右美托咪啶减轻急性肺损伤的机制研究

目的探讨右美托咪啶(Dex)对小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的影响及潜在作用机制。方法将32只C57BL/6雄性小鼠随机分为空白对照组(Sham组)、右美托咪啶组(Dex组)、脂多糖组(LPS组)和药物干预组(LPS+Dex组)。LPS组和LPS+Dex组小鼠通过腹腔注射LPS(10 mg/kg)构建小鼠ALI模型,Dex组及LPS+Dex组小鼠腹腔注射Dex(40μg/kg),Sham组和LPS组注射等剂量生理盐水。LPS注射12 h后,采用HE染色比较各组小鼠肺损伤状况;qRT-PCR检测各组小鼠肺组织中促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6和MCP-1 mRNA的表达;Western blot检测各组小鼠肺组织中GPX4、COX2和转录因子红系2相关因子2(Nrf2)蛋白的表达。结果与Sham组相比,LPS组小鼠肺损伤评分明显升高(P0.05),促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6和MCP-1mRNA表达水平均明显升高(P0.05),肺组织铁死亡标志物GPX4蛋白表达水平明显降低(P0.05),COX2蛋白表达水平则明显升高(P0.05),肺组织中Nrf2蛋白表达水平明显降低(P0.05)。与LPS组相比,LPS+Dex组小鼠肺损伤评分明显降低(P0.05),IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6和MCP-1 mRNA表达水平明显降低(P0.05),GPX4的蛋白表达水平明显升高(P0.05),COX2蛋白表达水平则明显降低(P0.05),Nrf2的蛋白表达水平也明显升高(P0.05)。结论 Dex可能通过激活Nrf2抑制小鼠肺组织铁死亡,进而发挥肺保护作用。     

IL-18在脓毒症肺损伤发生发展过程中的作用及机制研究北大核心CSCD

目的:研究IL-18在脓毒症肺损伤发展过程中的作用及调控机制。方法:成年雄性野生型C57BL/6(WT)和IL-18基因敲除(IL-18-/-)小鼠分为野生型小鼠对照组(WT组)、脂多糖(LPS)处理的野生型小鼠组(WT LPS组)、IL-18基因敲除的小鼠对照组(IL-18-/-组)、LPS处理的IL-18基因敲除小鼠组(IL-18-/-LPS组)。腹腔注射LPS(15 mg/kg)建立小鼠脓毒症模型,对照组注射等量生理盐水。观察各组小鼠72 h生存率并处死小鼠,HE染色观察肺部病理组织变化,RT-PCR及Western blot检测各组小鼠肺组织IL-18 mRNA及蛋白表达,免疫荧光检测肺组织IL-18表达及定位,TUNEL染色检测肺组织细胞凋亡,流式细胞术检测肺组织Treg/Th17比例,ELISA检测炎症因子TNF-α、IL-17A、TGF-1β、IL-10表达。Western blot检测各组小鼠肺组织RORγt、FoxP3蛋白表达及STAT3磷酸化水平。结果:LPS诱导后,小鼠肺组织高表达IL-18。与WT LPS组相比,IL-18-/-LPS组小鼠生存率显著提高,肺组织病理损伤减轻,凋亡细胞显著减少,Treg/Th17比例提高,抑炎因子TGF-1β、IL-10表达增加,而促炎因子TNF-α、IL-17A表达明显减少,肺组织RORγt蛋白表达增加,而STAT3磷酸化水平降低。结论:IL-18可通过上调STAT3磷酸化水平,促进Treg/Th17免疫失衡及炎症因子分泌,从而加剧脓毒症急性肺损伤。     

丹参酮IIA对CCl4诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的 研究丹参酮IIA(tanshinone ⅡA, Tan ⅡA)对CCl4诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的抗氧化、保护作用及其可能的作用机制。 方法 将C57BL/6J小鼠随机分成正常组、CCl4组以及Tan ⅡA保护组(Tan ⅡA 20 mg/kg+CCl4),每组10只。腹腔注射CCl4构建小鼠急性肝损伤模型。计算各组小鼠的肝脏指数,检测血清AST和ALT活性,测定肝组织SOD活性及GSH、MDA含量,HE染色观察肝组织病理变化,免疫组织化学法和Western blot检测肝组织PI3K、p-PI3K、Akt、p-Akt、Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达水平。 结果 与CCl4组相比,Tan ⅡA保护组肝脏指数显著下降(P<0.01),血清AST(P<0.01)和ALT活性降低(P<0.05),肝组织SOD活性(P<0.01)及GSH含量升高(P<0.05),MDA含量降低(P<0.05),肝组织病理变化得到显著改善。同时,Tan ⅡA使肝组织p-PI3K和p-Akt表达水平明显升高(P<0.01),显著诱导Nrf2转位入核(P<0.01),促使其下游靶蛋白HO-1表达水平明显升高(P<0.01)。 结论 Tan ⅡA能够显著改善CCl4诱导的急性肝损伤,其机制可能与PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1信号通路有关。     

