组研究发现，ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ，ＳＯＤ，＞０年工龄组均低于对照组，差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）；至＞１０年工龄组回升达对照组水平，两组间差异均无显著性。ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ，ＳＯＤ活力与接锰工龄呈正相关，ｒ分别为０．４９９，０．３６４，有显著意义和非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１，０．０５）。     

锰对接触男工性激素的影响

为评价锰接触对下丘脑－垂体－性腺轴的影响,选择健康男工１１２人,其中锰接触男工５８名（血锰２．１３±０．９５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,非接触男工５４名（血锰１．４９±０．５９μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,以放射免疫法测定其血清ＦＳＨ、ＬＨ及睾酮。接触组平均血清睾酮浓度为２１．９４ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ,明显低于对照组的２７．９７ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ,而血清ＬＨ水平４．０２ＩＵ／Ｌ,明显高于对照组的３．２９ＩＵ／Ｌ;两组工人血清ＦＳＨ含量差异无显著性,分别为５．５３和５．７６ＩＵ／Ｌ。提示男工接触锰后,可影响下丘脑－垂体－睾丸分泌功能,引起血清睾酮和ＬＨ浓度的改变。     

职业性锰接触与尿锰、发锰关系的探讨

对锰矿及其加工厂接触锰工人５３６人、同厂矿其他工种工人５２人和行政对照组５３人进行体检及发锰、尿锰测定，同时进行环境检测。作业环境空气中ＭｎＯ２平均浓度波动范围０．１～１．８５ｍｇ／ｍ３；粉尘平均浓度在０．２２～８．０７ｍｇ／ｍ３。尿锰及发锰均值接触组、其他工种、对照组分别为０．２７９４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ及０．３２７６μｍｏｌ／ｇ，０．１６４９μｍｏｌ／Ｌ及０．２５１９μｍｏｌ／ｇ，０．１１８７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ及０．０７６６μｍｏｌ／ｇ。尿锰、发锰与空气锰及粉尘浓度间、与症状体征间未发现相关关系，认为尿锰、发锰目前只能作为锰接触指标，还不能作为锰接触工人的生物监测指标或早期锰中毒的诊断指标。     

脂质体包封EDTA对HgCl2染毒小鼠SOD活性影响的研究

本文测定了实验性ＨｇＣｌ２染毒小鼠ＳＯＤ活性变化及应用脂质体包封ＥＤＴＡ和直接ＥＤＴＡ治疗前后的ＳＯＤ活性恢复情况。结果表明，正常小鼠血清ＳＯＤ活性为０．７０９６±０．１８３５μｇ／ｍｌ，汞染毒小鼠血清ＳＯＤ活性为０．３７９３±０．０８４９μｇ／ｍｌ，显示汞染毒小鼠血清ＳＯＤ活性显著降低。     

锰作业工人心电图,血压变化的调查研究

研究了锰对工人心血管功能的影响。作业场所空气中ＭｎＯ＿２浓度几何均值为０．１３ｍｇ／ｍ￣３（０．１０～０．９７ｍｇ／ｍ￣３）。接触组心电图异常和舒张压偏低检出率与对照组相比无显著性差异，但其舒张压均值显著比对照组低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；舒张压偏低检出率在不同接锰工龄和年龄组间有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；接锰女工舒张压偏低检出率显著比男工高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明锰对血管作用明显，且以女工更为敏感。     

矽尘接触者血脂质过氧化与微量元素铜、锌的相关分析

作者测试了１１６名矽尘接触者和８９名对照者血中脂质过氧化作用指标［丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、过氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）］和血清铜、锌含量。结果显示，ＭＤＡ、ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ矽尘组分别为（５．５３１±１．８７２）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、（２３９６±４１３）μｍｏｌ／（ｍｉｎ·ｇ）、（３５．０６±８．９４）μｍｏｌ／（ｍｉｎ·ｇ），均显著高于对照组。血清铜、锌、铜／锌比值矽尘组分别为（２４．８０±６．５６）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、（１３．１１±４．６６）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、２．２１±０．８７，血清铜、铜／锌比值明显高于对照组，而血清锌两组无显著差异。各指标间相关分析表明，ＭＤＡ与Ｃｕ、ＭＤＡ与Ｃｕ／Ｚｎ；ＳＯＤ与Ｃｕ、ＳＯＤ与Ｃｕ／Ｚｎ以及Ｃｕ与Ｃｕ／Ｚｎ呈正相关。其他指标之间无相关关系。作者认为生物膜的脂质过氧化和铜代谢在ＳｉＯ２所致的肺纤维化的病理机制中起重要作用，是肺纤维化有意义的指标，对判断肺损伤可能具有一定的价值。     

