椎间盘镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的：评价椎间盘镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法：腰椎间盘突出症患者15例，男11例，女4例；平均年龄39．8岁。在椎间盘镜下行腰椎间盘髓核切除、椎板减压及神经根管扩大术。术前在X线机下，分别于病变节段上位棘突下缘、上位椎板下缘中点定位，置人内窥镜头。在椎间盘镜配套的监视器下咬除部分椎板下缘及黄韧带，扩大椎板间隙，清除椎间盘髓核组织，扩大神经根管。结果：本组除1例患者因术中硬膜囊破裂改为开放手术，其余14例平均手术出血量60ml，平均手术时问86min。本组平均随访时间13．2个月，按照Nakai评级，优11例，良3例，可1例。结论：椎间盘镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症比常规手术方法视野清晰、创伤小、恢复快，基本保持了脊柱后柱完整。     

后路椎间盘镜手术中转传统开窗椎板切除髓核摘除术的原因分析

目的 分析后路椎间盘镜(MED)治疗腰椎间盘突出症术中转传统开窗椎板部分切除髓核摘除术的原因,探讨相应的预防措施.方法 分析应用MED技术治疗300例(342个间隙)患者的临床资料,总结9例中转开窗椎板部分切除髓核摘除术的原因,并提出相应的预防措施.结果 300例患者手术切口均一期愈合.疗效评定:优148例,良130例,中18例,差4例,优良率为92.7%.中转开窗椎板部分切除髓核摘除术9例:3例术中出血多者果断中转而治愈;5例脑脊液漏者经治疗治愈;1例神经根损伤开放探查,为部分马尾损伤,经治疗残留部分感觉减退但无足下垂.结论 硬脊膜损伤、术中出血、神经根损伤是MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症中转传统开窗椎板部分切除髓核摘除术的常见原因;术者丰富的微创经验、合适的病例选择可减少MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症中转开窗椎板部分切除髓核摘除术.     

显微内窥镜下椎间盘切除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析

目的：总结经后路显微内窥镜下椎间盘切除术（MED）治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效，探索其操作要点。方法：2001年5月～2003年7月对132例腰椎间盘突Ⅲ症患者采用MED治疗．术中用C型臂X线定位相应节段，建立工作通道，在显微内窥镜下切除部分椎板、黄韧带和少量关节突内缘，牵开硬膜和神经根，显露突出的纤维环和髓核，切除髓核，减压神经根管。采用MacNab腰椎评价标准评价疗效。结果：患者术后平均3d下地活动，平均住院时间8.4d。平均16d生活自理，5周恢复工作。平均随访时间30．5个月，优8l例（61.4％）．良47例（35．6％）。优良率97．0％。硬膜破裂3例，无神经根损伤。结论：后路MED手术创伤小，患者术后卧床时间短，恢复快，可以取得与开窗手术柏近的效果。但需要学习过程，掌握一些要点才能熟练操作。     

MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症时对神经根变异的探查

目的：观察显微内窥镜下椎间盘切除术（microendoscopic discectomy，MED）治疗腰椎间盘突出症时神经根变异情况，防止出现术中神经根损伤。方法：回顾分析自1999年10月至2003年12月应用MED治疗的腰椎间盘突出症患者724例，其中男452例，女272例。对术中发现存在腰骶神经根变异患者的临床特点及术中所见进行统计分析。结果：724例腰椎间盘突出症患者有37例神经根变异，发生率为5.1％。与术前的临床表现吻合，全部神经根变异患者均在MED下完成手术，无一例出现神经根损伤。结论：仔细探查及分离突出髓核周围神经根发出情况．确定有无神经根变异是防止MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症时发生神经根损伤的重要环节之一。     

显微内窥镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨显微内窥镜椎间盘切除系统(MED)治疗腰椎间盘突出症的特点及应用中出现的情况和并发症，以提高手术疗效。方法 通道管经棘突旁小切口进入，在电视监视下显露椎板间隙，咬除少量椎板下缘及黄韧带，扩大椎间隙，显露硬脊膜、神经根以及突出椎间盘的髓核组织并予以摘除；根据神经根是否松弛，作侧隐窝、神经根管扩大。结果 本组87例，术后随访20-31个月，平均26．4个月。手术时间40～160min，平均67min。术中出血30～500ml，平均95．2ml。术后平均2-3d下床，16d恢复日常生活，29d恢复工作。按Nakai标准评定，优良率93．1％：术中可能出现(1)定位错误；(2)进入椎管困难；(3)止血困难；(4)硬脊膜损伤；(5)髓核残留。结论 MED具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快，能直接摘除突出的髓核组织、扩大狭窄的侧隐窝及神经根管对神经根的压迫，最大限度的保持了脊柱后路的稳定性，本术式适用于大多数腰椎间盘突出症或合并侧隐窝狭窄和／或神经根管狭窄症的患者。     

椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症158例报告

目的：研究椎间盘镜下椎间盘切除术(Microendoscopic Discectomy，MED)治疗腰椎间盘突出症的特点及并发症，以提高疗效。方法：通道管经棘旁小切口进入，在内窥镜下切除突出的纤维环和髓核，术后予抗炎等治疗，术后3d开始下床活动。结果：158例手术，优良率93％，术中硬脊膜破裂2例，术后2例复发，无其他并发症。结论：MED有直接切除髓核、创伤小、减压充分、可维持腰椎的稳定性等优点，但MED是发展中的技术，需改进器械、改良手术操作等，以提高手术的安全性和疗效。     

腰椎间盘突出症后路微创手术的应用解剖与临床研究

[目的]为微创外科技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症提供解剖学基础,并提高其手术效果.[方法]30具成人尸体标本,测量椎板下缘骨嵴到同位椎体下缘、黄韧带附着点、棘突下缘、棘间韧带外缘的距离.临床应用椎间盘镜（MED）治疗腰椎间盘突出症368例.[结果]椎板下缘骨嵴位于棘突的头侧,L3、4椎板遮挡相应的椎间盘,L5椎板没有遮挡L5～S1椎间盘.临床随访368例,根据Nakai分级：优287例;良57例：可21例：差3例;优良率93.5%.[结论]在腰椎间盘突出症后路微创手术中,切口应以棘突下缘头侧椎板下缘骨嵴为中心.要显露L3～4或L4～5椎间盘,需切除L3或L4椎板下缘少部分;显露L5～S1椎间盘,不需咬除L5椎板下缘,同时只需切除少部分黄韧带,即可显露椎间盘与神经根,完成髓核摘除手术.对单节段旁中央型、外侧型腰椎间盘突出症MED才能达到微创手术,要提高MED手术效果,关键是严格掌握手术适应证,并具有丰富的开放式手术经验以及熟练的镜下操作技术.     

MED经椎板间入路治疗特殊类型腰椎间盘突出症

目的：探讨显微内窥镜椎间盘切除系统(MED)对36例特殊腰椎间盘突出症的临床应用价值。方法：MED配合自制鹅眉凿、骨刀和“L”形骨刀行增生重叠的椎板间开窗、破裂之椎体软骨终板及椎间盘突出钙化切除。结果：术中硬脊膜撕裂2例，无中转开放手术，随访3月--12月，Macnab标准优28例，良5例，可2例，差1例，优良率91．7％(33／36)。结论：侧卧位下可行MED手术；配合自制器械可行破裂的软骨终板及突出钙化的椎间盘切除。     

显微内镜下腰椎间盘切除术围手术期的并发症与处理

目的探讨显微内镜椎间盘切除术(microendoscopic discectomy,MED)围手术期的并发症处理对策。方法回顾性分析我院1999年10月~2006年10月1852例MED治疗腰椎间盘突出症中出现的140例(7.6%)手术并发症的临床资料。结果椎管内静脉丛出血48例:42例通过镜下止血后完成MED,6例改为开放椎间盘摘除术;定位错误47例,术中发现后调整腔镜位置完成手术;硬脊膜破裂21例,2例改为开放手术;髓核遗漏13例,二期再次行MED髓核摘除;神经根损伤6例,经1个月后完全恢复;术后椎间盘炎5例,1例保守治愈,其余4例行椎间病灶清除术后痊愈。结论采用适当的处理措施可有效的防止或减小MED并发症或失误后给患者造成的损害。     

后路椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症和腰椎管狭窄30例分析

显微内窥镜椎间盘摘除术(MED)是在放大数十倍的内窥镜电视监视下完成的手术操作，具有微创，直接摘除髓核，切除椎板，解除神经根压迫的特点，能广泛用于腰椎间盘突出症及部分腰椎管狭窄的病人。自2001年12月～2002年7月应用此项技术治疗腰椎间盘突出症及选择性地应用于腰椎管狭窄症30例，远期疗效满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.