丹参酮ⅡA通过iNOS缓解小鼠肺纤维化

目的探讨丹参酮ⅡA对小鼠肺纤维化的影响及其机制。方法将A549细胞和博来霉素诱导的肺纤维化小鼠分为对照组、模型组和丹参酮ⅡA干预组,RT-PCR及Western blot检测不同组间i NOS的表达水平,ELISA检测下游TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6的表达。结果丹参酮ⅡA干预组小鼠肺组织切片和模型组相比肺泡隔纤维增生灶减少,肺组织iNOS表达水平明显降低(P0.05),肺灌洗液中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平明显降低(P0.05);A549体外实验发现丹参酮ⅡA干预组较IFN-γ刺激组iNOS表达明显降低(P0.05),细胞培养上清液中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平明显降低(P0.05)。结论丹参酮ⅡA通过iNOS通路调控下游炎性因子的释放,从而缓解小鼠肺纤维化。     

Wortmannin对急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α表达的影响

目的研究Wortmannin对急性肺损伤模型小鼠肺组织白介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达的影响。方法 30只昆明小鼠随机分为正常对照组、急性肺损伤组和Wortmannin处理组。采用腹腔注射LPS(10 mg/kg)建立小鼠急性肺损伤模型,对照组腹腔注射同体积的生理盐水,Wortmannin处理组则于造模前2 h腹腔注射Wortmannin(1.4 mg/kg)。LPS注射后6 h处死大鼠,计算肺组织湿/干重(W/D)比值,Western blot方法检测三组小鼠肺组织内IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白的表达变化,RT-PCR方法检测三组小鼠肺组织内IL-1βmRNA和TNF-αmRNA的表达变化。结果急性肺损伤组小鼠肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著上升,显著高于正常对照组(0.05);相比于急性肺损伤组小鼠,Wortmannin处理组小鼠肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著降低(0.05)。结论 Wortmannin能抑制急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α表达。     

CCK-8对LPS攻击小鼠IL-1β、IL-6、IL-4、IL-10表达的影响

目的： 观察LPS攻击小鼠IL-1β、IL-6、IL-4、IL-10的动态变化规律及八肽胆囊收缩素（CCK-8）对其表达的影响。方法: 将小鼠分为4组：对照组、LPS组（腹腔注射LPS）、LPS+CCK-8组（注射LPS前 30 min 腹腔注射CCK-8）及CCK-8组（单独注射CCK-8）。用ELISA及PT-PCR方法检测各组小鼠血清、肺组织中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-4、IL-10的含量及mRNA的表达情况。结果: LPS攻击可使小鼠血清及肺组织中 IL-1β、IL-6、IL-4、IL-10蛋白及mRNA的表达增加，预先注入CCK-8可显著抑制IL-1β、IL-6的表达，并使 IL-4、IL-10的表达进一步增加。结论: CCK-8可能通过抑制LPS攻击小鼠IL-1β、IL-6的表达和进一步增加 IL-4、IL-10的表达参与抗炎反应过程，从而减轻LPS引起的肺组织炎症反应。     

普通肝素通过降低肺组织Rho激酶活性缓解脓毒症小鼠的肺损伤

目的探讨普通肝素对腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS)所致脓毒症小鼠肺组织Rho激酶活性以及肺损伤的影响。方法腹腔注射LPS制作小鼠脓毒症模型,将小鼠随机分为对照组、LPS组和LPS+肝素治疗组。分别于造模后3h和6h收集血液标本和肺组织。ELISA法分别测定血清TNF-α、IL-1β浓度;取肺组织进行HE染色,测定肺水含量;用Westernblot法观察肺组织中p-MYPT1蛋白表达变化。结果 LPS组和肝素治疗组3h和6h的血浆TNF-α和IL-1β含量均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.05);与LPS组比较,肝素组3h和6h的血浆TNF-α和IL-1β含量均有显著降低(P<0.05);肝素可以缓解脓毒症小鼠肺损伤程度(6h),降低肺水含量(6h),下调肺组织p-MYPT1蛋白表达(3h,6h)。结论普通肝素缓解脓毒症小鼠的肺损伤可能与降低肺组织Rho激酶活性相关。     