染锰大鼠血清NO、NOS、SOD的变化

为探讨染锰大鼠血清中一氧化氮（ＮＯ）浓度、一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）活力及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活力的变化。采用饮水染毒建立动物模型;血清ＮＯ浓度测定采用硝酸还原酶法、血清ＮＯＳ活性测定采用ＮＯＳ催化Ｌ－Ａｒｇ法,血清ＳＯＤ活力测定业硝酸盐显色法;采用ＳＡＳ６．１２统计软件作测定结果均数的ｔ检验。结果显示染锰组ＮＯＳ活力显著低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）,而ＮＯ浓度和ＳＯＤ活力染锰组和对照组无显著性差异     

焊工血脂质的过氧化改变

为探讨焊接烟尘与焊工血脂质过氧化两者间的相互关系,对某电焊车间７１名焊工血中Ｍｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ含量和脂质过氧化水平进行了检测,同时分析了该车间空气中烟尘和该三元素的浓度。结果表明,焊工血中Ｍｎ为５．９０μｇ／Ｌ,明显高于对照组;抗氧化酶活力（ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ、ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）、丙二醛含量（ＭＤＡ）与对照组比较差异有显著意义,ＳＯＤ、ＭＤＡ尤为明显;焊接烟尘浓度与焊工血中ＭＤＡ含量存在明显相关（ｒ＝０．４６８,Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示电焊工人机体脂质过氧化水平增高是长期吸入焊接烟尘所致。     

镉对作业工人RBC SDO活性影响的研究

用羟胺发色法测定３０全多事作业工人红（ＲＢＣ）溶血液超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性,并用ＰＥＭＳ２．１统计软件作ＲＢＣ ＳＯＤ活性与血镉、尿镉浓度的相关分析,结果表明,镉作业工人ＲＢＣ ＳＯＤ活性显著低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,且ＲＢＣ ＳＯＤ与血镉浓度呈一定负相关。提示匐可能通过某种机制抑制或减弱了ＲＢＣ ＤＯＳ活性,加剧了超氧自由基对ＲＢＣ的损害。     

校园大气铅污染对学生血铅、铜、锌和SOD的影响

本文用对照研究的方法，观察校园大气铅污染对学生血铅、铜和ＳＯＤ的影响。血铅、铜、锌用汨极溶出法分析；ＳＯＤ用催化极谱法测定．结果表明：观察组学生血铅值（１．５６±０．５８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）显著高于对照组（１．０１±０．３５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）（Ｐ＜０．０１），并超过正常人血铅检验值的下限（１，４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）；血铜，锌均增高，而ＳＯＤ活性明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。本文提示：铅暴露环境中学生血铅、铜、锌的变化，是机体对铅毒作用的生化反应．     

电焊作业工人血中几种生物指标变化的探讨

目的　探讨电焊作业工人血中 5种微量元素、过氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)和脂质过氧化代谢产物———丙二醛 (LPO -MDA)及铁代谢蛋白的变化。方法　分别测定电焊作业工人 (锰暴露人群 )和对照人群全血SOD和血清LPO -MDA、铁、锰、铅、铜、锌及血清铁蛋白、转铁蛋白、转铁蛋白受体的浓度。结果　暴露组的SOD活性下降 ,LPO-MDA升高 ,与对照组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5) ;暴露组血清转铁蛋白量比对照组高 1 19倍 ;转铁蛋白受体水平低于对照组 1 3 4倍。暴露组与对照组血清中 5种微量元素含量测定结果表明 ,暴露组锰和铁的含量均明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,而锌和铅的含量则明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　锰暴露导致作业工人血中的脂质过氧化(LPO -MDA)水平明显升高 ,参与铁代谢蛋白合成的血清转铁蛋白含量、转铁蛋白受体发生了变化 ,同时引起体内部分微量元素的失衡     