基于Nrf2/HO-1信号通路探讨lncRNA H19对支原体感染肺炎小鼠肺组织的影响北大核心CSCD

目的:基于核因子E2相关因子2/血红素加氧酶-1(Nrf2/HO-1)信号通路探讨lncRNA H19对支原体感染肺炎(MPP)小鼠肺组织的影响。方法:将60只BALB/c小鼠采用随机数字表法分为对照组、MP组、si-NC组和si-H19组。si-NC组、si-H19组鼻腔分别滴入阴性对照siRNA、lncRNA H19 siRNA。除对照组外,其余组鼻腔滴入MP菌液构建MPP模型,对照组滴入等量培养基。1次/d,连续3 d。同时构建支原体感染A549细胞模型,将A549细胞分为对照组、MP组、si-NC组、si-H19组、pcDNA-NC组和pcDNA-H19组。各组分别转染对应的RNA及质粒。除对照组外,其余组使用MP菌液感染A549细胞。HE染色观察小鼠肺组织病理学改变;qRT-PCR检测肺组织和细胞中lncRNA H19 mRNA的表达;ELISA检测肺组织和细胞中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的含量;免疫组化染色观察小鼠肺组织B细胞淋巴瘤-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)的表达;细胞单克隆形成、MTT法及Annexin V-FITC/PI染色检测细胞增殖、凋亡能力;Western blot检测肺组织和细胞中Nrf2、HO-1、细胞周期蛋白D1(CyclinD1)蛋白表达。结果:支原体感染肺炎小鼠实验中:与对照组相比,MP组、si-NC组双肺塌陷呈灰白色,镜下肺泡大量增生,内有充血及炎症细胞浸润;lncRNA H19 mRNA水平、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、Bax、MMP-9、Nrf2、HO-1蛋白水平升高,CyclinD1、Bcl-2蛋白水平降低(P<0.05);敲减lncRNA H19后,si-H19组情况较MP组肺部损伤有所改善,lncRNA H19 mRNA水平、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、Bax、MMP-9蛋白水平降低,CyclinD1、Bcl-2、Nrf2、HO-1蛋白水平升高(P<0.05)。同时支原体感染A549实验与支原体感染小鼠肺组织实验结果一致。与对照组相比,MP组细胞增殖能力降低,凋亡能力提高,lncRNA H19 mRNA水平、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、Nrf2、HO-1蛋白水平升高,CyclinD1蛋白水平降低(P<0.05);敲减lncRNA H19后,si-H19组细胞增殖能力提高,凋亡能力降低,lncRNA H19 mRNA水平、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6蛋白水平降低,CyclinD1、Nrf2、HO-1蛋白水平升高(P<0.05);过表达lncRNA H19后,pcDNA-H19组细胞增殖能力降低,凋亡能力提高,lncRNA H19 mRNA水平、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6蛋白水平升高,CyclinD1、Nrf2、HO-1蛋白水平降低(P<0.05)。结论:lncRNA H19在支原体感染肺炎小鼠肺组织中表达上调,敲降lncRNA H19能够减轻小鼠肺部炎症反应,促进细胞增殖并抑制其凋亡,其机制可能与激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路有关。     

金丝桃苷对支原体肺炎模型小鼠TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的 探讨金丝桃苷对支原体肺炎模型小鼠TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路的影响。方法60只BALB/c小鼠通过随机数表法分为对照组(Control)、模型组(MP)及金丝桃苷组(Hyp),每组20只,采用支原体菌液滴鼻感染建立支原体肺炎小鼠模型。HE染色观察各组小鼠肺组织病理学变化;全自动生化分析仪检测血清中C-反应蛋白（CRP）、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和心肌型肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）水平,检测肺组织中活性氧簇（ROS）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平;酶联免疫方法（ELISA）检测血清白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)与肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量;Western blot方法检测各组小鼠肺组织TLR-4、MyD88与NF-κB蛋白的表达。结果 金丝桃苷能够减轻MP感染小鼠肺组织的炎症反应;降低MP感染小鼠血清CRP、ALT、AST、LDH和CK-MB表达水平（P<0.01）;降低血清IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量（P<0.01）;降低MP感染小鼠肺组织ROS...     

天抗(TK)对脂多糖诱导小鼠炎症模型的抗炎作用及其机制

目的研究天抗(TK)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠炎症模型的抗炎作用及机制研究。方法将42只昆明小鼠随机分为正常对照(NC)组、模型对照(LPS)组、地塞米松(DXM)组、天抗低(TK-L)、中(TK-M)和高(TK-H)剂量组(0.2,0.8和3.2 g/kg)。各组分别灌胃给药7 d后,腹腔注射30 mg/kg的LPS诱导小鼠急性炎性模型,6 h后处死小鼠,检测小鼠脾脏指数,ELISA测定小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的表达水平;生化法检测小鼠血清中SOD和MDA的表达;qRT-PCR检测小鼠脾脏TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6、p65、IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-αmRNA的表达水平;Western blot检测小鼠脾脏TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6、p-p65和p65蛋白表达水平。结果与LPS组相比,TK组小鼠的脾脏指数明显降低,血清和脾脏组织中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和MDA水平显著下降,SOD水平明显升高,小鼠脾脏组织的TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6和p-p65等蛋白及mRNA表达水平均明显降低。结论天抗对LPS诱导的小鼠急性炎症模型具有抗炎作用,其作用机制可能是通过TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB(p-65)信号通路抑制炎症因子的释放。     

Fimasartan,a Novel Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker,Protects against Renal Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice with Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction: the Possible Role of Nrf2

Objectives: A newly developed angiotensin II receptor blocker, fimasartan, is effective in lowering blood pressure through its action on the renin-angiotensin system. Renal interstitial fibrosis, believed to be due to oxidative injury, is an end-stage process in the progression of chronic kidney disease. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is known to regulate cellular oxidative stress and induce expression of antioxidant genes. In this study we investigated the role of Nrf2 in fimasartan-mediated antioxidant effects in mice with renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).Materials and Methods: UUO was induced surgically in mice, followed by either no treatment with fimasartan or the intraperitoneal administration of fimasartan (3 mg/kg/day). On day 7, we evaluated the changes in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant genes, as well as renal inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis in the obstructed kidneys. The effect of fimasartan on the Nrf2 pathway was also investigated in HK-2 cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α.Results: The mice with surgically induced UUO showed increased renal inflammation and fibrosis as evidenced by histopathologic findings and total collagen content in the kidney. These effects were attenuated in the obstructed kidneys of the fimasartan-treated mice. Fimasartan treatment inhibited RAS activation and the expression of Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4. In contrast, fimasartan upregulated the renal expression of Nrf2 and its downstream signaling molecules (such as NQO1; HO-1; GSTa2 and GSTm3). Furthermore, it increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes, including CuSOD, MnSOD, and catalase. The fimasartan-treated mice had significantly less apoptosis on TUNEL staining, with decreased levels of pro-apoptotic protein and increased levels of anti-apoptotic protein. In the HK-2 cells, fimasartan treatment inhibited RAS activation, decreased expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and upregulated the Nrf2 pathway.Conclusions: These results suggest that fimasartan has beneficial effects in reducing renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Possible mechanisms to explain these effects are inhibition of RAS and MAPKs and upregulation of Nrf2 signaling, with subsequent induction of antioxidant pathways.     