集装箱制造业电焊工神经行为功能的调查分析

[目的]了解集装箱制造业电焊对工人神经行为功能的影响。[方法]应用WHO推荐的神经行为核心测试组合（Neurobehayior Core Test Battery，NCTB）对100名集装箱制造业电焊工和100名对照人员进行神经行为功能测试，同时测定作业环境空气中电焊尘、锰的浓度及70名电焊工的尿锰水平。[结果]70名电焊工中尿锰增高者占15．71％，尿锰增高范围（0．011－0．127）g／L；在情感方面，焊工组的抑郁、愤怒分值明显高干对照组（P〈0．05），而有力分值则显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）；行为功能上，数字跨度、数字译码分值、正确打点数和总打点数均明显低干对照组（P〈0．01）。[结论]电焊工的情绪情感、即时听记忆能力、手眼协调速度可能已受到影响，提示集装箱制造电焊作业对工人的神经行为功能有一定的影响。     

电焊烟尘对作业工人血中超氧化物歧化酶活性和巯基含量影响的探讨

本文通过对62名电焊工和35名对照者血中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD),巯基(-SH)和发锰的研究,发现电焊工血中SOD,-SH和发锰值均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),相关分析表明,两组的发锰/SOD(r=0.5239和r=0.3558)均呈显著性相关(P<0.01和P<0.05),而两组的发锰/-SH的相关性(r=0.1867和r=0.0398)均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。故认为,电焊烟尘可引起作业者血中SOD的活性和-SH含量的增加,这可能与电焊烟尘中锰等因素的影响有关。     

电焊作业对工人血清抗氧化系统的影响

目的了解电焊作业有害因素对血清抗氧化系统的影响。方法以65名电焊作业工人为接触组,55名不接触职业病危害因素的工人为对照组。对两组人员的血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力及丙二醛(MDA)含量进行测定分析。结果接触组工人血清T-AOC、SOD活力较对照组降低,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论电焊作业产生的锰尘、噪声等职业有害因素可影响工人体内抗氧化系统。     

电焊作业工人血清SOD、GSH-Px和MDA改变及其影响因素

目的：探讨电焊作业对工人体内的脂质过氧化水平的影响。方法：对125名电焊工和50名对照人员进行了问卷和血清SOD,GSH－Px和MDA的测定。结果：手工电弧焊组和CO2保护焊组的SOD,GSH－Px显著低于对照组,MDA显著高于对照组;3项指标在各接触剂量组间差异无显著性,也不存在剂量－效应关系;回归分析显示3项指标与累积接触剂量无关。结论：电焊作业可引起电焊工体内氧化负荷加重,但这种作用不存在明显的蓄积现象,也未发现剂量－效应关系。     

Chromium in biological samples from low-level exposed stainless steel and mild steel welders

Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium is of concern because of the carcinogenic action of this metal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate internal exposure to chromium in welders who were exposed to low levels of chromium. Chromium in urine, blood, and seminal fluid was determined among 60 welders and 45 referents. The concentration of chromium in urine and blood did not change across a workshift or across a 3-wk break in exposure. However, stainless-steel and mild-steel welders who were exposed to low levels of chromium and steel welders who were mildly exposed had significantly increased levels of chromium in post-shift urine (mean 2.1 nmol/mmol creatinine [standard deviation (SD) = 1.0] and 1.3 nmol/mmol creatinine [SD = 0.5], respectively) compared with referents (mean 0.7 nmol/mmol creatinine [SD = 0.3]). Pre-shift blood chromium concentrations showed a similar variation between exposed workers and referents. Subgroups of stainless-steel welders had very high levels of chromium in seminal fluid. This finding may, however, be explained by nonoccupational factors and, therefore, warrants further study. Attention should focus on the potential risk of delayed health effects among stainless-steel and mild-steel welders who heretofore were not thought to be at risk from chromium exposure.     

Effects on the nervous system among welders exposed to aluminium and manganese.