内毒素性急性肺损伤大鼠内源性H2S/CSE体系的变化

目的：观察内毒素性急性肺损伤（ALI）大鼠内源性硫化氢/胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶（H2S/CSE）体系、IL-1β和IL-10的动态变化。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠共80只，随机分为Ⅰ（对照）组；Ⅱ（LPS 1 h）组；Ⅲ（LPS 3 h）组；Ⅳ（LPS 6 h）组；Ⅴ（LPS 9 h）组；Ⅵ（LPS 12 h）组。给予LPS复制内毒素性ALI大鼠模型，分别于1、3、6、9、12 h处死，观察光镜和电镜下肺组织形态学改变，检测肺系数、肺湿/干重比、血浆中H2S含量、肺组织CSE活性、血清中IL-1β和IL-10的动态变化。结果:⑴LPS 1 h组，光镜和电镜下肺组织形态学无明显改变，肺系数、肺湿/干重比、血浆中H2S的含量和肺组织CSE活性与对照组比较无明显变化，血清中IL-1β和IL-10含量明显高于对照组(IL-1β，P<0.05；IL-10，P<0.01)。⑵LPS 3、6、9、12 h组，光镜和电镜下肺组织明显受损，超微结构明显改变，肺系数和肺湿/干重比明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)，血浆中H2S的含量和肺组织CSE活性明显低于对照组（P<0.05 或P<0.01) ，血清中IL- 1β和IL-10的含量明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:内源性H2S/CSE体系、IL-β和IL-10参与内毒素性ALI的病理生理过程。     

罗哌卡因通过 HMGB1 / NF-κB 通路减轻 LPS 诱导的小鼠急性 肺损伤

目的 探讨罗哌卡因 ( ropivacaine, Rop) 对脂多糖 ( lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 诱导的小鼠急性 肺损伤 (acute lung injury, ALI) 的作用及其机制。 方法 气管内滴注 LPS 诱导肺损伤小鼠模型, 并将小鼠 随机分为 6 组: 对照组、 LPS 组、 罗哌卡因 0. 25、 0. 5、 1 μmol / L 组和右美托咪定 (dexmedetomidine, Dex) 100 μg / kg 组。 Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) 染色评估肺组织的组织病理学变化; ELISA 法测定肺组织中髓过 氧化物酶 (myeloperoxidase, MPO)、 丙二醛 ( malondialdehyde, MDA)、 超氧化物歧化酶 ( superoxide dismutase, SOD) 和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 ( glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px) 的活性; 检测血清中 IL-6、 IL-1β 和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 的表达; Western 印迹检测 HMGB1 / NF-κB 通路相关蛋 白的表达。 结果 与对照组比较, LPS 诱导肺泡外膜增厚、 出血和肺水肿; 肺损伤评分和肺含水量增加; MPO 和 MDA 活性增加, SOD 和 GSH-Px 水平降低; IL-6、 IL-1β 和 TNF-α 水平升高; HMGB1 蛋白和 NF-κB P65 磷酸化水平升高, 有显著性差异 (P< 0. 05)。 与 LPS 组比较, 罗哌卡因 0. 5、 1 μmol / L 组小鼠肺损伤 程度明显减轻; MPO 和 MDA 活性降低, SOD 和 GSH-Px 水平升高; IL-6、 IL-1β 和 TNF-α 水平降低; HMGB1 蛋白和 NF-κB P65 磷酸化水平降低, 有显著性差异 (P< 0. 05)。 结论 罗哌卡因通过抑制 HMGB1 / NF-κB 通路, 有效减弱了 LPS 引起的肺组织损伤。     

The role of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) expression in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury

A murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) was used to evaluate whether aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is involved in lung inflammation and lung edema formation. Swiss strain mice (n = 122) had LPS (5 mg/kg) instilled intratracheally (IT), and were then treated with either 0.9 % saline or dexamethasone (5 mg/kg/day). Mice were euthanized at 2 days and 7 days after treatment. Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6), protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, histology, immunohistochemistry, and AQP1 Western blot were performed. Lung wet-to-dry weight ratio and lung vascular permeability were also measured in the AQP1 knockout mice (n = 9) that received IT LPS (5 mg/kg) at 2 days. Intratracheal instillation of LPS produced a severe lung injury at 2 days, characterized by elevation of TNF-alpha, IL-6 in the BAL fluid, and by histological changes consistent with increased lung vascular permeability and neutrophil infiltration. AQP1-immunoreactivity in the pulmonary capillary endothelium was reduced at 2 days and 7 days. Administration of dexamethasone improved LPS-induced ALI and retained expression of AQP1. However, depletion of AQP1 did not affect lung edema formation, lung vascular permeability, or lung histology. The results suggest that although AQP1 expression is decreased after lung injury, depletion of AQP1 does not alter lung inflammation and lung edema induced by LPS.     

基于Nrf2通路探讨阿里红三萜酸减轻脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤的作用

目的:探讨阿里红总三萜酸(Fomes officinalis Ames triterpenic acid,FOTa)对脂多糖(lipopolysac?charide,LPS)诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的预防作用及核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2-relat...     

Pulmonary inflammation induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide, phospholipase C, and exotoxin A: role of interferon regulatory factor 1

Chronic pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is common in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phosholipase C (PLC), and exotoxin A (ETA) were evaluated for their ability to induce pulmonary inflammation in mice following intranasal inoculation. Both LPS and PLC induced high levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta-6, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), MIP-1 alpha MIP-2 in the lungs but did not affect IL-18 levels. ETA did not induce TNF-alpha and was a weak inducer of IL-1 beta, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), and MIP-2. Remarkably, ETA reduced constitutive lung IL-18 levels. LPS was the only factor inducing IFN-gamma. LPS, PLC, and ETA all induced cell infiltration in the lungs. The role of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) in pulmonary inflammation induced by LPS, PLC, and ETA was evaluated. When inoculated with LPS, IRF-1 gene knockout (IRF-1 KO) mice produced lower levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IFN-gamma than did wild-type (WT) mice. Similarly, a milder effect of ETA on IL-1 beta and IL-18 was observed for IRF-1 KO than for WT mice. In contrast, the cytokine response to PLC did not differ between WT and IRF-1 KO mice. Accordingly, LPS and ETA, but not PLC, induced expression of IRF-1 mRNA. IRF-1 deficiency had no effect on MIP-1 alpha and MIP-2 levels and on cell infiltration induced by LPS, PLC, or ETA. Flow cytometric evaluation of lung mononuclear cells revealed strongly reduced percentages of CD8(+) and NK cells in IRF-1 KO mice compared to percentages observed for WT mice. These data indicate that different virulence factors from P. aeruginosa induce pulmonary inflammation in vivo and that IRF-1 is involved in some of the cytokine responses to LPS and ETA.     

骨髓来源间充质干细胞培养上清液减轻脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤

 目的:观察经尾静脉输注骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清液（MSCs CdM）对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤的治疗作用及其机制。方法:采用全骨髓培养法分离纯化骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第3代时观察细胞形态,流式细胞术检测细胞表面标志,并且收集上清液用超滤离心管进行离心。30只BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、 LPS模型组和MSCs CdM治疗组。对照组腹腔内注射生理盐水（0.01 mL/g）,LPS组和MSCs CdM治疗组腹腔内注射LPS（5 mg/kg,0.01 mL/g）制备急性肺损伤模型。造模1 h后经尾静脉输注MSCs CdM（MSCs  CdM治疗组）或生理盐水 （LPS组或对照组）300 μL。6 h后处死小鼠,留取标本检测肺组织病理形态学、肺组织湿干重比（W/D）、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中蛋白含量、血清及BALF中细胞因子水平和肺组织中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性。结果:与对照组比较,LPS处理后肺组织病理损伤严重,BALF中蛋白、血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)含量、肺组织中MPO活性及肺组织湿干重比均显著升高。与LPS组比较,MSCs CdM治疗组肺组织病理损伤程度减轻,BALF中蛋白、血清TNF-α和IL-6含量、肺组织中MPO活性及肺组织湿干重比均显著降低,而BALF中白细胞介素10（IL-10）和角质细胞生长因子（KGF）水平显著高于LPS组和对照组。结论:骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清液可有效减轻LPS诱导的急性肺损伤,其作用机制可能与其调节肺部TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10和KGF的水平有关。     

Role of transcriptional factor Nrf2 in the acute lung injury of mice

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the expression and role of Nrf2 in the acute lung injury (ALI) of mice. Methods: A total of 60 BABL/c mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: ALI group and control group. In ALI group, ALI was introduced by injection of LPS. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect Nrf2 expression in the lung; Western blot assay was employed to detect the expression of Nrf2 in the lung homogenate; ELISA was conducted to detect the expression of Nrf2 in the lung homogenate and BALF. Results: As compared to control group, ALI mice had a high Nrf2 expression in the lung as shown in immunohistochemistry, and the Nrf2 expression in the lung homogenate and BALF also increased markedly (P<0.05). Conclusion: The Nrf2 expression increases in the lung and BALF of ALI mice, suggesting that Nrf2 is involved in the inflammation during ALI and may serve as a new target in the therapy of ALI.