OBJECTIVES--The purpose was to study the effects on the nervous system in welders exposed to aluminium and manganese. METHODS--The investigation included questionnaires on symptoms, psychological methods (simple reaction time, finger tapping speed and endurance, digit span, vocabulary, tracking, symbol digit, cylinders, olfactory threshold, Luria-Nebraska motor scale), neurophysiological methods (electroencephalography, event related auditory evoked potential (P-300), brainstem auditory evoked potential, and diadochokinesometry) and assessments of blood and urine concentrations of metals (aluminium, lead, and manganese). RESULTS--The welders exposed to aluminium (n = 38) reported more symptoms from the central nervous system than the control group (n = 39). They also had a decreased motor function in five tests. The effect was dose related in two of these five tests. The median exposure of aluminium welders was 7065 hours and they had about seven times higher concentrations of aluminium in urine than the controls. The welders exposed to manganese (n = 12) had a decreased motor function in five tests. An increased latency of event related auditory evoked potential was also found in this group. The median manganese exposure was 270 hours. These welders did not have higher concentrations of manganese in blood than the controls. CONCLUSIONS--The neurotoxic effects found in the groups of welders exposed to aluminium and manganese are probably caused by the aluminium and manganese exposure, respectively. These effects indicate a need for improvements in the work environments of these welders.     

Uptake and urinary excretion of aluminum among welders

Summary The urinary excretion of aluminum was measured in 23 welders before and after an exposure-free interval of 16 to 37 days. In addition, the concentration of aluminum in the air was measured at the work site of 16 aluminum welders on the same work-day as the first urine sample was taken. The concentration of aluminum in the urine depended on both the level and duration of exposure. The postshift urinary concentration of aluminum prior to an exposure-free interval was mainly related to the current air concentration, whereas the urinary concentration of aluminum determined after the exposure-free interval was related to total exposure duration (years). Among welders exposed for less than 1 year, the halftime for urinary concentration was about 9 days whereas welders exposed for more than 10 years had half-times calculated to be 6 months or longer. The results indicate that aluminum is retained and stored in at least two functional compartments of the body and is eliminated from these compartments at different rates.     

Antioxidant enzymes and pulmonary function in steel mill welders

It is known that high levels of nitric oxide and ozone lead to disturbances of the balance between oxidants and antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to investigate ventilatory parameters in relation to the antioxidant status measured as total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CT). The study group consisted of 94 welders, aged 41.2 +/- 10.0 years, employed in the Steel Mill in Kraków, Poland, and exposed to nitric oxides and ozone in concentrations exceeding the threshold limit values. The control group consisted of 115 unexposed healthy workers aged 40.8 +/- 10.2 years. All the subjects under study were smokers. Determination of ventilatory efficiency was based on a "flow-volume" curve and spirometry. TAS was measured using reagents from the Randox Laboratories Ltd, SOD according to Fridovich and CT with Aebi's method. It was found that in the group of welders, the concentrations of TAS, CT and SOD were lower compared to controls (TAS-1.15/1.33 mmol/ml; CT-18.1/28.4 m/gHb, SOD-767.6/855.6 U/gHb). The incidence of extreme obstructive pulmonary disease and small airway disease in the welder group was more frequent than in controls. Changes in the concentration (or activity) of antioxidant parameters cannot be used as early markers of ventilatory dysfunction, although the values in the lowest class of TAS, SOD and CT showed a significantly larger number of welders than controls.     

Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in the erythrocyte membrane of stainless-steel welders exposed to welding fumes and gases

The erythrocyte antioxidant system (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) in the erythrocyte membrane were studied in workers continously exposed to welding fumes and gases, which are thought to be oxidant pollutants. Thirty-five welders using the manual metal arc method on stainless steel and 30 controls were studied. Plasma chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and cupper (Cu) levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The erythrocyte antioxidant system activity and lipid peroxidation in the erythrocyte membrane were evaluated. Not only the possible effects of welding fumes but also the effects of smoking were considered. The plasma concentrations of Cr, Mn, and Cu for the exposed welders were significantly higher compared to the control subjects (p<0.001, p<0.01, p<0.001, respectively,). The erythrocyte CAT (p<0.05) and SOD (p<0.05) enzyme activities were significantly higher in the welders but there were not any significant changes in the MDA levels which reflect the lipid peroxidation in the erythrocyte membrane (p>0.05). Smoking has increased the SOD activity in both controls (p<0.05) and welders (p<0.01) and increased the CAT activity in control subjects (p<0.05). Moreover, regardless of smoking, there were some significant correlations between the duration of the exposure to welding fumes and antioxidant defence system (SOD: p<0.05; CAT: p<0.05). The synergistic effects of smoking and other risk factors (welding fumes and gasses), which had been shown previously by some clinical data should also be taken into account. As a consequence, the welders should be warned and informed of the synergistic effects of smoking on the adverse effect of welding fumes and gases.